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Status: Draft

Model: gpt-4o-2024-08-06

Provider: openai

Source version: 2025-10-05T15:02:53+00:00

Translation (editable Markdown/plain text)

Penal Code

Published on: 1943-10-27

# General Provisions First

## On Criminal Law First

### On the Application of Criminal Law in Terms of Time First

#### On the Legality of Crimes 1

###### Article 1

No penalty or preventive or corrective measure shall be imposed for an offense that was not stipulated by law at the time of its commission. The defendant shall not be held accountable for acts constituting the offense and acts of primary or secondary participation committed before the law stipulated this offense.

###### Article 2

An offense shall not be suppressed by a penalty or preventive or corrective measure if a new law abolishes it. Criminal judgments rendered shall have no effect, provided that any offense committed in violation of a temporary law during its application period shall not cease to be prosecuted and suppressed after the expiration of the said period.

###### Article 3-معدلة

Any law that amends the conditions of criminalization in a way that benefits the defendant shall apply to acts committed before its enactment unless a final judgment has been issued regarding them.

###### Article 4

Any law that amends the right of prosecution shall apply to previous offenses if it is more favorable to the defendant. If the new law specifies a period for exercising the right of prosecution, this period shall only commence from the date of the law's enactment. If the law amends a period previously set, it shall proceed according to the old law, provided that its duration does not exceed the period specified by the new law, calculated from the date of its enactment.

###### Article 5

If a law amends the statute of limitations for an offense, this period shall proceed according to the old law, provided that its duration does not exceed the period specified by the new law, calculated from the date of its enactment.

#### On the Legitimacy of Penalties 2

###### Article 6

No penalty shall be imposed unless it is prescribed by law at the time the offense is committed.
An offense is considered committed as soon as the acts of execution are completed, regardless of when the result occurs.

###### Article 7

Any new law, even if more severe, applies to ongoing, continuous, successive offenses, or habitual crimes that continue to be executed under its authority.

###### Article 8-معدلة

Any new law that abolishes a penalty or prescribes a lighter penalty applies to offenses committed before its enactment unless a final judgment has been issued regarding them.

###### Article 9

Any new law prescribing harsher penalties does not apply to offenses committed before its enactment. However, if the new law modifies the rules of concurrence of offenses and recidivism, the offenses committed and the penalties imposed before its enactment are taken into account when suppressing an act committed under its authority.

###### Article 10

Any new law that modifies the method of executing a penalty by changing its nature does not apply to acts committed before its enactment unless it is more favorable to the defendant or the convicted person.
The nature of the penalty changes when the new law modifies the legal rules assigned to it in the chapter on penalties of this law.

###### Article 11-معدلة

Any new law that modifies the statute of limitations on a penalty applies according to the conditions specified in Article Five.

#### On the Legitimacy of Preventive and Corrective Measures 3

###### Article 12

No precautionary measure or reform measure shall be imposed except under the conditions and circumstances specified by law.

###### Article 13

Any new law that establishes a precautionary or reform measure shall apply to crimes that have not been adjudicated by the last competent judicial authority in terms of facts. However, penalties imposed before the new law comes into effect shall be considered when suppressing the act committed under its authority in applying the provisions related to habitual criminality.

###### Article 14

Any precautionary or reform measure that is repealed by law or replaced with another measure shall have no effect. If a final judgment has been issued, the trial shall be reopened to apply the new precautionary or reform measure.

### On the Application of Criminal Law in Terms of Location Second

#### On Territorial Jurisdiction 1

###### Article 15

Lebanese law applies to all crimes committed on Lebanese territory. A crime is considered committed on Lebanese territory:
1- If one of the elements constituting the crime, or an act of an indivisible crime, or an act of principal or accessory participation occurs on this land.
2- If the result occurred on this land or was expected to occur there.

###### Article 16

Lebanese territory includes the air layer covering it, i.e., the airspace.

###### Article 17-معدلة

For the application of criminal law, the following are considered as Lebanese territory:
1- The territorial sea up to a distance of twenty kilometers from the shore, starting from the lowest low tide level,
2- The airspace covering the territorial sea,
3- Lebanese ships and aircraft,
4- Foreign land occupied by a Lebanese army, if the crimes committed affect the safety of the army or its interests.
5- The contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, and the continental shelf belonging to Lebanon, and the fixed platforms on this continental shelf, in application of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea signed on 10/12/1982 in Montego Bay (Jamaica), which the government was authorized to join by Law No. 29 dated 22/02/1994.

###### Article 18-معدلة

Lebanese law does not apply:
1- In the Lebanese airspace, to crimes committed on board a foreign aircraft, if the crime did not exceed the confines of the aircraft.
However, crimes that do not exceed the confines of the aircraft are subject to Lebanese law if the perpetrator or the victim is Lebanese, or if the aircraft lands in Lebanon after the crime is committed.
2- In the Lebanese territorial sea or the airspace covering it, to crimes committed on board a foreign ship or aircraft if the crime did not exceed the confines of the ship or aircraft.
3- Repealed by law dated 12/1/1946
- Crimes of seizure of foreign ships or goods transported on them are subject to Lebanese law if these ships enter Lebanese territorial waters.
- Any crime committed in or on the ship in this case is subject to Lebanese law, taking into account international agreements approved by the Lebanese authorities.
- The crime of seizing goods from ships, occurring outside territorial waters, is also subject to Lebanese law if these goods are brought into Lebanese territory for local consumption or as "transit."

#### On Self-Competence 2

###### Article 19-Amended

Lebanese laws apply to any Lebanese, foreigner, or stateless person, whether as a perpetrator, accomplice, instigator, or accessory, who commits outside Lebanese territories or on board a foreign aircraft or ship:
1- Crimes that undermine state security, forgery of the state seal, or counterfeiting or forging Lebanese or foreign currency or banknotes legally or customarily circulated in Lebanon, or forging passports, entry visas, identity tickets, and Lebanese civil status documents. However, these provisions do not apply to a foreigner whose actions do not contravene international law.
2- Committing any felonies against the safety of air or maritime navigation as stipulated in the amended articles 641, 642, and 643 of the Penal Code.
3- Committing any crimes against the safety of fixed platforms on the continental shelf belonging to one of the contracting states in the Rome Protocol dated 10/03/1988.
4- Committing crimes with the aim of compelling Lebanon to undertake or refrain from any action, if during their commission there is a threat, detention, injury, or killing of a Lebanese citizen.

#### On Personal Jurisdiction 3

###### Article 20

The Lebanese law applies to every Lebanese, whether as a perpetrator, instigator, or accomplice, who commits a felony or misdemeanor outside Lebanese territory that is punishable under Lebanese law. This remains the case even if the defendant loses or acquires Lebanese nationality after committing the felony or misdemeanor.

###### Article 21

Lebanese law applies outside Lebanese territory:
1- To crimes committed by Lebanese officials during or in the course of performing their duties.
2- To crimes committed by Lebanese foreign service officers and consuls as long as they enjoy the immunity granted to them by international public law.

###### Article 22

Lebanese law does not apply within Lebanese territory to crimes committed by foreign service officers and foreign consuls as long as they enjoy the immunity granted to them by international public law.

#### On Comprehensive Jurisdiction 4

###### Article Article 23-Amended

Lebanese laws also apply to any foreigner or stateless person residing or found in Lebanon, who has committed abroad, as a perpetrator, accomplice, instigator, or accessory, a felony or misdemeanor not stipulated in Articles 19 (paragraph 1), 20, and 21, if their extradition has not been requested or accepted.
Likewise, if the felony or misdemeanor is committed by anyone against or on board a foreign aircraft chartered without a crew, to a lessee with a principal place of business or permanent residence in Lebanon, if the extradition of the perpetrator has not been requested or accepted.

#### On the Scope of Foreign Law 5

###### Article 24

The Lebanese law does not apply to the misdemeanors referred to in Article 20 and punishable by imprisonment not exceeding three years, for any crime referred to in Article 23 if the law of the state where these crimes were committed does not punish them.

###### Article 25

If there is a difference between Lebanese law and the law of the place where the crime occurred, the judge, when applying Lebanese law in accordance with Articles 20 and 23, may consider this difference in favor of the defendant.
The precautionary or reform measures, loss of capacity, and deprivation of rights stipulated in Lebanese law apply regardless of the law of the place where the crime occurred.

###### Article 26

Regarding crimes committed in Lebanon or abroad, the personal law of the defendant is considered for criminalization:
1- When one of the elements constituting the crime is subject to a special law related to personal status or capacity.
2- When one of the reasons for aggravation or legal excuses, except for juvenile delinquency, arises from a special law related to personal status or capacity.

#### On the Effect of Foreign Judgments 6

###### Article 27-Amended

Except for the felonies stipulated in Article 19 and crimes committed on Lebanese territory, no prosecution shall be initiated in Lebanon against a Lebanese or a foreigner in the following cases:
1 - If prosecuted for fraudulent bankruptcy or negligent bankruptcy or a crime related to these two crimes or one of them due to the bankruptcy or cessation of payment by a company or commercial institution, and the headquarters of this company or institution is located outside Lebanese territory, and the prosecution has taken place in the country where this headquarters is located.
2 - In all other crimes, if a final judgment has been issued abroad and in the case of conviction, if the sentence has been executed or has lapsed due to the passage of time, or by pardon.

###### Article 28

Judgments issued abroad do not prevent the prosecution of any crime in Lebanon as stipulated in Article 19 or committed on Lebanese soil, unless the foreign judicial decision was issued following an official report from the Lebanese authorities.
However, the penalty and preventive detention executed abroad shall be deducted to the extent determined by the judge from the original penalty imposed.

###### Article 29-Amended

Criminal judgments issued by a foreign judiciary regarding acts described by Lebanese law as felonies or misdemeanors can be relied upon:
1- For the execution of precautionary measures, loss of capacity, and deprivation of rights, as long as they are consistent with Lebanese law and for the execution of restitutions, compensations, and other civil outcomes,
2- For the judgment of precautionary measures, loss of capacity, deprivation of rights, restitutions, compensations, and other civil outcomes as stipulated by Lebanese law,
3- For the application of Lebanese law provisions regarding recidivism, habitual criminality, concurrence of crimes, suspension of execution, and rehabilitation, the Lebanese judge must verify that the foreign judgment complies with the law in form and substance by referring to the case documents.

#### On Recovery 7

###### Article 30

No one shall be extradited to a foreign state, except in the cases provided for by the provisions of this law, unless it is in application of a treaty with the force of law.

###### Article 31

Extradition is permitted for:
1- Crimes committed on the territory of the requesting state,
2- Crimes that affect its security or financial standing,
3- Crimes committed by one of its nationals

###### Article 32

Extradition is not permitted for crimes within the scope of Lebanese territorial, personal, and subjective jurisdiction as defined by Articles 15 to 17, the end of the first paragraph of Article 18, and Articles 19 to 21.

###### Article 33-معدلة

Extradition is refused:
1- If Lebanese law does not punish the crime with a criminal or misdemeanor penalty, and the matter is contrary if the circumstances constituting the crime cannot occur in Lebanon due to its geographical situation,
2- If the penalty stipulated in the law of the requesting state or the law of the state where the acts were committed does not reach one year of imprisonment for all the crimes covered by the request.
And in the case of a judgment, if the imposed penalty is less than two months of imprisonment.
3- If the crime has been finally adjudicated in Lebanon, or if the public right lawsuit or penalty has lapsed according to Lebanese law, the law of the requesting state, or the law of the state where the crime was committed.

###### Article 34

Extradition is also refused:
1- If the extradition request arises from a crime of a political nature, or appears to be for a political purpose,
2- If the defendant has been enslaved in the territory of the requesting state,
3- If the penalty stipulated in the law of the requesting state is contrary to public order.

###### Article 35-معدلة

The extradition request is referred to the Public Prosecutor at the Court of Cassation, who investigates the availability or non-availability of legal conditions and the extent of the charge's substantiation. He may issue an arrest warrant for the person sought for extradition after interrogation, then refer the file to the Minister of Justice accompanied by his report.
- The extradition request is decided by a decree issued based on the proposal of the Minister of Justice.

###### Article 36-معدلة

The defendant who is extradited cannot be prosecuted in person, nor can a penalty be enforced against him, nor can he be extradited to a third state for any crime prior to the extradition other than the crime that was the reason for it, unless the government of the state from which extradition is requested agrees to it under the conditions stated in the previous article.
And the consent in this case is not restricted by the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 33.

## On Penal Provisions Second

### On Penalties First

#### On General Penalties 1

###### Article 37

The ordinary criminal penalties are:
1- Death penalty.
2- Life hard labor.
3- Life imprisonment.
4- Temporary hard labor.
5- Temporary imprisonment.

###### Article 38

The political criminal penalties are:
1- Life imprisonment.
2- Temporary imprisonment.
3- Exile.
4- House arrest.
5- Civil deprivation.

###### Article 39

The ordinary misdemeanor penalties are:
1- Imprisonment with labor.
2- Simple imprisonment.
3- Fine.

###### Article 40

The political misdemeanor penalties are:
1- Simple imprisonment.
2- House arrest.
3- Fine.

###### Article 41-معدلة

The penalties for violations are:
1- Disciplinary detention.
2- Fine.

###### Article 42

The subsidiary or additional penalties are:
1- Civil deprivation.
2- Imprisonment accompanying civil deprivation imposed as a principal penalty.
3- Criminal fine.
4- Deprivation of civil rights.
5- Publication of the judgment.
6- Posting of the judgment.
7- Personal confiscation.

#### On Criminal Penalties 2

###### Article 43-Amended

A death sentence shall not be executed except after consulting the Pardon Committee and obtaining the approval of the Head of State. The person sentenced to death shall be hanged inside the prison building or in any other place designated by the decree ordering the execution of the penalty.
Execution of the death penalty is prohibited on Sundays, Fridays, and national or religious holidays.
Execution of the death penalty for a pregnant woman is postponed until she gives birth.

###### Article 44

If the law does not contain a specific provision, the minimum sentence for temporary hard labor, temporary detention, deportation, house arrest, and civil deprivation is three years, and the maximum is fifteen years.

###### Article 45

Those sentenced to hard labor are compelled to perform strenuous work suitable to their gender and age, whether inside or outside the prison.

###### Article 46

Those sentenced to detention are employed in one of the tasks organized by the prison administration according to their choice at the start of their sentence and cannot be used outside the prison without their consent and are not forced to wear prison uniforms.

###### Article 47-Amended

Deportation is the expulsion of the sentenced person from the country.
If the deported person does not leave the country within fifteen days or returns before the expiration of their sentence, the penalty of detention is substituted for the penalty of deportation for a period not less than the remaining time of the sentence and not more than twice that, provided it does not exceed the maximum limit for temporary detention.
If the deported person is unable to leave the country or is forced to return due to all countries refusing to allow them to reside on their territory, the penalty of detention or house arrest is substituted for the penalty of deportation for a period not exceeding the remaining time of the sentence.

###### Article 48

House arrest is the designation of a residence for the sentenced person chosen by the judge from a list set by decree, and under no circumstances can the designated residence be a place where the sentenced person had a residence or dwelling, or where the crime was committed, or the residence of the victim or their relatives up to the fourth degree. If the sentenced person leaves the designated residence at any time, the penalty of detention is substituted for house arrest for a period not exceeding the remaining time of the sentence.

###### Article 49-Amended

Civil deprivation mandates:
1- Dismissal and exclusion from all public positions and services and deprivation of any pension provided by the state.
2- Dismissal and exclusion from all positions and services in the administration of the sect or union to which the sentenced person belongs and deprivation of any pension or salary provided by this sect or union.
3- Deprivation of the right to be a concessionaire or contractor with the state.
4- Deprivation of the right to be a voter or candidate and from all civil, political, sectarian, and union rights.
5- Ineligibility to be an owner, publisher, or editor of a newspaper or any other periodical publication.
6- Deprivation of the right to run a school and any task in public and private education.
7- Deprivation of the right to carry Lebanese and foreign decorations and honorary titles. Furthermore, a simple imprisonment sentence from three months to three years can be imposed along with civil deprivation, and if the sentenced person is a foreigner, imprisonment is mandatory.

###### Article 50-Amended

Anyone sentenced to hard labor or detention is in a state of guardianship during the execution of their sentence, and the exercise of their rights over their property, except for rights inherent to the person, is transferred to a guardian in accordance with the provisions of the Personal Status Law concerning the appointment of guardians for those under guardianship. Any act, management, or disposition carried out by the sentenced person is considered absolutely void, preserving the rights of third parties acting in good faith, and no amount from their income can be delivered to the sentenced person except for amounts permitted by law or prison regulations.
The sentenced person's property is returned to them upon release, and the guardian must account for their management.

#### On Misdemeanor Penalties 3

###### Article 51

The duration of imprisonment ranges between ten days and three years unless the law contains a specific provision.
The person sentenced to imprisonment with labor is subject to the system specified in Article 46 regarding those sentenced to detention.
Those sentenced to simple imprisonment are not compelled to work, but if they request it, they can be employed in one of the organized jobs in the prison according to their choice. If they choose a job, they are obliged to continue it until the end of their sentence.

###### Article 52

The duration of house arrest in misdemeanors ranges between three months and three years, and it is executed under the same conditions as house arrest in felonies. If the sentenced person leaves the designated place for any period, simple imprisonment is substituted for house arrest for a period not exceeding the remaining time of the sentence.

###### Article 53-Amended

The fine in misdemeanors ranges between fifty thousand Lebanese pounds and two million Lebanese pounds unless the law states otherwise.
The fine can be paid in installments, based on a specific provision in the judgment clause, equal to at least the minimum penalty, provided that the term of the last installment does not exceed one year starting from the day the judgment becomes final.
If one of the installments is not paid on time, the entire fine becomes due.

###### Article 54-Amended

The fine is replaced by simple imprisonment if it is not paid within thirty days starting from the date the judgment becomes final, without prior notice, according to the applicable procedures.
The judgment imposing the penalty, or otherwise a special decision, specifies the duration of the substituted imprisonment, considering that one day of this penalty equates to a fine ranging between two thousand and ten thousand pounds.
The substituted imprisonment cannot exceed one year or the maximum original imprisonment penalty required by the crime. If the sentenced person has a known income subject to seizure, compulsory execution can be resorted to before imprisonment.
A deduction from the original penalty is made at the rate specified in the judgment as stated in the second paragraph of this article for any partial payment made before or during imprisonment and for any amount collected.

###### Article 55-Amended

The imprisonment penalty is not executed on a pregnant woman who is not detained until six weeks after she gives birth. If both spouses are sentenced to this penalty for a period less than one year and are not detained, they serve it consecutively if they have a child under eighteen years of age in their custody and prove they have a definite place of residence.

#### Common Provisions Between Freedom-Depriving Penalties in Felony and Misdemeanor Cases 4

###### Article 56

Detained in different places:
1- Those sentenced to life hard labor, temporary.
2- Those sentenced to life detention, temporary.
3- Those sentenced to imprisonment with labor.
4- Those sentenced to simple imprisonment.

###### Article 57-Amended

All proceeds from the convict's work are divided under the supervision of the public prosecutor in charge of execution between the convict, the persons he supports, the personal claimant, and the state for the purpose of collecting fines, legal expenses, and prison administration expenses, in a proportion determined according to the nature of the sentence, provided that the share of both the convict's family and the personal claimant is not less than one-third of the monthly proceeds.
When the personal claimant receives the compensation due to him, the shares allocated to the convict and the persons he supports are progressively increased according to his conduct.

###### Article 58

Every convict sentenced to a liberty-depriving penalty of at least three months shall have his treatment in prison improved according to his conduct.
This improvement includes food, type of work, number of working hours, the necessity of silence, recreation, visits, and correspondence. All of this will be specified by the Penal Execution Law.

###### Article 59

If the convict escapes, every temporary sentence imposed for a felony or misdemeanor is increased by one-third to one-half, except in cases specifically provided for by law.

#### On Disciplinary Penalties 5

###### Article 60-معدلة

The duration of disciplinary detention ranges between one and ten days and is executed on the convicted individuals in places different from those designated for individuals sentenced to criminal or misdemeanor penalties.
Convicted individuals are not compelled to work during detention.

###### Article 61-معدلة

The disciplinary fine ranges between six thousand Lebanese pounds and fifty thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 62-معدلة

The fine is replaced by simple imprisonment if not paid within thirty days from the date the judgment becomes final without prior notice.
The judgment specifies the substitute detention period, or a special decision does, considering that one day of this penalty equates to a fine ranging between one thousand Lebanese pounds and four thousand Lebanese pounds.
The substitute penalty cannot exceed ten days and, in any case, the maximum detention period prescribed as the original penalty for the crime.
Any partial payment made before or during detention is deducted from the original penalty at the rate specified by the judgment as stated in the second paragraph of this article.

#### On Secondary and Additional Penalties 6

###### Article 63-Amended

A sentence of life hard labor or life detention entails civil disenfranchisement for life.
A sentence of temporary hard labor, temporary detention, deportation, or house arrest in felonies entails civil disenfranchisement from the day the sentence becomes final until the end of the tenth year following the execution of the original penalty.
Except in the case of a fugitive convict, it entails civil disenfranchisement even if the in absentia sentence is not final, from the date of issuance until its annulment in accordance with the provisions of Article 346 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

###### Article 64-Amended

The criminal fine ranges between one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and six million Lebanese pounds and is subject to the provisions of Articles 53 and 54 related to the misdemeanor fine.
In case of non-payment, the fine is replaced by either a hard labor penalty or a detention penalty, depending on whether the original penalty imposed on the convict was hard labor or any other criminal penalty.

###### Article 65

Anyone sentenced to imprisonment or house arrest in misdemeanor cases is deprived throughout the execution of their sentence from exercising the following civil rights:
1- The right to hold public offices and services,
2- The right to hold offices and services in the administration of civil community affairs or the administration of the syndicate to which they belong,
3- The right to be an elector or elected in all state councils,
4- The right to be an elector or elected in all community and syndicate organizations,
5- The right to carry Lebanese or foreign decorations.

###### Article 66

In special cases specified by law, a sentence for any misdemeanor may include a ban on exercising one or more of the rights mentioned in the previous article, with this ban lasting between one and ten years.

###### Article 67

Any decision involving a criminal penalty is posted for one month on the door of the criminal court hall, in the nearest locality to the place of the felony, and in the locality where the convict had a residence or dwelling.
In cases permitted by a specific legal provision, a sentence involving a misdemeanor penalty may be posted for fifteen days in places designated by the judge. Summaries of the sentences are posted at the expense of the convict. The judge may determine the size of the announcement and the typeface.

###### Article 68-Amended

The criminal court may order the publication of any criminal decision in one or two newspapers it designates. Similarly, any sentence involving a misdemeanor penalty may be published in one or two newspapers designated by the judge if the law explicitly provides for it. If the felony or misdemeanor was committed through a newspaper or any other periodic publication, an additional announcement may be published therein.
If there is no provision for publishing the entire sentence, a summary of it is published.
The convict is liable for all such expenses and the publication director of the chosen newspaper is fined between twenty thousand and one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if they refuse or delay the publication.

###### Article 69-Amended

With the preservation of the rights of third parties acting in good faith, all items resulting from an intentional felony or misdemeanor, or used or intended for their commission, may be confiscated. These items may also be confiscated in unintentional misdemeanors or infractions if the law contains an explicit provision.
If the items to be confiscated have not been seized, the convict is granted a deadline to deliver them under penalty of paying their value as estimated by the judge.
The court may, if necessary, seek the assistance of an expert to estimate the value to be paid, and the estimated value is collected in the manner followed for collecting fines.

### On Precautionary Measures Second

#### On General Precautionary Measures 1

###### Article 70

Preventive measures depriving freedom are:
1- Detention in a preventive shelter.
2- Isolation.
3- Detention in a workhouse.

###### Article 71

Preventive measures restricting freedom are:
1- Prohibition from visiting taverns,
2- Prohibition of residence,
3- Supervised freedom,
4- Care,
5- Expulsion from the country.

###### Article 72

Preventive measures depriving rights are:
1- Removal from guardianship or trusteeship.
2- Prohibition from practicing a profession.
3- Prohibition from carrying weapons.

###### Article 73

Preventive material measures are:
1- Material confiscation.
2- Preventive bail.
3- Closure of the establishment.
4- Suspension or dissolution of a legal entity.

#### On Detention in a Protective Shelter 2

###### Article 74

Anyone sentenced to detention in a precautionary shelter shall be placed in a hospital designated by decree and shall receive the care required by their condition.

###### Article 75

The shelter's doctor must prepare a report on the condition of the sentenced person every six months.
Additionally, a doctor appointed by the court that ordered the detention must visit at least once a year.

###### Article 76

Anyone sentenced to a penalty that restricts or deprives freedom, isolation, supervised freedom, prohibition of residence, or preventive bail, and is proven to have gone insane during the execution of the sentence, shall be detained in a precautionary shelter where they receive the care required by their condition.
The duration of the detention cannot exceed the remaining time of the penalty or precautionary measure whose execution was suspended, unless the sentenced person poses a danger to public safety.
When the judge orders their release, they shall decide whether the entire or part of the detention period should be deducted from the penalty or precautionary measure.

#### On Isolation 3

###### Article 77

The duration of isolation ranges between three years and fifteen years. The isolation is carried out in a work institution or in an agricultural colony designated by a decree. The convicted person is placed in one of these two institutions according to their qualifications and their urban or rural upbringing. Articles 57 and 58 apply to those sentenced to isolation.

###### Article 78

If the convicted person leaves the institution where they are detained for any period, they are subject to imprisonment with labor from one to three years.

#### On Detention in a Workhouse 4

###### Article 79

The duration of detention in a workhouse cannot be less than three months or exceed three years. The convicted person is subject to the system specified in Articles 57 and 58. If the convicted person leaves the workhouse for any period, they shall be punished with imprisonment with labor from three months to one year.

#### On Prohibiting the Frequenting of Taverns 5

###### Article 80

If a felony or misdemeanor is committed under the influence of alcoholic beverages, the judge may prohibit the convicted person from frequenting bars where these beverages are sold for a period ranging from one to three years, under penalty of imprisonment from ten days to three months. The same punishment applies to the seller and their employees who knowingly serve alcoholic beverages to the convicted person despite the prohibition imposed on them.

#### On Prohibition of Residence 6

###### Article 81

Prohibition of residence is the restriction on the convicted person from being present, after release, in the places specified by the judgment. Residence is prohibited, by law, in the jurisdiction where the felony or misdemeanor was committed and the jurisdiction where the victim or their relatives up to the fourth degree reside, unless the judge decides otherwise.

###### Article 82

The duration of the prohibition of residence ranges between one year and fifteen years. Anyone sentenced to a criminal penalty that restricts or deprives freedom is subject to a prohibition of residence for a period equivalent to the sentence imposed. Anyone sentenced to death, life hard labor, or life detention and pardoned by a general amnesty, or whose sentence was dropped due to the passage of time, reduced, or replaced with another penalty, is subject to a prohibition of residence for fifteen years. A person sentenced to a misdemeanor penalty is not subject to a prohibition of residence unless the law explicitly imposes or permits this prohibition. All of this applies unless the judge decides to increase or decrease the duration of the prohibition within the limits specified in the first paragraph or to exempt the convicted person from it.

###### Article 83

Any violation of the prohibition of residence is punishable by imprisonment from three months to three years. The judge may substitute monitored freedom for the prohibition of residence for a period not less than what remains of the prohibition of residence.

#### On Supervised Freedom 7

###### Article 84

The purpose of supervised freedom is to verify the rehabilitation of the convicted person and facilitate their reintegration into society. The person under supervision is prohibited from visiting taverns and is subject to residency restrictions.
They must refrain from visiting places prohibited by laws and regulations and must comply with the conditions imposed by the judge to prevent recidivism. These conditions can be modified during the implementation of the measure.

###### Article 85

The duration of supervised freedom ranges from one to five years unless a specific contrary provision is stated in the law. If there are no special supervisory bodies, the police will undertake the supervision.
A report on the conduct of the convicted person is submitted to the judge at least once every three months.

###### Article 86

Anyone sentenced to supervision who violates the conditions imposed by the law or the judge, or habitually evades supervision, shall be sentenced to imprisonment with labor for a period ranging from three months to three years unless the law specifies another penalty.

#### On Care 8

###### Article 87

Care is entrusted to institutions recognized by the state.
The institution must provide work for the convicted person. Its delegates wisely monitor his way of living and offer him advice and assistance.
The institution may be entrusted with the convict's release fund to use it in his best interest.
A report on the condition and behavior of the convicted person must be submitted to the judicial authority that issued the measure at least once every three months.

#### On Deportation from the Country 9

###### Article 88

Any foreigner sentenced to a criminal penalty may be expelled from Lebanese territory by a special clause in the judgment, and if sentenced to a misdemeanor penalty, they can only be expelled in cases provided by law. The expulsion from the country is either permanent or for a period ranging between three and fifteen years.

###### Article 89

A foreigner who has been ordered to be expelled must leave Lebanese territory by their own means within a period of fifteen days. Any violation of the expulsion order, whether judicial or administrative, is punishable by imprisonment from one month to six months.

#### On the Removal from Guardianship or Custodianship 10

###### Article 90

The removal from guardianship or trusteeship results in the deprivation of all rights over the child or orphan and their property. The removal can be complete or partial, general or limited to a child or orphan or several children and orphans. The exercise of guardianship or trusteeship is transferred to a guardian in accordance with the provisions of personal status.

###### Article 91

The father, mother, or guardian can be deprived of guardianship or trusteeship if they are sentenced to a criminal penalty and it is proven that they are unworthy of exercising their authority over the child or orphan.

###### Article 92

These individuals are subject to the same measure:
1- If they are sentenced to a criminal or misdemeanor penalty for a crime committed against the child, descendant, or orphan, or in collaboration with them.
2- If the minor under their care commits a felony or misdemeanor resulting from their negligence in disciplining or habitual neglect in supervising them.

###### Article 93

The removal of guardianship or trusteeship can be for life or for a period ranging between three and fifteen years, and in no case can it be decreed for a duration less than the sentence imposed on the father, mother, or guardian from a penalty or preventive measure that restricts freedom.

#### On the Prohibition of Practicing Certain Activities 11

###### Article 94

Any person can be prohibited from practicing an art, profession, craft, or any work contingent upon the acceptance of the authority or obtaining a certificate if they are convicted of a criminal or misdemeanor penalty for a crime committed in violation of the duties of the profession or the obligations inherent to that work.
If practicing the work is possible without any condition or license, prohibition from practicing it can only be adjudicated in cases specified by law. The publisher in publication cases is subject to prohibition even if practicing the work is not contingent upon a license.
The prohibition imposed on them or the owner leads to the suspension of the newspaper for the same duration as the prohibition.

###### Article 95-Amended

The duration of the prohibition ranges between one month and two years.
It can be adjudicated for life if the criminal has been sentenced to temporary prohibition by a final decision that has not been passed for five years or if the law explicitly states so.
Practicing the prohibited work, even if done through an intermediary or on behalf of others, is punishable by imprisonment for up to three months and a fine of up to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

#### On the Deprivation of the Right to Bear Arms 12

###### Article 96

A lifetime ban or a ban ranging from three to fifteen years may be imposed on the right to bear arms.
Anyone subject to this measure cannot obtain a license to acquire or carry weapons, and any license previously held is revoked, with no refund of the fee paid.

###### Article 97

Any conviction for a felony or misdemeanor committed using a weapon or with violence entails a three-year ban on the right to bear arms, unless the judgment decision states otherwise.

#### On Real Confiscation 13

###### Article Article 98-Amended

Items that were manufactured, acquired, sold, or used unlawfully shall be confiscated even if they do not belong to the defendant or the convicted person, or if the prosecution did not lead to a judgment. If the item to be confiscated has not been seized, the convicted person or the defendant is granted a deadline to present it under the penalty of paying double its value as determined by the judge.
The court may, if necessary, seek the assistance of an expert to estimate the value to be paid, and the estimated value shall be collected in the manner followed for collecting fines.

#### On Subsidiary Guarantee 14

###### Article 99-Amended

The precautionary bail is the deposit of a sum of money, public bonds, or the engagement of a solvent guarantor or an insurance contract to ensure the good behavior of the convicted person or to prevent another crime.
The bail cannot be imposed for less than one year and not more than five years unless the law contains a specific provision.
The judge shall determine in the judgment the amount to be deposited or the amount that the insurance contract or guarantor must guarantee, and it cannot be less than five thousand liras or more than four hundred thousand liras.

###### Article 100

Supervised freedom is automatically substituted for the precautionary bail for the same period if it is not paid before the date set by the judge within ten days. If the precautionary bail is imposed on a legal entity, it can be collected by seizure. If the available funds do not meet the specified value except by suspending the legal operation of the entity, it may be dissolved by judgment.

###### Article 101

Precautionary bail can be imposed:
1- In the case of a conviction for threat or intimidation.
2- In the case of a conviction for incitement to a felony that did not result in an outcome.
3- If there is a risk that the convicted person may harm the victim or their family members or damage their property.
4- In cases of suspension of execution or suspension of the enforceable judgment.
5- In the case of a conviction of a legal entity for a crime that requires the imposition of supervised freedom.

###### Article 102

The bail is returned, the insurance is canceled, and the guarantor is released if the act intended to be prevented is not committed during the probation period.
In the opposite case, the bail is collected and preferentially allocated to personal compensation, then to fees, then to fines, and any remaining amount is confiscated for the benefit of the state.

#### On Closing the Establishment 15

###### Article 103

The closure of the establishment where a crime was committed by its owner or with his consent can be ordered for a period of at least one month and at most two years if the law explicitly permits it, and the closure is mandatory by judgment, regardless of its cause, prohibiting the convicted person from engaging in the same work as stated in Article 94.

###### Article 104

The closure of the establishment ordered due to criminal acts or acts violating public morals requires prohibiting the convicted person or any member of his family or any person who owns or rents the establishment with knowledge of its situation from engaging in the same work there. The prohibition does not affect the property owner or those who have a lien or mortgage or debt on the establishment if they remained uninvolved in the crime.

###### Article 105

If the closure of the establishment is ordered because the investor started his business at his residence without a license, he is required to vacate the premises, while preserving the good faith landlord's right to terminate the lease and claim any damages.

###### Article 106

If this measure is ordered due to the investor's incompetence, its effects are limited to him.

###### Article 107

The penalties stipulated in Article 95 apply to the convicted person and any third party if they violate the provisions of the preceding articles.

#### On the Suspension or Dissolution of a Legal Entity 16

###### Article 108

Any syndicate, company, association, or legal entity, except for public administrations, may be suspended if its directors, board members, representatives, or workers commit a felony or intentional misdemeanor punishable by at least two years of imprisonment in its name or by one of its means.

###### Article 109

The aforementioned entities may be dissolved in the cases referred to in the previous article:
1- If they do not comply with the legal requirements for establishment,
2- If their purpose of establishment is contrary to the laws or if they actually aim for such a purpose,
3- If they violate the legal provisions stipulated under penalty of dissolution,
4- If they have been suspended by a final decision that has not exceeded five years.

###### Article 110

The suspension is for a minimum of one month and a maximum of two years, and it requires the cessation of all activities of the entity, even if the name is changed and the directors or board members are different. It prevents the transfer of the premises, provided that the rights of third parties acting in good faith are preserved. Dissolution requires the liquidation of the legal entity's assets, and the directors or board members and anyone personally responsible for the crime lose the eligibility to establish or manage a similar entity.

###### Article 111-معدلة

Any violation of the previous provisions is punishable by imprisonment from one month to six months and a fine ranging between one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and two million Lebanese pounds.

#### On the Calculation of Penalties and Preventive Measures 17

###### Article 112-Amended

Contrary to any other provision, and except for the imprisonment penalty substituted for a fine, a day of punishment or precautionary measure is calculated as 24 hours, and a month as 30 days unless the imposed sentence is less than a year of imprisonment, in which case the month is calculated as 20 days.
However, if the imposed sentence is imprisonment for a year or more, this year is calculated as nine months from day to day according to the Western calendar.
Those sentenced to indefinite penalties do not benefit from the provisions of this text, nor do habitual criminals and repeat offenders defined according to the provisions of Article 258 and subsequent articles of the Penal Code benefit from the provisions of this text after the law comes into effect, provided that the judgment or decision being executed specifies this description.

###### Article 113

Every penalty that prohibits or restricts freedom is calculated from the day it began to be executed under the judgment that has become final.
If penalties prohibiting freedom and penalties restricting freedom are combined, the former are executed first.

###### Article 114

The duration of civil deprivation runs from the day the judgment becomes final, and if the decision was issued in absentia, it is calculated from the date of the last posting report completed in accordance with Article 67. The prohibition from certain civil rights imposed additionally according to Article 66 is executed after the expiration of the original penalty prohibiting or restricting freedom.

###### Article 115

The effects of the judgment ordering detention in a precautionary shelter are executed immediately without regard to any other penalty or precautionary measure that prohibits or restricts freedom. Precautionary measures prohibiting or restricting freedom, except for detention in a precautionary shelter, are executed after penalties prohibiting freedom. Penalties restricting freedom are executed after precautionary measures prohibiting freedom. If precautionary measures prohibiting freedom and precautionary measures restricting freedom are combined, the former are executed first in the following order:
- Detention in a precautionary shelter, isolation, detention in a workhouse, provided that the effects of deportation from the country are executed without regard to any other precautionary measure or any penalty prohibiting rights.

###### Article 116

The prohibition from practicing a profession, the prohibition from carrying weapons, and the precautionary bail are executed after the expiration of the penalties and precautionary measures prohibiting freedom.
As for other precautionary and real measures or those prohibiting rights, their effects are executed from the day the judgment becomes final.

###### Article 117

Preventive detention is always calculated in the duration of penalties prohibiting or restricting freedom and is deducted from the fine as determined by the judge according to the provisions of Articles 54, 62, and 64, and is deducted from the duration of precautionary measures prohibiting freedom if the judge explicitly states so in the judgment.

### On Reform Measures (Articles 118 to 128 were repealed by Legislative Decree No. 119 dated 16/9/1983, which was subsequently repealed by Law No. 422 dated 6/6/2002). Third

### On Civil Obligations Fourth

#### On Types of Civil Obligations 1

###### Article 129

The civil obligations that the criminal judge can rule on are:
1- Restitution.
2- Compensation for damages.
3- Publication of the judgment.
4- Expenses.

###### Article 130

Restitution consists of restoring the situation to what it was before the crime whenever restitution is possible, it must be ruled ex officio.
The provisions of civil law apply to the restitution of what was in the possession of others.

###### Article 131

The criminal court examining one of the crimes stipulated in Articles 689, 692, and from 695 to 697 must rule ex officio, even if it acquits, to return all embezzled money, rights, or shares to the creditors' mass.

###### Article 132-معدلة

The provisions of Articles 134 to 136 inclusively of the Code of Obligations and Contracts apply to compensation for damages, and it is ruled upon based on the request of the personal plaintiff.
In the case of acquittal, it can be ruled upon based on the request of the defendant or the party summoned as a civilly responsible party if it is found that the personal plaintiff exceeded in their claim.
The judge may decide that the compensation for damages granted, for a felony or misdemeanor that led to death or permanent disability from work, be paid as income for life to the victim or their heirs if they request it.

###### Article 133-معدلة

The public right is extinguished, following the extinguishment of the personal right, if this extinguishment occurs before the final judgment in the case and if it is explicit, unconditional, and issued by all personal plaintiffs in case of their plurality in the following crimes:
1- In offenses against individuals or their property.
2- In crimes of defamation and slander against individuals who are not employees of public administrations, institutions, municipalities, the army, organized bodies, judges due to their functions, deputies, ministers, and the President of the State in all cases.
3- In crimes of assault, injury, and harm against individuals if the act did not lead to disability or led to disability from work not exceeding ten days.
4- In all misdemeanors occurring between spouses before their legal separation or occurring between ascendants and descendants, or between the father, mother, and adopted child.
5- In the misdemeanors stipulated in Articles 650, 651, 658, 666, the first paragraph of Article 667, 670, 671, and 673.
In the crimes mentioned in the previous paragraph, and when there are multiple defendants, the extinguishment of the personal right for one of them leads to the extinguishment of the public right for all defendants in the same crime.
As for other crimes, the personal plaintiff may limit the extinguishment of their personal rights to one or more of the defendants without affecting the public right case, but the legal consequences stipulated in Article 32 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts apply.

###### Article 134-معدلة

The items subject to confiscation under Article 69 can be awarded to the personal plaintiff based on their request, from the original amount owed to them as compensation for damages and to the extent thereof.
If the item decided to be confiscated was not seized, the judge may rule, based on the personal plaintiff's request, for its delivery under the penalty of coercive fine stipulated in Article 251 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts or may rule for the criminal to pay its equivalent value.

###### Article 135

The judge may, if requested by the personal plaintiff and if their interest requires it, order the publication of the entire judgment or a summary thereof in one or several newspapers at the expense of the convicted person. The judge may, if requested by the accused and if their interest requires it, order the publication of the acquittal judgment under the same conditions at the expense of the personal plaintiff if it is found that they exceeded in their claim.

###### Article 136-معدلة

The expenses are borne by the losing party. If there are multiple convicted persons, the fees are divided equally unless the judge decides otherwise. All expenses that do not benefit the case remain the responsibility of the one who caused them, even if they are not the loser. This does not affect the provisions of the Trade Law concerning bankruptcy cases.
The Public Prosecution applies the installment rule mentioned in Article 53 to judicial fees and expenses. The complainant or plaintiff is exempted from fees and expenses if the crime that caused the investigation actually occurred but the investigation could not identify the perpetrator. In the event of the convicted person's death, absence, or incapacity, the fees and expenses are collected by the Ministry of Finance according to the rule of collecting state funds.

###### Article 137

The personal plaintiff who withdraws their case within twenty-four hours is not liable for the expenses incurred since the notification of the Public Prosecution and the defendant of this withdrawal. The expenses incurred by a personal right case that was decided to be inadmissible remain the responsibility of the personal plaintiff unless they benefited the case.

#### Common Provisions 2

###### Article 138

Every crime that causes material or moral damage to others obliges the perpetrator to compensate. Civil obligations are imposed on the perpetrator of the crime who benefited from one of the reasons for exemption.

###### Article 139-معدلة

According to Legislative Decree 119 dated 16/9/1983
A mad person who commits a crime without discernment is not liable for damages unless there is no person upon whom the responsibility for his act falls, or if this person is insolvent, the judge estimates the damages considering the condition of both parties as stated in the last paragraph of Article 122 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts.

###### Article 140

A crime committed in a state of necessity obliges, civilly, the person who benefited from it to the extent of the damage caused.

###### Article 141

The obligation to return is indivisible. All persons convicted for a single crime bear other civil obligations jointly, but the solidarity does not include expenses unless those convicted for a single crime were tried in the same case, and the judge may, in any case, exempt those convicted from solidarity regarding expenses.

###### Article 142

Civilly responsible parties are summoned to trial and are jointly liable with the perpetrator of the crime for the restitution and expenses owed to the state. They are judged for all civil obligations if the personal plaintiff requests it.

###### Article 143

The Misdemeanor Court and the Criminal Appeal Court, when considering one of the misdemeanors stipulated in the chapters on counterfeiting and bankruptcy, and the Criminal Court considering any crime, may rule on the defendant or accused, upon acquittal, for all civil obligations requested by the injured party if the act constitutes a civil or quasi-civil offense.

###### Article 144

If fines and civil obligations coincide and the convicted person's assets are insufficient, the collected money is distributed according to the following order:
1- Civil obligations adjudged in favor of the injured party.
2- Expenses owed to the state.
3- Fine.

###### Article 145

Damages and expenses can be paid in installments according to the provisions of Article 300 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts.

###### Article 146-معدلة

Coercive imprisonment can be resorted to in accordance with the Civil Procedure Law and for the execution of civil obligations, excluding publication in newspapers and restitution of what was adjudged to be returned. In the case of a solidarity judgment, the convicted person may only be imprisoned for the part that pertains to him.
Coercively imprisoned individuals are detained in special places.

### On the Expiration of Criminal Judgments Fifth

#### General Provisions 1

###### Article Article 147-Amended

The reasons that nullify criminal judgments or prevent or suspend their execution are as follows:
1- Death of the convicted person.
2 - General amnesty.
3 - Special pardon.
4 - (Repealed)
5 - Rehabilitation.
6 - Statute of limitations.
7 - Suspension of execution.
8 - (Repealed).
- Except for rehabilitation, the appellate public prosecutor decides on the nullification of judgments issued within his jurisdiction.

###### Article 148

The reasons that nullify criminal judgments or prevent or suspend their execution have no effect on civil obligations, which remain subject to the provisions of the Code of Obligations and Contracts.

#### On the Death of the Convicted Person 2

###### Article 149

All consequences of the criminal judgment are nullified by the death of the convicted person.
It prevents the collection of fines and the publication and posting of the judgment as stipulated in Articles 67 and 68, and it has no effect on personal confiscation if the confiscated items have been awarded to the personal claimant, nor on real confiscation, nor on the closure of the establishment in accordance with Article 104.

#### On General Amnesty 3

###### Article 150

General amnesty is issued by the legislative authority and nullifies all principal, subsidiary, or additional penalties. It does not include precautionary and reformative measures unless the amnesty law explicitly states so. Fines collected and items confiscated pursuant to Article 69 are not returned.

###### Article 151-Amended-Cancelled-by-Law-5-February-1948

If the amnesty law does not contain an explicit provision, the pardoned penalties are considered for the application of provisions related to suspension of execution, suspension of enforceable judgment, rehabilitation, recidivism, and habitual criminality. General amnesty does not prevent the request for retrial.

#### On Special Pardon 4

###### Article 152

The special pardon is granted by the Head of State after consulting the Pardon Committee. The convicted person cannot refuse to benefit from the pardon. The pardon can be conditional and may be subject to one or more of the obligations specified in Article 70. If the act committed is a felony, compensation must be made to the personal plaintiff according to the third paragraph of Article 170 within a maximum period of three years.

###### Article 153

The special pardon is personal and can involve substituting the penalty, dropping the duration of the penalty or precautionary measure, or reducing it wholly or partially. The pardon does not include subsidiary or additional penalties and precautionary measures imposed in addition to the original penalty unless explicitly stated in the decree granting it.

###### Article 154

A pardon cannot be granted to someone who has not been sentenced by a final judgment. The suspension of execution and the suspension of the enforceable judgment do not prevent obtaining a pardon.

###### Article 155

Dropping the penalty or precautionary measure is equivalent to their execution. The effect of the dropped or substituted penalty continues for the application of provisions related to suspension of execution, suspension of the enforceable judgment, rehabilitation, recidivism, and habitual criminality.

###### Article 156

Anyone who has been granted a pardon loses it if they commit another crime that exposes them to recidivism penalties or if it is proven by a judicial ruling that they have violated one of the obligations imposed by Article 152.

#### On the Rights of the Injured Party 5

###### Article 157-ملغى

In the crimes specified in this article, the waiver of personal rights occurring within two days from the date of the claim results in the waiver of public rights without anyone being required to pay fees.
However, the waiver occurring after this period and before the case is finally adjudicated results in the waiver of public rights, but the claimant remains obligated to pay the fees.
Public rights are waived following personal rights and according to the conditions outlined in the first paragraph in the following crimes:
1- In offenses against individuals or their property.
2- In crimes of insult, slander, and defamation against individuals who are not state employees, military personnel, organized bodies, public administrations, or judges due to their functions or positions, and against the head of state in all cases.
3- In crimes of assault and injury against individuals not mentioned in the second clause above if the act did not lead to disability or led to a disability from work not exceeding ten days.
4- In all misdemeanors occurring between spouses before their legal separation or occurring between ascendants and descendants or between the father and mother and the adopted child, and the misdemeanors stipulated in articles 650, 651, 658, 670, 671, 673, and 674.

###### Article 158-ملغى

Forgiveness can be inferred from any act that implies the victim's pardon or reconciliation between the litigants. Forgiveness is irrevocable and cannot be conditional. Forgiveness of one of the convicted includes the others. Forgiveness does not apply to the penalty if there are multiple personal claimants unless it is issued by all of them.

#### On Rehabilitation 6

###### Article 159

Any person convicted of a felony or misdemeanor can be granted rehabilitation by a judicial decision if they meet the following conditions:
1- Seven years must have passed for a felony and three years for a misdemeanor since the execution of the sentence and any accompanying preventive measure restricting freedom, or since it was nullified by the passage of time.
If the sentence imposed is civil deprivation, the period runs from the day the decision becomes final, and in the case of additional imprisonment, from the expiration of this sentence. If the sentence imposed is a fine, the period runs from the day of payment or the expiration of the substitute imprisonment. If the convicted person is a repeat offender in the legal sense or has previously been granted rehabilitation, the period is doubled.
2- No subsequent judgment of a felony or misdemeanor has been issued against them. Any subsequent judgment with one of these penalties interrupts the period.
3- The civil obligations entailed by the judgment have been executed, nullified, or have expired, or the convicted person proves that they were in a situation where they could not fulfill these obligations. A bankrupt person must prove that they have settled the debt principal, interest, and expenses, or have been exempted from it.
4- It is evident from prison records and an investigation into the conduct of the convicted person after release that they have truly reformed.

###### Article 160

Any person convicted of a misdemeanor that restricts or deprives freedom is automatically rehabilitated if they have not been sentenced to another imprisonment, house arrest, or a more severe penalty within seven years since the expiration of their sentence. Any person convicted of a misdemeanor fine is automatically rehabilitated if they have not been sentenced to another misdemeanor fine or a more severe penalty within five years since payment or the end of the substitute imprisonment period.

###### Article 161

Rehabilitation nullifies for the future the effects of all issued judgments and annuls the subsidiary or additional penalties and preventive measures, as well as the resulting loss of eligibility. The mentioned judgments cannot be counted thereafter for repetition or habitual criminality, nor can they prevent the suspension of execution.

#### On Prescription 7

###### Article 162-Amended

The passage of time prevents the execution of penalties and precautionary measures, provided that the passage of time does not apply to penalties and precautionary measures that prevent rights or to residence bans and real confiscation.
The mere issuance of a judgment in the case, even if at the first instance, halts the passage of time on the public right claim and it only resumes according to the provisions of Article 163 and subsequent articles of the Penal Code.

###### Article 163-Amended

The statute of limitations for the death penalty and life imprisonment is twenty-five years.
The statute of limitations for temporary criminal penalties is double the duration of the penalty imposed by the court and cannot exceed twenty years or be less than ten years.
The statute of limitations for any other criminal penalty is ten years, and this period also applies to any misdemeanor penalty imposed for a felony.
The statute of limitations runs from the date of the judgment if issued in absentia and from the date it becomes final if issued in presence and the convicted is not detained, otherwise from the day of evasion from execution.
If the convicted evades the execution of a prohibitive or restrictive penalty, half of the duration of the penalty executed is deducted from the statute of limitations.

###### Article 164-Amended

The statute of limitations for misdemeanor penalties is double the duration of the penalty imposed by the court and cannot exceed ten years or be less than five years.
The statute of limitations for any other misdemeanor penalty is five years.
The statute of limitations runs:
- In a judgment in presence from the date of issuance if it is at the final instance, and from the date it becomes final if it is at the first instance.
- And in a judgment in absentia from the notification to the convicted personally or at their residence.
If the convicted is detained, from the day of evasion from execution, and in this case, half of the duration of the penalty executed is deducted from the statute of limitations.

###### Article 165

The statute of limitations for contraventions is two years, starting as mentioned in the previous article.

###### Article 166

The statute of limitations for precautionary measures is three years and does not begin until the day the precautionary measure becomes effective in accordance with Articles 115 and 116 or after the statute of limitations on the penalty that this measure was associated with, all provided that no decision is issued by the judge before the lapse of seven years, as previously, confirming that the convicted remains a danger to public safety, in which case the execution of the precautionary measure is ordered.

###### Article 167-Cancelled-

No reformative measure that was neglected for a full year shall be executed except by a decision issued by the Juvenile Court upon the request of the Public Prosecution.

###### Article 168

The statute of limitations is calculated from day to day excluding the first day. The statute of limitations is suspended by any legal or material obstacle that prevents the execution of the penalty or measure and is not caused by the will of the convicted, and it is interrupted by:
1- The presence of the convicted or any action taken by the authority for the purpose of execution.
2- The commission by the convicted of another crime equivalent to the crime that necessitated the penalty or measure or a more serious crime.
However, the duration of the statute of limitations cannot in any case exceed double its length.

#### On Suspension of Execution 8

###### Article 169

The judge, when ruling on a misdemeanor or petty offense penalty, may order its suspension if the convicted person has not previously been sentenced to a penalty of the same type or more severe. The convicted person is not granted suspension of execution if they do not have a real place of residence in Lebanon or if it has been decided to deport them judicially or administratively. The suspension of execution does not suspend the execution of additional or subsidiary penalties or precautionary measures.

###### Article 170

The judge may condition the suspension of execution on one or more of the following obligations:
1- The convicted person provides a precautionary guarantee.
2- The convicted person submits to supervision.
3- The personal plaintiff receives full or partial compensation within a period not exceeding two years for a misdemeanor or six months for a violation.

###### Article 171-معدلة

A person loses the benefit of suspension of execution if, within five years or two years depending on whether they were sentenced for a misdemeanor or petty offense, they commit another crime for which they are sentenced to a penalty of the same type or a more severe penalty, or it is established by a judgment that they violated the obligations imposed by the judge under the previous article.

###### Article 172

If the execution period does not lapse, the judgment is considered null upon the expiration of the probation period, and the additional penalties and precautionary measures no longer have effect, except for detention in a precautionary shelter, confiscation in rem, and closure of the premises as stipulated in Article 104.
However, the suspension of execution can be revoked even after the expiration of the probation period if an appeal or prosecution of the new crime was initiated before the expiration of the mentioned period.

#### On the Suspension of the Enforceable Judgment 9

###### Article 173-ملغى

The judge may release any person sentenced to a prohibitive or restrictive penalty of freedom, whether criminal or misdemeanor, after serving three-quarters of their sentence if it is proven that they have truly reformed. However, the executed sentence cannot be less than nine months. If the sentence is life imprisonment, the convict may be released after twenty years of imprisonment.

###### Article 174

The suspension of the enforceable sentence cannot be granted if there is a preventive measure restricting freedom that must be executed on the convict after the expiration of their sentence, and it has no effect on subsidiary and additional penalties. The convict sentenced to hard labor and detention remains in custody until the expiration of their sentence unless the judge decides otherwise.

###### Article 175-ملغى

If the convict shows definite signs of reintegration into society, the judge may suspend the execution of isolation, placement in a workhouse, prohibition from residence, and supervised freedom after a trial period equal to half the duration of the prescribed measure, provided that this period does not fall below the minimum measure stipulated by law.

###### Article 176-ملغى

The suspension of the enforceable sentence or the preventive measure restricting freedom may be conditioned on subjecting the convict to supervised freedom throughout the trial period if the sentence did not include this measure. It may also require the fulfillment of one or more of the obligations stipulated in Article 170.
The maximum period within which compensation must be made to the personal plaintiff is three years in felony cases, and the period must not exceed, in any case, the remaining duration of the suspended sentence or preventive measure.

###### Article 177-ملغى

The execution of the penalty or preventive measure is resumed if the convict commits another crime before their expiration, which necessitates a sentence of a criminal or misdemeanor penalty, or if it is proven by judgment that they violated supervised freedom or breached one of the obligations imposed under the previous article, or if they have gained a bad reputation.

###### Article 178-ملغى

If the time of the enforceable sentence has not expired, neither the penalty nor the preventive measure is executed upon their expiration.
However, it is possible to rule for its annulment after the expiration of the penalty or preventive measure if the prosecution of the new crime or the annulment lawsuit was initiated before the expiration of the mentioned period.

## On the Crime Third

### On the Legal Element of the Crime First

#### On the Legal Description 1

###### Article 179

The crime is a felony, misdemeanor, or infraction depending on whether it is punishable by a criminal, misdemeanor, or disciplinary penalty. The legal description considers the maximum of the most severe penalty prescribed by law.

###### Article 180

The legal description does not change if the prescribed penalty is replaced with a lighter penalty when considering mitigating circumstances or excuses.

#### On the Concurrence of Intentional Crimes 2

###### Article 181

If an act has several descriptions, all shall be mentioned in the judgment, and the judge shall impose the harsher penalty. However, if the act falls under both a general provision of the penal code and a specific provision, the specific provision shall be applied.

###### Article 182

An act shall not be prosecuted more than once. However, if the criminal consequences of the act worsen after the first prosecution, making it subject to a harsher description, it shall be prosecuted under this description, and the harsher penalty shall be enforced exclusively. If the previously imposed penalty has been executed, it shall be deducted from the new penalty.

#### On Justification Reasons 3

###### Article 183

An act committed in the exercise of a right without exceeding it is not considered a crime.

###### Article 184-معدلة

After exercising a right, any act dictated by an immediate necessity to repel an unjust and unprovoked attack on oneself, one's property, or the person or property of another is justified. Both natural and legal persons are equally protected. If there is an excess in defense, the perpetrator of the crime may be exempted from punishment under the conditions mentioned in Article 228.

###### Article 185-معدلة

An act committed in execution of a legal provision or a legitimate order issued by the authority is not considered a crime.
If the order issued is illegitimate, the perpetrator is justified if the law does not allow them to verify its legitimacy.
The following paragraph was added by the law enacted by Decree No. 15739 dated 11/3/1964:
A written order given by:
1 - The President of the Judicial Inspection Authority.
2 - The President of the Central Inspection Authority.
3 - The Director General of the Internal Security Forces.
4 - The Director General of General Security.
Each within their scope of authority.
To an employee to simulate involvement in a bribery crime punishable under Articles 351 to 356 of the Penal Code, with the aim of discovering the perpetrators of these crimes, provided that the justification for this involvement is to control this type of crime, and that the activity of the person assigned with this order does not exceed the intended purpose.

Special Provisions Regarding Illegitimate Orders
"Anyone prosecuted for one of the crimes specified in Article 401 of this law may not invoke any excuse to justify their act, such as necessity, national security requirements, orders from higher authority, or any other excuse.
Orders for torture issued by an employee of any rank, corps, or authority are not considered legitimate orders under any circumstances."

###### Article 186-معدلة

An act authorized by law is not considered a crime. The law authorizes:
1) Non-violent disciplinary measures exercised by parents on their children, provided they do not leave any marks on the children's bodies or cause harm to their physical or mental health.
2) Surgical operations and medical treatments that comply with the principles of the art, provided they are performed with the consent of the patient or their legal representatives, or in cases of urgent necessity.
3) Acts of violence that occur during sports games if the rules of the game are observed.

###### Article 187

An act punishable for infringing on another's will is not considered a crime if committed with their prior or concurrent consent.

### On the Mental Element of the Crime Second

#### On Intent 1

###### Article 188

Intent is the will to commit the crime as defined by law.

###### Article 189

A crime is considered intentional even if the criminal result arising from the act or omission exceeds the perpetrator's intent, if he had foreseen its occurrence and accepted the risk.

###### Article 190

Fault occurs if the harmful act results from negligence, lack of caution, or failure to observe laws and regulations.

###### Article 191

A crime is unintentional whether the perpetrator did not foresee the result of his wrongful act or omission, and it was within his ability or duty to foresee it, or whether he foresaw it but believed he could avoid it.

#### On the Motive 2

###### Article 192-معدلة

The motive is the reason that drives the perpetrator to act or the ultimate goal they seek. It is not considered an element of criminalization except in cases specified by law.

###### Article 193-معدلة

If the judge determines that the motive was honorable, the following penalties are imposed:
- Life detention instead of the death penalty,
- Life detention or fifteen years instead of life hard labor,
- Temporary detention instead of temporary hard labor,
- Simple imprisonment instead of imprisonment with labor,
Additionally, the judge may exempt the convicted person from the posting and publication of the judgment imposed as a penalty.
The motive is considered honorable if it is characterized by chivalry and nobility, devoid of selfishness, personal considerations, and material benefit.

###### Article 194

If the crime punishable by life or temporary detention or simple imprisonment was inspired by a disgraceful motive, the judge shall substitute: life detention with life hard labor, temporary detention with temporary hard labor, simple imprisonment with imprisonment with labor.

###### Article 195

If a crime committed for the purpose of gain is not punishable by a fine, this penalty and the penalty provided by law shall both be imposed.

#### On Political Crimes 3

###### Article 196

Political crimes are intentional crimes committed by the perpetrator with a political motive.
They are also crimes against general and individual political rights unless the perpetrator was driven by a vile selfish motive.

###### Article 197

Crimes are considered political if they are compound or associated with political crimes unless they are among the most serious felonies in terms of morality and public rights, such as murder, serious injury, assault on property by burning, blowing up, or drowning, and serious thefts, especially those committed with weapons and violence, as well as attempts at such felonies.
However, in civil war or rebellion, compound or associated crimes are not considered political unless the customs of war do not prohibit them and they are not acts of barbarism or sabotage.

###### Article 198

If the judge determines that the crime has a political character, the following penalties are imposed:
- Life detention instead of the death penalty or life hard labor.
- Temporary detention, deportation, criminal house arrest, or civil stripping instead of temporary hard labor.
- Simple imprisonment or misdemeanor house arrest instead of imprisonment with labor.
These provisions do not apply to crimes against the external security of the state.

###### Article 199

If the judge determines that the crime punishable by a political penalty was committed with a vile selfish motive, the penalty prescribed by law is replaced with the corresponding penalty in the previous article. However, life detention cannot be converted to anything other than life hard labor.

### On the Material Element of the Crime Third

#### On Attempt 1

###### Article 200-Amended

Any attempt to commit a felony that begins with acts directly aimed at its commission is considered the same as the felony itself if only circumstances beyond the perpetrator's control prevent its completion.
However, the penalties specified in the law may be reduced as follows:
- The death penalty may be replaced with life hard labor or temporary hard labor from seven to twenty years.
- Life hard labor may be replaced with temporary hard labor for at least five years.
- Life imprisonment may be replaced with temporary imprisonment for at least five years.
- Any other penalty may be reduced from half to two-thirds, and anyone who begins an act and voluntarily refrains from it is only punished for the acts committed that constitute crimes in themselves.

###### Article 201-Amended

If all acts aimed at committing a felony have been completed but did not lead to an effect due to circumstances unrelated to the perpetrator's will, the penalties may be reduced as follows:
- The death penalty may be replaced with life hard labor or temporary hard labor from ten to twenty years.
- Life hard labor may be replaced with temporary hard labor from seven to twenty years.
- Life imprisonment may be replaced with temporary imprisonment from seven to twenty years.
- Any other penalty may be reduced by up to half.
The penalties mentioned in this article may be reduced by up to two-thirds if the perpetrator, by his own will, prevents the result of his act.

###### Article 202-Amended

An attempt in a misdemeanor and an incomplete misdemeanor is not punishable except in cases explicitly provided by law.
The penalty imposed for a complete misdemeanor may be reduced by up to half in an attempted misdemeanor and up to a third in a failed misdemeanor.

###### Article 203

An attempt is punishable even if it is impossible to achieve the goal due to a material circumstance unknown to the perpetrator, provided that the perpetrator is not punished in this case if his act was done without understanding. Likewise, one who commits an act mistakenly believing it to be a crime is not punished.

#### On the Meeting of Reasons 2

###### Article 204

The causal link between the act or omission on one hand and the criminal result on the other is not negated by the presence of other causes, whether prior, concurrent, or subsequent, regardless of whether the perpetrator was unaware of them or they were independent of his act.
The matter differs if the subsequent cause is independent and sufficient by itself to produce the criminal result.
In this case, the perpetrator is only subject to the penalty for the act he committed.

#### On the Material Concurrence of Crimes 3

###### Article 205

If multiple felonies or misdemeanors are proven, a penalty is imposed for each crime, and the most severe penalty is executed exclusively.
However, it is possible to combine the penalties imposed so that the total of the temporary penalties does not exceed the maximum penalty specified for the most severe crime by more than half.
If there has been no decision to merge or combine the penalties imposed, the matter is referred to the judge for resolution.

###### Article 206

If the crime is committed against a person other than the intended target, the perpetrator is punished as if the act was committed against the intended person.
If both are harmed, the penalty mentioned in the previous paragraph may be increased by half.

###### Article 207

Disciplinary penalties are mandatorily combined.

###### Article 208

Additional penalties and precautionary measures are combined even if the original penalties are merged, unless the judge decides otherwise.
If the original penalties are combined, the subsidiary penalties associated with them are also combined by law.

#### On Publication 4

###### Article 209

The following are considered means of publication:
1) Acts and gestures if they occur in a public place or a location accessible to the public or visible to others, or if they are witnessed by someone not involved in the act due to the perpetrator's mistake,
2) Speech or shouting, whether spoken aloud or transmitted by mechanical means, so that in both cases they are heard by someone not involved in the act,
3) Writing, drawings, manual and photographic images, films, signs, and various depictions if displayed in a public place or a location accessible to the public or visible to others, or if sold, offered for sale, or distributed to one or more persons.

## On Liability Fourth

### On Responsible Persons First

### On the Perpetrator of the Crime First

##### Article 210

No one shall be sentenced to a penalty unless they have committed the act with awareness and intent.
Legal entities are criminally responsible for the actions of their directors, board members, representatives, and employees when they perform these actions in the name of the mentioned entities or by one of their means.
They can only be sentenced to fines, confiscation, and publication of the judgment.
If the law stipulates a principal penalty other than a fine, the fine shall replace the mentioned penalty and be imposed on the legal entity within the limits specified in Articles 53, 60, and 63.

##### Article 211

No precautionary measure shall be imposed on anyone unless they are a danger to public safety.
Precautionary measures are decided upon after verifying the state of danger, except in cases where the law presumes the existence of danger.
Anyone or any legal entity that has committed a crime is considered a danger to society if it is feared they may commit other acts punishable by law.
Legal entities are only subject to precautionary measures of a material nature.

### On Criminal Participation Second

#### Regarding the Perpetrator 1

###### Article 212

The perpetrator of the crime is the one who brought into existence the elements that constitute the crime or directly participated in its execution.

###### Article 213

Every accomplice in the crime is subject to the penalty specified for it in the law, which is aggravated according to the conditions stated in Article 257, for the penalty of the one who organized the contribution to the crime or managed the work of those who participated in it.

###### Article 214

The accomplices in the crime committed by spoken words transmitted by mechanical means, as stated in the second paragraph of Article 209, or in the crime committed by one of the means mentioned in the second paragraph of the same article, are the author of the words or writing and the publisher, unless the former proves that the publication was done without his consent.

###### Article 215

When the crime is committed through newspapers, the publisher is considered to be the publication director, and if there is no director, then the editor or the editor-in-chief of the newspaper.

###### Article 216

The effects of material reasons that may aggravate, reduce, or exempt from the penalty apply to all accomplices in the crime and those involved in it.
They also apply to them the effects of personal or dual aggravating circumstances that facilitated the commission of the crime.
As for other circumstances, their effect applies only to the person to whom they relate.

#### On the Instigator 2

###### Article 217

A person is considered an instigator if they induce or attempt to induce another person by any means to commit a crime.
The liability of the instigator is independent of the liability of the person instigated to commit the crime.

###### Article 218

The instigator is subject to the penalty of the crime they intended or committed, whether the crime was completed, attempted, or incomplete.
If the instigation to commit a felony or misdemeanor does not result in an outcome, the penalty is reduced according to the percentages specified in Article 220, paragraphs 2, 3, and 4.
Instigation to commit a violation is not punishable if it is not accepted.
Preventive measures are imposed on the instigator as if they were the perpetrator of the crime.

#### On Accomplices and Concealers 3

###### Article 219-Amended

Considered an accomplice in a felony or misdemeanor:
1- Anyone who provided instructions for its commission, even if these instructions did not assist in the act.
2- Anyone who strengthened the perpetrator's resolve by any means.
3- Anyone who, for material or moral benefit, accepted the perpetrator's offer to commit the crime.
4- Anyone who assisted or aided the perpetrator in acts that prepared or facilitated the crime.
5- Anyone who agreed with the perpetrator or one of the accomplices before committing the crime and contributed to concealing its traces, hiding or disposing of items resulting from it, or hiding one or more persons involved from justice.
6- Anyone who, knowing the criminal conduct of evildoers who habitually commit highway robbery or acts of violence against state security or public safety, or against persons or property, provided them with food, shelter, a hideout, or a meeting place.

###### Article 220

An accomplice without whose assistance the crime would not have been committed is punished as if he himself were the perpetrator. Other accomplices are punished with hard labor for life or temporary hard labor from ten to twenty years if the perpetrator is punished with death. If the perpetrator's punishment is life hard labor or life detention, the accomplices are sentenced to the same punishment from seven to fifteen years. In other cases, they receive the perpetrator's punishment after reducing its duration by one-sixth to one-third.
Preventive measures can be imposed on them as if they themselves were the perpetrators of the crime.

###### Article 221-Amended

Anyone who, except in the case specified in paragraph five of Article 219, knowingly concealed or disposed of items belonging to others, which were taken, embezzled, or obtained through a felony or misdemeanor, is punished with imprisonment from three months to two years and a fine from twenty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.
However, if the concealed or disposed items resulted from a misdemeanor, the punishment cannot exceed two-thirds of the maximum penalty for the said misdemeanor.

###### Article 222

Anyone who, except in the cases specified in paragraphs 5 and 6 of Article 219, concealed a person known to have committed a felony, or assisted him in evading justice, is punished with imprisonment from three months to two years.
The ascendants or descendants of the hidden offenders, their spouses or ex-spouses, their brothers or sisters, or their in-laws of the same degrees are exempt from punishment.

### On Impediments to Punishment Second

#### On Mistake First

##### On Legal Error 1

###### Article 223

No one can plead ignorance of the penal law or its misinterpretation. However, it is considered a bar to punishment:
1- Ignorance or mistake regarding a civil or administrative law upon which the imposition of the penalty depends,
2- Ignorance of a new law if the crime was committed within the three days following its publication,
3- Ignorance by a foreigner who arrived in Lebanon no more than three days ago of the existence of a crime contrary to statutory laws not punishable under the laws of his country or the laws of the country where he was residing.

##### On Material Error 2

###### Article 224

A person is not punished as a perpetrator, instigator, or accomplice in an intentional crime if they committed the act due to a material mistake regarding one of the elements constituting the crime.
If the mistake concerns one of the aggravating circumstances, the criminal is not held responsible for it; on the contrary, they benefit from the excuse of being unaware of its existence.
These provisions apply in the case of a mistake regarding the identity of the victim.

###### Article 225

A mistake concerning an act constituting an unintentional crime does not prevent punishment unless it did not result from the perpetrator's error.

###### Article 226

A public employee, worker, or government employee who ordered or committed an act punishable by law is not punished if they believed, due to a material mistake, that they were obeying the lawful order of their superiors in matters within their jurisdiction and which they were obliged to obey.

#### On Force Majeure Two

##### On Force Majeure and Moral Coercion 1

###### Article 227

There is no punishment for someone who is coerced by a physical or moral force that they could not resist.
If someone finds themselves in such a situation due to their own fault, they shall be punished, if necessary, as the perpetrator of an unintentional crime.

###### Article 228

Fear, states of agitation, and passion do not prevent punishment.
However, if the perpetrator of the crime excessively exercises the right of legitimate defense, they shall not be punished if they committed the act in a state of intense agitation that nullified their awareness or will.

##### In Case of Necessity 2

###### Article 229

The perpetrator is not punished for an act compelled by necessity to protect himself or others or his property or the property of others from an imminent serious danger that he did not intentionally cause, provided that the act is proportionate to the danger.

###### Article 230

A person is not considered to be in a state of necessity if the law requires him to face the danger.

#### On the Absence of Liability and Reduced Liability Third

##### On Insanity 1

###### Article 231

Exempt from punishment is anyone who was in a state of insanity that deprived them of consciousness or will.

###### Article 232

Anyone proven to have committed a felony or intentional misdemeanor punishable by two years of imprisonment and found not responsible due to insanity shall be detained under a special provision of the acquittal judgment in a precautionary facility.
If the misdemeanor was unintentional or its punishment is less than two years of imprisonment, the perpetrator shall be detained in the precautionary facility if proven to be a danger to public safety. The detention continues until the court that ordered the detention issues a decision proving the recovery of the insane person, and supervised freedom may be imposed on the detainee upon their release.

##### On Dementia 2

###### Article 233

Anyone who, at the time of committing the act, was suffering from a hereditary or acquired mental defect that diminished the power of awareness or choice in their actions shall legally benefit from the substitution or reduction of their penalty in accordance with the provisions of Article 251.

###### Article 234

Anyone sentenced to a criminal or misdemeanor penalty that prevents or restricts freedom and benefits from the legal substitution or reduction of the penalty due to insanity, and anyone sentenced to such a penalty and proven to be insane or addicted to drugs or alcohol and poses a danger to public safety, shall be ordered in the judgment to be detained in a precautionary shelter to be treated during the term of the penalty.
The sentenced person who is released from the precautionary shelter after recovery, as confirmed by a decision from the court that ordered the detention, shall serve the remaining term of their penalty.
If the sentenced person remains a danger to public safety after the end of their penalty term, they shall be detained in the precautionary shelter by a decision from the same court for a period not exceeding five years if sentenced for a felony and two years if sentenced for a misdemeanor, and the detained person shall be released before the expiration of the specified period if a subsequent decision is issued proving they are no longer a danger, and supervised freedom may be imposed on the detained person after their release.

##### On Intoxication and Drug Poisoning 3

###### Article 235

Exempt from punishment is anyone who, at the time of committing the act, due to an unforeseen event or force majeure, was in a state of intoxication caused by alcohol or drugs that deprived them of consciousness or will. If the state of intoxication resulted from the actor's mistake, they are responsible for any unintentional crime committed, and they are responsible for the intentional crime if they anticipated, when placing themselves in that state due to their mistake, the possibility of committing criminal acts.
If they intentionally placed themselves in that state with the intent to commit the crime, their punishment is aggravated according to Article 257.

###### Article 236

If the state of intoxication resulting from force majeure or an unforeseen event significantly weakened the actor's consciousness or will, the punishment may be substituted or reduced according to the provisions of Article 251.

#### On Minors Fourth

##### General Provisions 1

###### Article 237-ملغى

A person who has not reached the age of seven at the time of committing the act shall not be prosecuted criminally.

###### Article 238-ملغى

Repealed

###### Article 239-ملغى

The penalty of life hard labor shall replace the death penalty imposed on a person who has not reached the age of twenty-one at the time of committing the felony.

###### Article 240

This law defines a child as someone who has reached the age of seven but not yet eighteen, an adolescent as someone who has reached the age of twelve but not yet fifteen, and a youth as someone who has reached the age of fifteen but not yet eighteen.

##### On Children 2

###### Article 241-ملغى

Measures of protection stipulated in Article 119 are imposed on a child who has committed a felony or misdemeanor.

###### Article 242-ملغى

A measure can be extended, canceled, or replaced with another protection measure at any time.
Its term ends definitively when the minor reaches eighteen years of age, and it also ends upon the marriage of a minor female, even if she has not reached eighteen.

###### Article 243-ملغى

A child who rebels against protection measures can be placed in a reformatory for at least one year and until they reach eighteen at most. Upon the expiration of the mentioned year, the juvenile court can at any time revoke the measure that ordered their placement in the reformatory.

###### Article 244-ملغى

An appropriate protection measure is imposed on an adolescent who has committed an act punishable by law, according to the conditions stated in Articles 242 and 243. If the act committed is a felony or misdemeanor, disciplinary measures stipulated in Article 120 can also be imposed on them.

###### Article 245-ملغى

An adolescent placed in a disciplinary institute can be transferred to a reformatory after at least one year, and an adolescent placed in a reformatory can be transferred to a disciplinary institute at any time.
After one year of residence in a reformatory, the adolescent can be released and a protection measure imposed on them. They can be returned to the reformatory at any time.
Disciplinary measures imposed on an adolescent cannot be extended beyond the age of twenty-one.

###### Article 246-ملغى

If a boy commits a misdemeanor or infraction, protection measures can be imposed on him according to Articles 242 and 243. If the act committed is a misdemeanor, disciplinary measures can also be imposed on him under the conditions specified in the previous article.

###### Article 247-ملغى

If a boy commits a felony, disciplinary measures are imposed on him for no less than three years.
If he has been placed in a disciplinary institute, he can be transferred to a reformatory after one year, and if he is in a reformatory, he can be transferred to a disciplinary institute at any time.

###### Article 248-ملغى

If a boy commits a felony without a legal excuse and reaches the age of twenty-one while in a disciplinary institute, and the juvenile court deems he is not yet sufficiently reformed, it orders his transfer to places designated for those sentenced to simple imprisonment or imprisonment with labor according to the rule stated in Articles 193 and 194.
In any case, it can order his placement in places of imprisonment for those sentenced to simple imprisonment if he demonstrates good conduct during his stay in the disciplinary institute.
The term of the measure imposed according to the previous provisions ends when the sentenced person provides conclusive evidence of his reform, and at most after serving ten years in prison or in the disciplinary institute.

### On the Reasons for Exemption from Punishment, Reduction, or Aggravation Third

### On Excuses One

#### On Legitimate Excuses 1

###### Article 249

There is no excuse for a crime except in the cases specified by law.

###### Article 250

An exculpatory excuse exempts the criminal from all punishment.
However, reformative and precautionary measures may be imposed if necessary, except for isolation.

#### On Mitigating Excuses 2

###### Article Article 251-Amended

When the law provides for a mitigating excuse:
- If the act is a felony requiring the death penalty, life hard labor, or life detention, the penalty is converted to imprisonment for at least one year and at most seven years.
- If the act constitutes one of the other felonies, the imprisonment is from six months to five years.
- If the act is a misdemeanor, the penalty does not exceed six months.
- If the act is a violation, the judge may reduce the penalty to half of the disciplinary fine.
The beneficiary of the mitigating excuse may be subject to precautionary measures they would have faced, except for isolation, if they had been sentenced to the penalty prescribed by law.

###### Article 252

The perpetrator of the crime benefits from the mitigating excuse if they committed it in a state of intense anger resulting from an unjust and serious act committed by the victim.

### On Mitigating Circumstances Second

##### Article Article 253-Amended

If mitigating circumstances are found in a case, the court shall rule:
- Instead of the death penalty, life hard labor or temporary hard labor from seven to twenty years.
- And instead of life hard labor, temporary hard labor for not less than five years.
- And instead of life detention, temporary detention for not less than five years, and it may reduce any other criminal penalty to three years if its minimum exceeds that.
It may reduce the penalty to half if its minimum does not exceed three years or replace it with a reasoned decision of imprisonment for at least one year, except in the case of recidivism.

##### Article 254

If the court considers mitigating circumstances in favor of someone who committed a misdemeanor, it may reduce the penalty to its minimum as specified in Articles 51, 52, and 53, and it may substitute a fine for imprisonment and house arrest, or convert the misdemeanor penalty to a disciplinary penalty with a reasoned decision, except in the case of recidivism.

##### Article 255

The minimum penalty specified in Articles 60 and 61 or a fine may be imposed on someone who committed an infraction where mitigating circumstances are evident.

##### Article 256

In the case of recidivism, the decision granting mitigating circumstances must be specially reasoned, whether in felonies, misdemeanors, or infractions.

### On Aggravating Circumstances Third

#### On General Aggravating Circumstances 1

###### Article 257

If the law does not specify the effect of an aggravating cause, the mentioned cause requires the penalty to be increased as follows:
The death penalty is replaced with life hard labor, and every temporary penalty is increased by one-third to one-half, and the fine is doubled.

#### On Recurrence 2

###### Article 258-Amended

Anyone who has been sentenced to life hard labor by a final judgment and commits another felony requiring the same penalty shall be sentenced to death.
Anyone who has been sentenced by a final judgment to temporary hard labor or temporary detention and commits another felony requiring the same penalty before fifteen years have passed since the execution of the penalty or its prescription shall be sentenced to the penalty they deserve with an addition of the same.
When necessary, the maximum of this penalty can be increased to double, i.e., thirty years.
If the second crime requires a sentence of deportation, house arrest, or civil deprivation, the perpetrator shall be sentenced to a penalty one degree higher according to the order mentioned in Article 38.

###### Article 259

Anyone who has been sentenced for a felony by a final judgment to a criminal or misdemeanor penalty and commits, before seven years have passed since the execution of the penalty or its prescription, a felony or misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment, shall be subject to the maximum penalty prescribed up to double.
The same applies if the first sentence was at least one year of imprisonment and was issued for a misdemeanor of the second category.
If the previously imposed penalty was less than a year, the repeat offender shall be sentenced to imprisonment for at least double the previous penalty, provided that the minimum increase does not exceed double the penalty prescribed by law.
Simple imprisonment replaces house arrest if the first sentence was a criminal or misdemeanor penalty other than a fine.
The fine is doubled if it was preceded by a sentence of any misdemeanor penalty.
If repetition occurs again, imprisonment for up to three months and a fine can be imposed together.

###### Article 260

The misdemeanors listed in each of the following items are considered of the same category for the application of repeat penalties mentioned in the previous article, whether the perpetrator is the principal, instigator, or accomplice:
1- Intentional misdemeanors stipulated in one chapter of this law.
2- Immoral misdemeanors (Chapter Seven).
3- Intentional misdemeanors against persons (Chapter Eight).
4- Acts of violence, both physical and verbal, against individuals or authorities or public forces.
5- Unintentional killing and injury.
6- Misdemeanors mentioned in the chapter on dangerous persons.
7- Intentional misdemeanors against property.
8- Concealment of items resulting from a misdemeanor or concealment of the persons who committed them and the misdemeanor itself.
9- Political misdemeanors or those considered political according to Articles 196 and 197.
10- Misdemeanors committed with a single dishonorable motive.

###### Article 261

An offender who has been sentenced by a final judgment for a period not exceeding one year for the same offense or for any other violation of the provisions of one system shall be punished with double the penalty prescribed by law. If repetition occurs again within the same period, detention and a fine can be imposed together in all cases where only a fine is prescribed.

#### On Habitual Criminality 3

###### Article 262

A habitual criminal is one whose criminal knowledge indicates a permanent psychological readiness, whether innate or acquired, to commit felonies or misdemeanors.

###### Article 263

Anyone sentenced to a penalty other than a fine for a felony or intentional misdemeanor and sentenced again, before five years have passed since the end of their sentence or its expiration, to a liberty-depriving penalty of at least one year for another intentional felony or misdemeanor, shall be sentenced to isolation if it is proven that they are habitual in crime and pose a danger to public safety.

###### Article 264

Every habitual criminal sentenced to a penalty other than a fine pursuant to Articles 258 and 259 is deemed by judgment to be a danger to public safety and shall be sentenced to isolation if sentenced to a liberty-depriving penalty for another legal recurrence.
The same applies to any habitual criminal sentenced within fifteen years, excluding the time spent serving penalties and precautionary measures:
Either four imprisonment sentences for felonies committed with an excuse or for intentional misdemeanors, provided that each of the last three crimes was committed after the previous crime's judgment became final, or two sentences as described in the previous paragraph and a sentence for a criminal penalty, whether the felony occurred before or after the misdemeanor.

###### Article 265

Anyone sentenced to isolation who commits a felony or intentional misdemeanor during their stay in prison or within five years following their release, for which they are sentenced to one year of imprisonment or a harsher penalty, is subject to isolation for at least seven years.

##### Provisions Covering the Previous Sections First

###### Article 266

A person who is proven to be habitually criminal or who has been convicted as a repeat offender with a misdemeanor punishment involving deprivation of liberty may be sentenced to deprivation of civil rights, prohibition of residence, and expulsion from the country.

###### Article 267

A habitual criminal or repeat offender sentenced to house arrest, imprisonment, or a more severe penalty shall be subject to supervised freedom for five years upon release, unless the judge decides to extend, reduce, replace it with house arrest, or exempt the convict from it.
The prohibition of residence sentenced in accordance with Article 82, paragraphs 2 and 3, is merged with the supervised freedom for the duration sentenced.

##### Provisions Including the Previous Chapters Second

###### Article 268

The provisions of the aggravating or mitigating circumstances for the penalty apply in the following order:
Material aggravating circumstances.
Excuses.
Personal aggravating circumstances.
Mitigating circumstances.

###### Article 269

The judge shall specify in the judgment the effect of each of the aggravating or mitigating circumstances on the imposed penalty.

# On Crimes Second

## On Crimes Against State Security First

### On Felonies Against the External Security of the State First

#### On Treason 1

###### Article 273

Every Lebanese who takes up arms against Lebanon in the ranks of the enemy shall be punished by death. Every Lebanese, even if not belonging to a hostile army, who commits acts of aggression against Lebanon during wartime shall be punished with life imprisonment with hard labor. Every Lebanese who enlists in any capacity in a hostile army and does not separate from it before any act of aggression against Lebanon shall be punished with temporary hard labor, even if he has acquired foreign nationality through his enlistment.

###### Article 274

Every Lebanese who conspires with a foreign state or contacts it to incite it to initiate aggression against Lebanon or to provide it with means to do so shall be punished with life imprisonment with hard labor. If his act results in a consequence, he shall be punished by death.

###### Article 275

Every Lebanese who conspires with the enemy or contacts it to assist its forces in any way shall be punished by death.

###### Article 276

Every Lebanese who, by any means, with the intent to paralyze national defense, damages installations, factories, ships, aircraft, tools, munitions, supplies, means of communication, and generally all things of a military nature or prepared for use by the army or its forces, shall be punished with life imprisonment with hard labor. The death penalty shall be imposed if the act occurs during wartime or when war is anticipated or results in the loss of life.

###### Article 277

Every Lebanese who attempts by actions, speeches, writings, or otherwise to detach a part of Lebanese territory to annex it to a foreign state or to grant it a right or privilege specific to the Lebanese state shall be punished with temporary detention for at least five years. If the perpetrator, at the time of committing the act, belongs to one of the associations or organizations referred to in Articles 298 and 318, he shall be punished with life detention.

###### Article 278-معدلة

Every Lebanese who provides shelter, food, or clothing to a spy, an enemy soldier working for reconnaissance, or an agent of the enemy, or assists him in escaping, or makes contact with any of these spies, soldiers, or agents knowingly, shall be punished with temporary hard labor.
Every Lebanese who facilitates the escape of a prisoner of war or a detained enemy national shall be punished with temporary detention.

###### Article 279

The penalties stipulated in this section shall also be imposed if the act is committed against a state bound to Lebanon by a treaty of alliance or an international document equivalent to it.

###### Article 280

Foreigners who have a place of residence or actual dwelling in Lebanon are considered equivalent to Lebanese in the sense intended in Articles 274 to 278.

#### On Espionage 2

###### Article 281

Whoever enters or attempts to enter a prohibited place with the intent to obtain items, documents, or information that must remain confidential for the safety of the state shall be punished with imprisonment for at least one year. If the intent was for espionage, the punishment shall be temporary hard labor.

###### Article 282

Whoever steals items, documents, or information as mentioned in the previous article or obtains them shall be punished with temporary hard labor. If the felony is committed for the benefit of a foreign state, the punishment shall be life hard labor.

###### Article 283

Whoever possesses some of the documents or information as mentioned in Article 281 and communicates or discloses them without a legitimate reason shall be punished with imprisonment from two months to two years.
The punishment shall be temporary hard labor for at least five years if communicated for the benefit of a foreign state. If the criminal retains the mentioned information and items by virtue of being an employee, worker, or servant of the state, the punishment shall be temporary detention in the case mentioned in the first paragraph and life hard labor in the case mentioned in the second paragraph. If any of the aforementioned persons is found guilty of only unintentional error, the punishment shall be imprisonment from two months to two years.

###### Article 284

If the crimes mentioned in this section are committed for the benefit of a hostile state, the punishment shall be aggravated in accordance with the provisions of Article 257.

#### On Illicit Relations with the Enemy 3

###### Article 285-معدلة

Shall be punished by imprisonment for at least one year and a fine not less than two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, every Lebanese and every person residing in Lebanon who undertakes or attempts to undertake directly or through an intermediary a commercial transaction or any transaction of purchase, sale, or barter with a national of the enemy or with a person residing in enemy territory.
 "The same penalty shall apply to every Lebanese and every person in Lebanon from the nationals of Arab countries who enters directly or indirectly and without prior approval of the Lebanese government into enemy territory, even if the purpose of their entry is not one of the acts mentioned in the previous paragraph of this article."

###### Article 286

The punishment mentioned in the previous article shall apply to the persons mentioned therein if they participate in a loan or subscription for the benefit of a hostile state or facilitate its financial operations by any means.

###### Article 287-معدلة

Whoever conceals or embezzles the funds of a hostile state or the funds of one of its nationals entrusted to a guardian shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine of not less than two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

#### On Crimes Against International Law 4

###### Article 288

Punishable by temporary detention:
Anyone who violates the measures taken by the state to maintain its neutrality in war.
Anyone who engages in acts, writings, or speeches not authorized by the government, thereby exposing Lebanon to the danger of hostile acts, severing its relations with a foreign state, or exposing Lebanese citizens to retaliatory acts against them or their property.

###### Article 289

Any assault occurring on Lebanese soil or committed by a Lebanese national with the intent to violently change the constitution of a foreign state or its government, or to annex part of its territory, is punishable by temporary detention.
A conspiracy aimed at committing any of the aforementioned felonies warrants imprisonment for at least one year.

###### Article 290

Anyone who recruits soldiers on Lebanese soil without government approval to fight for a foreign state shall be punished by temporary detention or deportation.

###### Article 291-معدلة

Punishable by imprisonment from six months to two years and a fine not exceeding four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds for any incitement occurring in Lebanon or carried out by a Lebanese by any of the means mentioned in Article 288 to induce soldiers of a foreign state, whether land, sea, or air forces, to desert or disobey.

###### Article 292

Punishable by the same penalties based on a complaint from the aggrieved party for the following crimes:
- Publicly insulting a foreign state, its army, flag, or national emblem.
- Insulting the head of a foreign state, its ministers, or its political representative in Lebanon.
- Publicly slandering or defaming the head of a foreign state, its ministers, or its political representative in Lebanon.
It is not permissible to prove the act that was the subject of the defamation.

###### Article 293

If the crime committed on Lebanese soil or by a Lebanese against the head of a foreign state, one of its ministers, or its political representative in Lebanon does not fall under a specific penalty, the legal penalty is aggravated as mentioned in Article 257.

###### Article 294

The provisions of Articles 289 to 293 shall not apply unless there are similar provisions in the laws of the concerned state or in the agreement concluded with it.

#### On Undermining the Prestige of the State and National Sentiment 5

###### Article 295

Whoever, in Lebanon, during wartime or when war is anticipated, engages in propaganda aimed at weakening national sentiment or inciting racial or sectarian strife shall be punished with temporary detention.

###### Article 296

The same penalty applies to anyone who, in Lebanon under the same circumstances, disseminates news known to be false or exaggerated that could weaken the nation's morale. If the perpetrator believes this news to be true, the penalty is imprisonment for at least three months.

###### Article 297-Amended

Any Lebanese who, while being aware of the matter, broadcasts false or exaggerated news abroad that could undermine the state's prestige or financial standing shall be punished with imprisonment for at least six months and a fine ranging from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds. The court may also order the publication of the judgment.

###### Article 298-Amended

Anyone who, in Lebanon, without government permission, joins an international political or social association or organization of this type shall be punished with imprisonment or house arrest from three months to three years and a fine ranging from fifty thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.
The penalty for anyone who assumes an operational role in the aforementioned association or organization cannot be less than one year of imprisonment or house arrest and a fine of two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

#### On Contractors' Crimes 6

###### Article 299

Whoever fails to execute, during wartime or when war is anticipated, all obligations imposed on them by a contract of commitment, procurement, or provision of services related to national defense, public state interests, or civilian supply, shall be punished with temporary detention and a fine ranging between the value of the unfulfilled obligation and twice its value, provided it is not less than one million Lebanese pounds.
If the non-execution is due to unintentional error, the perpetrator shall be punished with imprisonment in addition to the fine specified in the previous paragraph.
The penalties stipulated in this article shall be reduced by half if the execution was merely delayed.
These penalties, with their previous differences, shall be imposed on any other person who was the cause of the non-execution of the contract or its delay.

###### Article 300

Any fraud committed under the same circumstances regarding the contracts mentioned in the previous article shall be punished with temporary hard labor and a fine ranging between twice the illicit profit gained by the criminal and three times its amount, provided it is not less than one million Lebanese pounds.

### On Crimes Against Internal State Security Second

#### On Felonies Against the Constitution 1

###### Article 301

An assault aimed at changing the state's constitution by unlawful means is punishable by temporary detention for at least five years, and the punishment shall be life detention if the perpetrator resorts to violence.

###### Article 302

Anyone who attempts to detach a part of Lebanese territory from the sovereignty of the state shall be punished by temporary detention or deportation, and the punishment shall be life detention if the perpetrator resorts to violence.

###### Article 303

Any act committed with the intent to incite armed rebellion against the authorities established under the constitution is punishable by temporary detention. If the rebellion breaks out, the instigator shall be punished by life detention and all other rebels by temporary detention for at least five years.

###### Article 304

An assault intended to prevent the established authorities from exercising their functions derived from the constitution is punishable by temporary detention or deportation.

###### Article 305

Conspiracy aimed at committing one of the crimes mentioned in this section is punishable by deportation or criminal house arrest.

#### On Usurpation of Political or Civil Authority or Military Command 2

###### Article 306

Shall be punished with temporary detention for at least seven years whoever usurps political or civil authority or military leadership, or whoever retains civil authority or military leadership contrary to the order of the government.
Every military commander who keeps his troops assembled after the order for their discharge or dispersal has been issued.

###### Article 307

Temporary detention is deserved by anyone who, without the consent of the authority, undertakes the formation of armed factions from soldiers, or enlists or recruits them, or equips them or supplies them with weapons and ammunition.

#### On Sedition 3

###### Article 308

Punishable by life imprisonment with hard labor for an assault aimed at either inciting civil war or sectarian strife by arming the Lebanese or urging them to arm against each other, or by inciting killing and looting in one or more places, and the death penalty is imposed if the assault is carried out.

###### Article 309

Punishable by life imprisonment with hard labor for leading armed gangs or assuming a position or leadership of any kind, either with the intent to invade a city or place or some state properties or properties of a group of citizens, or with the intent to attack or resist the public force working against the perpetrators of these felonies.

###### Article 310

Punishable by life imprisonment with hard labor for participants in armed gangs formed with the intent to commit one of the felonies stipulated in Articles 308 and 309. However, those who did not assume a position or service in the gang, were not arrested in places of sedition, surrendered with their weapons without resistance, and before any judgment was issued, are exempt from punishment.

###### Article 311

According to Article 257, the penalty is aggravated for those who committed one of the felonies stipulated in Articles 309 and 310: if they were carrying a visible or hidden weapon, if they were wearing a uniform or carrying another emblem, whether civilian or military, if they committed acts of sabotage or defacement in buildings designated for public interest or in means of communication, transportation, or transport.

###### Article 312

Anyone who, with the intent to commit or facilitate one of the felonies mentioned in this section or any other felony against the state, manufactures, acquires, or possesses explosive or flammable materials, toxic or incendiary products, or parts used in their assembly or manufacture, is punishable by temporary hard labor in addition to the harsher penalties deserved by those involved in those felonies if committed, attempted, or remained incomplete.

###### Article 313

Punishable by temporary hard labor for conspiracy with the intent to commit one of the felonies mentioned in this section.

#### On Terrorism 4

###### Article 314

Terrorist acts refer to all actions aimed at creating a state of panic and are committed using means such as explosive devices, incendiary materials, toxic or burning products, and epidemic or microbial agents that may cause a general danger.

###### Article 315

A conspiracy intended to commit an act or acts of terrorism is punishable by temporary hard labor. Every terrorist act requires hard labor for at least five years, and it requires life hard labor if it results in partial destruction of a public building, industrial facility, ship, or other installations, or disruption of communication, transportation, and transport routes. The death penalty is imposed if the act leads to the death of a person or the partial or complete destruction of a building with one or more persons inside.

###### Article 316

Any association established with the intent to change the state's economic or social structure or the fundamental conditions of society by one of the means mentioned in Article 314 shall be dissolved, and its members shall be sentenced to temporary hard labor. The penalty for founders and directors shall not be less than seven years. The exonerating or mitigating excuse granted to conspirators under Article 272 applies to the perpetrators of the felony specified above.

###### Article 316-معدلة-مكرر

Anyone who intentionally engages in, attempts to engage in, directs, or participates in, directly or indirectly, the financing, in whole or in part, or contributes to the financing of terrorism or terrorist acts, or finances a terrorist person or terrorist organizations, or related acts, including providing, offering, or collecting movable or immovable funds, from legitimate or illegitimate sources, in Lebanon or abroad, whether the funds are used or not, and whether the terrorist act is carried out or not in Lebanon or abroad.
The crime of financing terrorism includes travel, attempted travel, recruitment, planning, preparation, organization, facilitation, participation, providing or receiving training, and any other act related to it with the intent to carry out terrorist acts without those acts being linked to a specific terrorist act.
Perpetrators of the acts specified above are punished with temporary hard labor for not less than three years and not more than seven years and a fine not less than the amount paid and not more than three times that amount, without prejudice to the application of the penalties stipulated in Articles 212 to 222 inclusive of the Penal Code.

#### On Crimes Affecting National Unity or Disturbing Harmony Among Elements of the Nation 5

###### Article 317-معدلة

Any act, writing, or speech intended to incite sectarian or racial strife or to provoke conflict between sects and different elements of the nation shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years and a fine from one hundred thousand to eight hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, as well as being prohibited from exercising the rights mentioned in the second and fourth paragraphs of Article 65. The court may also order the publication of the judgment.

###### Article 318-معدلة

The same penalties apply to any person who belongs to an association established for the purpose mentioned in the previous article.
Imprisonment shall not be less than one year and the fine not less than two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if the said person holds an operational position in the association, in addition to the judgment of dissolving the association and confiscating its properties in accordance with Articles 109 and 69.

#### On Undermining the Financial Standing of the State 6

###### Article 319-Amended

Whoever disseminates, by any of the means mentioned in the second and third paragraphs of Article 209, fabricated events or false allegations to cause a decline in national currency notes or to undermine confidence in the strength of the state's currency and bonds, and all securities related to public financial confidence, shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years and a fine from five hundred thousand lira to two million lira.
In addition, the judgment may be ordered to be published.

###### Article 320

The same penalties apply to any person who uses the same means to urge the public: either to withdraw funds deposited in banks and public funds,
or to sell state bonds and other public bonds, or to refrain from purchasing them.

###### Article 321

The court may, when ruling on one of the misdemeanors stipulated in this chapter, order the deprivation of civil rights, prohibition of residence, or expulsion from the country in accordance with Articles 65, 82, and 88.

### On Weapons and Ammunition One

#### Definitions 1

###### Article 322

Gangs, gatherings, and meetings are considered armed within the meaning of this law if one or more of the persons composing them are carrying visible, concealed, or hidden weapons. However, if some of them carry non-visible weapons, this matter is not attributed to the other persons if they are unaware of it.

###### Article 323

For the application of the previous article, a weapon is considered to be any cutting, piercing, or blunt instrument and any tool dangerous to public safety. Ordinary pocket knives and light sticks that are not carried for use when needed are not included in this definition unless they are used in the commission of a felony or misdemeanor.

#### On Carrying and Possessing Weapons and Ammunition Without a Permit 2

###### Article 324-معدلة-ملغى

Punishable by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months and a fine not exceeding twenty-five liras for carrying or possessing without a permit:
1- A weapon or ammunition whose carrying or possession is subject to authorization by law,
2- A complete separate part that is used only in assembling the aforementioned weapons or repairing them or as a replacement for some of their parts.
The same punishment applies to anyone who trades without the permission of the Ministry of Interior in the weapons, ammunition, and parts mentioned in this article.

###### Article 325-معدلة-ملغى

If the act involves weapons, ammunition, military equipment, or parts separated from such weapons, the punishment is imprisonment from one month to two years and a fine from ten to one hundred liras.
Military weapons are those specifically designed for land, sea, and air warfare and prepared for it. Weapons that can be used in war and are classified by law in this category are also called military weapons.

###### Article 326-معدلة

If the purpose of carrying or possessing weapons or ammunition is to commit a felony, the punishment, except in cases where the law imposes a harsher penalty, is imprisonment with labor from one to three years and a fine from one hundred thousand liras to six hundred thousand liras.

#### On Carrying Prohibited Weapons 3

###### Article 327-معدلة-ملغى

No license shall be granted for carrying a prohibited weapon. Prohibited weapons include daggers, knives, spears, bayonets, American fists, and generally all concealed or hidden weapons.

###### Article 328-معدلة-ملغى

Anyone found outside their home carrying a prohibited weapon without a legitimate reason shall be punished with the penalties stipulated in Article 324.

## On Crimes Against Public Safety Second

### On the Infringement of Civil Rights and Obligations Two

##### Article 329

Any act that hinders a Lebanese citizen from exercising their civil rights or duties is punishable by imprisonment from one month to one year if committed through threats, force, or any other means of physical or moral coercion.
If the crime is committed by an armed group consisting of three or more persons, the punishment is imprisonment from six months to three years, and if the crime is committed without weapons, the punishment is imprisonment from two months to two years.

##### Article 330

If any of the acts specified in the previous article are committed as part of a premeditated plan intended to be executed throughout the entire territory of the state or in one or more of its localities, each of the criminals shall be punished with temporary detention or deportation.

##### Article 331-معدلة

Anyone who attempts to influence the vote of a Lebanese citizen with the intent to corrupt the outcome of a general election, either by threatening harm to their person, family, position, or property, or through offers, gifts, promises, or by promising an administrative grant to a legal entity or group of people, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds.
The same punishment applies to anyone who accepts such gifts or promises or solicits them.

##### Article 332

Any public official, worker, or employee of the state who uses their authority to influence the vote of a Lebanese citizen shall be punished with civil deprivation.

##### Article 333

Anyone who alters or attempts to alter the outcome of an election through fraud shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years.
If the criminal is responsible for collecting votes, ballots, preserving them, counting them, or performing any other task related to a general election, they shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years.

##### Article 334

The annulment of an election has no bearing on crimes committed during or because of it.

### On Unlawful Associations Third

#### On Associations of Malefactors 1

###### Article 335-Amended

If two or more persons form an association or enter into an agreement, whether written or verbal, with the intent to commit felonies against people or property, undermine the authority or prestige of the state, or target its civil, military, financial, or economic institutions, they shall be punished with temporary hard labor. This punishment shall not be less than ten years if the criminals' intent is to attack the lives of others or the lives of employees in public institutions and administrations.
However, anyone who discloses the matter of the association or agreement and provides information about the other criminals shall be exempt from punishment.

###### Article 336

Any group of three or more persons who roam public roads and rural areas as armed gangs with the intent to rob, assault people or property, or commit any other act of banditry shall be sentenced to temporary hard labor for a minimum of seven years. They shall be sentenced to life hard labor if they commit any of the aforementioned acts, and the death penalty shall be imposed on those who commit murder, attempt murder, or inflict torture and barbaric acts on the victims in execution of the felony.

#### On Secret Societies 2

###### Article 337

Every association or group that in reality has the status of an association is considered secret if its purpose is contrary to the law and it conducts its activities or some of them in secret. Similarly, associations and groups themselves are considered secret if it is proven that their purpose is contrary to the law and they did not inform the authority, after being requested to do so, of their basic regulations, the names of their members and their functions, the subject of their meetings, a statement of their properties, and the source of their resources, or if they provided false or incomplete information about these matters.

###### Article 338-Amended

Every secret association is dissolved and its funds are confiscated. Anyone holding an administrative or executive position in it is punished with imprisonment from six months to two years and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds, while the other members receive half of these penalties.

###### Article 339

If a member of a secret association commits a crime in execution of the purpose of this association, the member who attended the meeting where the crime was decided is considered an instigator and is punished as imposed by Article 218, and the member who was found at the crime scene during its commission is considered an accomplice and is punished according to Article 220.

### On Crimes of Rape and Infringement on Freedom of Work Fourth

##### Article 340

Civil deprivation is due to employees who are bound to the state by a public contract if they agree to stop their work or agree to stop it or to submit their resignation in situations that hinder the functioning of one of the public interests.

##### Article 341

If an employer, project manager, employees, or workers stop working either to pressure public authorities or in protest against a decision or measure issued by them, each of the offenders shall be punished with imprisonment or house arrest for a period of not less than three months.

##### Article 342

Imprisonment and a fine shall be imposed for any sit-in conducted by more than twenty people followed by an attempt or commencement of execution with the intent to stop:
1- Means of transportation between parts of Lebanon or between it and other countries,
2- Postal, telegraphic, and telephone communications,
3- One of the public interests specialized in the distribution of water or electricity.
The same penalty applies to the contractor of one of the aforementioned interests if its work is stopped without a legitimate reason. If the crime is committed by acts of violence against persons or property, or by threats or other means of intimidation, or by fraud or false claims that could have an effect on the mind, or by gathering in public roads and squares, or by occupying workplaces, the perpetrators of these acts shall be punished with imprisonment for at least six months.

##### Article 343-معدلة

Whoever uses one of the means mentioned in the last paragraph of the previous article to persuade others or attempts to persuade them to stop their work by agreement among themselves or stabilizes or attempts to stabilize them in stopping this work shall be punished with imprisonment for up to one year and a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

##### Article 344

Any employer, project manager, employee, or worker who refuses or postpones the implementation of an arbitration decision or any other decision issued by one of the labor courts shall be punished with imprisonment from two months to one year.

### On Riots and Gatherings Fifth

#### On Riot Demonstrations 1

###### Article 345-Amended

Whoever is in a gathering that does not have the character of a private meeting, whether due to its purpose, intent, the number of invitees, or those who comprise it, or due to the place of its convening, or if it is in a public place or a place open to the public or exposed to its view, and shouts or sings riotous chants or displays a sign in situations that disturb public security, or engages in any other riotous demonstration, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

#### On Riot Gatherings 2

###### Article 346

Any crowd or procession on public roads or in a place open to the public is considered a riotous assembly and is punishable by imprisonment from one month to one year:
If it consists of three or more persons with the intent to commit a felony or misdemeanor and at least one of them is armed.
If it consists of at least seven persons with the intent to protest a decision or measure taken by the public authorities with the intent to pressure them.
If the number of persons exceeds twenty and they appear in a manner likely to disturb public tranquility.

###### Article 347

If people gather in this manner, they are warned to disperse by a representative of the administrative authority or a judicial police officer who announces their arrival, if necessary, by beating a drum, blowing a horn, a whistle, or any other similar method. Those who disperse before the authority's warning or immediately comply with the warning without using their weapons or committing any other misdemeanor are exempt from the aforementioned penalty.

###### Article 348

If the assembly does not disperse without force, the penalty is imprisonment from two months to two years, and whoever uses a weapon is punished with imprisonment from one to three years in addition to any more severe penalty that may be deserved.

##### Comprehensive Provisions First

###### Article 349

A judgment may be rendered for the deprivation of civil rights, prohibition of residence, and expulsion from the country in accordance with Articles 65, 82, and 88 in the misdemeanors stipulated in Chapters 2 to 5 of this section.

## On Crimes Against Public Administration Third

#### Article 350-Amended

General Provisions:
A person is considered an employee in the sense intended in this section if they are an employee in the administrations, public institutions, municipalities, the army, the judiciary, or any worker or user in the state, and any person appointed or elected to perform a public service for compensation or without compensation.

### On Crimes Violating Job Duties First

#### On Bribery 1

###### Article 351-Amended

Every employee and every person appointed to public service, whether by election or appointment, and anyone assigned an official task such as a judge, expert, or syndic, who solicits or accepts for themselves or others a gift, promise, or any other benefit to perform a lawful act of their duties shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years and a fine of at least double the value of what was taken or accepted.

###### Article 352-Amended

Any of the aforementioned persons who solicits or accepts for themselves or others a gift, promise, or any other benefit to perform an act contrary to their duties, or claims it is within their duties, or to neglect or delay what was their duty to perform, shall be punished by temporary hard labor and a fine not less than three times the value of what was taken or accepted. The same penalty applies to a lawyer if they commit these acts.

###### Article 353-Amended

The penalties stipulated in Articles 351 and 352 also apply to the briber. "The briber or intermediary is exempt from these penalties if they disclose the matter to the competent authorities or confess before the case is referred to the court."

###### Article 354-Amended

- Every worker in the private sector, whether an employee, expert, or consultant, and anyone who is bound to an employer by an employment contract for a wage, who solicits or accepts for themselves or others a gift, promise, or any other benefit to disclose secrets or information harmful to the work, or to perform or refrain from an act with the intent to cause material or moral harm to the employer or the interest of the work, shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine from one hundred thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.
- The same penalty applies to the briber.

###### Article 355

Anyone who offers to a person mentioned in Article 351 a gift or any other benefit or promises it as an undue reward to perform or not perform an act of their duties or to delay its execution shall be punished, if the offer or promise is not accepted, by imprisonment of at least three months and a fine not less than double the value of the offered or promised item.

###### Article 356

Any person mentioned in Article 351 who accepts an undue reward for an act previously performed as part of their duties or mission shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine of at least double the value of what was accepted.

#### On Abuse of Power 2

###### Article 357

Whoever takes or solicits an undue fee or accepts a promise thereof, whether for himself or for another, with the intent to grant others or to seek to grant them a position, work, contracts, projects, other profits, or grants from the state or one of the public administrations, or with the intent to influence the conduct of the authorities in any way, shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine of at least double the value of what was taken or accepted.

###### Article 358-Amended

If the act is committed by a lawyer under the pretext of obtaining the favor of a judge, a ruling, a syndic, or an expert in a case, he shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years and prohibited from practicing his profession for life.

#### On Embezzlement and Abuse of Office 3

###### Article 359

Any employee who embezzles money or other items entrusted to him for administration, collection, or maintenance by virtue of his position, whether belonging to the state or to an individual, shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years and a fine not less than the value of the embezzled items.

###### Article 360

If the embezzlement occurs by inserting false writings in invoices or ledgers, or by altering or destroying accounts and documents or other instruments, or generally by any trick aimed at preventing the discovery of the embezzlement, the punishment shall be temporary hard labor in addition to the fine imposed by the previous article.

###### Article 361

Any employee who coerces a person or compels him to pay or promise to pay what he knows is not due or exceeds what is due in taxes, fees, or other dues shall be punished by imprisonment for at least one year and a fine not less than twice the value of the embezzled items.

###### Article 362

The same punishment shall apply to any employee who grants exemptions from taxes, fees, fines, and other dues without legal authorization.

###### Article 363-Amended

Shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years and a fine from two hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds:
1- Anyone entrusted with selling, buying, or managing movable or immovable property on behalf of the state or a public administration, institution, municipality, public authority, or an institution of public benefit, or in which the state owns shares, who commits fraud in any of these activities or violates the applicable rules, either for personal gain or to favor one party to the detriment of another or to the detriment of public interest or public funds, or who commits gross and serious error.
2- Anyone who, in peacetime, enters into a contract for undertaking works or public works, transportation, manufacturing, maintenance, repairs, or providing services, supplies, or provisions with any of the entities mentioned in the previous paragraph, whether the contract results from a tender based on a specification book or through deliberate procrastination or trickery to delay execution or prolong the duration with the intent to harm state projects or for personal gain or otherwise, or who commits fraud in the type of materials used or provided or in their composition, manufacture, or essential specifications.
3- Contractors who conspire among themselves to corrupt the bidding process or to monopolize the commitment to one of them to the detriment of the contracting official entity.
4- The employee responsible for supervising the tender or direct assignment or by any other means or monitoring the stages of execution or receiving the works after completion, if he performs actions that favor one party over another in the tender or assignment or if he overlooks the violation or neglects monitoring or fails to take measures against the violator as stipulated by the relevant laws.
5- The contractor, intermediary, or any other person who, as a result of a tender or direct assignment or by any other means, provides corrupt or unsuitable materials to public administrations, institutions, and municipalities, and the employee or user who accepted or received these materials is considered an accomplice in the crime.
This is in addition to the penalties for bribery if it occurs.

###### Article 364-Amended

Any employee who obtains a personal benefit from one of the transactions of the administration to which he belongs, whether he does so directly or through a borrowed person or by resorting to apparent instruments, shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to two years and a fine not less than two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 365

The penalties of the previous article shall be imposed on judges, tax collectors, representatives of the administration, state or police officers, and all public authority officials who receive a state salary if they openly or by resorting to apparent instruments directly or through a borrowed person engage in trade in the area where they exercise authority in grains, foodstuffs, and other essential needs other than what their properties produce.

###### Article 366-Amended

Half of the penalties stipulated in Articles 359 to 362 shall be reduced if the damage caused and the benefit sought by the criminal are negligible or if full compensation for the damage is made before the case is referred to the court, and if restitution or compensation is made during the trial and before any judgment on the merits, even if not final, the penalty shall be reduced by a quarter.

#### On the Infringement of Freedoms 4

###### Article 367

Any employee who arrests or imprisons a person in cases not stipulated by law shall be punished with temporary hard labor.

###### Article 368

Directors and guards of prisons or disciplinary or reform institutions, and any employees who assume their powers, if they accept a person without a judicial warrant or decision or detain them beyond the specified period, shall be punished with imprisonment from one to three years.

###### Article 369

The aforementioned persons, and in general all officers and members of the public force and all administrative employees who refuse or delay bringing a detained person or prisoner before the competent judge who requests them to do so, shall be punished with imprisonment from one month to one year. Those who do not immediately comply with the judge's request to present the prison register and all records of the detention places to which they are attached shall be punished with the same penalty.

###### Article 370

Any employee who, in their capacity as an employee, enters a person's home or its annexes in cases not stipulated by law and without observing the procedures it imposes, shall be punished with imprisonment from three months to three years. The penalty shall not be less than six months if the act is accompanied by a search of the place or any other act of authority committed by the perpetrator.

#### On Abuse of Power and Breach of Duty 5

###### Article 371

Any employee who uses their authority or influence, directly or indirectly, to obstruct or delay the application of laws or regulations, the collection of fees or taxes, or the execution of a judicial decision, judicial warrant, or any order issued by the competent authority, shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to two years.
If the person who used their authority or influence is not a public employee, the penalty shall not exceed one year.

###### Article 372-Amended

Shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from fifty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds any employee who incites contempt for national conditions or the laws of the state or praises acts that contradict these laws or conditions. This provision also applies to clergy or members of public or private educational institutions.

###### Article 373-Amended

If an employee in public administrations, institutions, or municipalities, without a legitimate reason, neglects to perform their duty or fails to execute the legal orders issued to them by their superior, they shall be punished by imprisonment up to two years and a fine from two hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds, or by one of these penalties.
If this act results in damage to the interests of the concerned administrations, institutions, and municipalities, the penalty shall be increased in accordance with the provisions of Article 257, and they may be fined an amount equivalent to the value of the damage.

###### Article 374

Shall also be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year any officer or member of the public force and any site or platoon commander who refuses to comply with a legal request issued by the judicial or administrative authority.

###### Article 375

Any employee not mentioned in Article 306 who is dismissed or suspended, and any person appointed to public service by election or appointment whose term has ended, shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years if they continue to perform their duties contrary to the law.

###### Article 376-Amended

Any employee who, with the intent of obtaining a benefit for themselves or others, or with the intent of harming others, commits an act not specified by law that contradicts the duties of their profession, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to three years and a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 377

Except in cases where the law imposes specific penalties for crimes committed by employees, those who, in their mentioned capacity or by abusing the authority or influence derived from their positions, commit any crime, whether as instigators, accomplices, or accessories, shall be subject to the aggravated penalties imposed by Article 257.

##### Comprehensive Provisions First

###### Article 378

The judge, when ruling on one of the misdemeanors stipulated in this chapter, may order the deprivation of civil rights.

### On Crimes Against Public Authority Second

#### On Rebellion 1

###### Article 379-Amended

Whoever attacks or resists with violence an employee working on the application of laws or regulations, the collection of fees and taxes, or the execution of a judicial decision, judicial warrant, or any order issued by the competent authority shall be punished as follows:
1- If the act is committed by an armed group of more than twenty persons, they shall be punished with imprisonment from three months to three years, and if they are unarmed, the imprisonment shall be from two months to two years.
2- If the act is committed by persons numbering less than twenty, the punishment shall be imprisonment from two months to two years if they are armed, and imprisonment from ten days to three months "and a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if they are unarmed.

###### Article 380-Amended

Any actual or passive resistance that stops a lawful act being carried out by one of the persons described in the previous article shall be punished with imprisonment for up to one month and a fine of up to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

#### On Acts of Violence 2

###### Article 381-Amended

Whoever strikes an employee or worker with violence and severity during the exercise of their duties, or in the course of or because of their duties, shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years.
If the act is committed against a judge at any time, the penalty shall be from one to three years. The penalties imposed in the previous two paragraphs shall be increased as specified in Article 257 if the acts of violence are committed intentionally, or if they are committed by a group of at least three persons, or if they result in injury or illness.
If the acts of violence are of such severity that they require a harsher penalty than those stipulated in the article, the penalty deserved by the perpetrator shall be increased accordingly in accordance with Article 257 of the Penal Code.

###### Article 382-Amended

Whoever threatens, by any means, a judge, or any person performing a judicial task or fulfilling a legal duty before the court, such as a judge, lawyer, expert, syndic, or witness, with the intent to influence their immunity, opinion, or judgment, or to prevent them from performing their duty or task, shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years and a fine from two hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds.
If the threat involves a promise to use weapons or assault persons or property, or if it is accompanied by any of these acts, the perpetrator shall be punished with temporary hard labor.

#### On Contempt 3

###### Article 383-Amended

Insult by words, gestures, or threats directed at an employee during the performance of their duties or in the context of performing them, or communicated to them by the will of the perpetrator, and insult by writing, drawing, telegram, or telephone communication directed at an employee during the performance of their duties or in the context of performing them, is punishable by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months.
If the insulted employee is one who exercises public authority, the penalty is from two months to one year.
And if the insult by words, gestures, or threats is directed at a judge on the bench, the penalty is imprisonment from six months to two years.
 "An employee is defined as any person appointed or elected to perform a public function or service, with or without compensation."

###### Article 384

Whoever insults the Head of State shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to two years, and the same penalty is imposed on anyone who insults the flag or the national emblem publicly by any of the means mentioned in Article 196.

#### On Defamation and Slander 4

###### Article 385

Defamation is attributing something to a person, even in the context of doubt or inquiry, that harms their honor or dignity. Any word of contempt or insult and any expression or drawing that reveals contempt is considered slander if it does not involve attributing something, without prejudice to the provisions of Article 383, which includes the definition of contempt.

###### Article 386-معدلة

Defamation by one of the means specified in Article 209 is punishable by:
Imprisonment from two months to two years if it is against the head of state.
Imprisonment for up to one year if directed at the courts, organized bodies, the army, or public administrations, or directed at an official exercising public authority because of their function or status.
Imprisonment for up to three months or a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if it is against any other employee because of their function or status.

###### Article 387

Except for defamation against the head of state, the accused is acquitted if the subject of the defamation is related to the function and its truth is proven.

###### Article 388-معدلة

Slander by one of the means specified in Article 209 is punishable by:
- Imprisonment from one month to one year if it is against the head of state,
- Imprisonment for up to one month if directed at the courts, organized bodies, the army, or public administrations, or directed at an official exercising public authority because of their function or status.
- A fine from twenty thousand to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or disciplinary detention if it is against any other employee because of their function or status.

###### Article 389-معدلة

Contempt, slander, or defamation directed at a judge without it being related to their function is punishable by imprisonment for up to six months. The courts may order the publication of any judgment for the crime of contempt, defamation, or slander mentioned above in the first paragraph of the second chapter.

#### On Tearing Down Official Announcements 5

###### Article 390

Whoever tears, removes, or destroys an official announcement, even partially, shall be punished with a fine ranging from twenty thousand Lebanese pounds to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. If the act is committed out of contempt for the authority or in protest against one of its actions, the punishment shall be imprisonment for a period not exceeding three months.

#### On Impersonation of Titles or Functions 6

###### Article 391-Amended

Whoever publicly and without right wears an official uniform or carries a medal or insignia of the Lebanese state or a foreign state, or wears clothing designated by Lebanese law for a specific group of people, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to six months or a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.
This provision is applied based on a complaint from the competent religious authorities against any person who unlawfully wears clothing specific to a religious function.

###### Article 392

Whoever impersonates a public military or civil function or exercises its powers shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years. If the perpetrator is wearing during the act a uniform or insignia specific to employees, the imprisonment shall not be less than four months. If the act is accompanied by another crime, the penalty shall be increased in accordance with the provisions of Article 257.

###### Article 393-Amended

Whoever unlawfully practices a profession subject to legal regulation shall be punished by imprisonment for up to six months and a fine ranging from fifty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 394

The judgment can be published in the misdemeanors stipulated in this section.

#### On Breaking Seals and Removing Official Papers or Documents 7

###### Article 395

Whoever intentionally breaks the seals placed by order of the public authority or at the request of spiritual or consular authorities operating within their legal jurisdiction in Lebanon shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year. If violence against persons is used, the punishment shall be from one to three years.

###### Article 396

Whoever takes, removes, or completely or partially destroys papers or documents deposited in archives, court offices, public warehouses, or entrusted to a general secretary in this capacity, shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years. If the act is committed by breaking seals, breaking in, climbing, or by using violence against persons, the punishment shall be temporary hard labor.

###### Article 397

The penalties of the previous article, including its variations, apply to whoever burns or destroys, even partially, records, drafts, or originals of documents belonging to the public authority.

## On Crimes Disrupting the Course of Justice Fourth

### On Crimes Disrupting the Course of Justice First

#### On Concealment of Felonies and Misdemeanors 1

###### Article 398

Every Lebanese who becomes aware of a felony against state security and does not immediately inform the public authority shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years and by deprivation of civil rights.

###### Article 399-Amended

Any employee tasked with investigating or prosecuting crimes who neglects or delays reporting a crime related to their work shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to three years and by a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.
Any employee who neglects or delays informing the competent authority about a felony or misdemeanor they become aware of during or in the course of their duties shall be punished by the fine specified above.
This is all unless the prosecution of the crime that was not reported is dependent on a complaint from an individual.

###### Article 400

Anyone practicing a health profession who assists a person who appears to have been the victim of a felony or misdemeanor that can be prosecuted without a complaint and does not inform the authority shall be punished by the fine stipulated in the previous article.

#### On Extracting Confessions and Information 2

###### Article 401

Criminalization of Torture
"A - In this law, torture means any act committed, instigated, or approved explicitly or implicitly by an official or any person acting in an official capacity during investigation, preliminary investigation, judicial investigation, trials, and execution of penalties,
resulting in severe pain or severe suffering, whether physical or mental, intentionally inflicted on a person, especially:
- To obtain from him or a third person, information or a confession.
- To punish any person for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed.
- To intimidate any person or coerce him or a third person to do or refrain from doing any act.
- To subject any person to such severe pain or severe suffering for any reason based on discrimination of any kind.
The above definition does not include severe pain or severe suffering arising from, inherent in, or incidental to lawful sanctions.
B - Anyone who commits torture shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years if the torture does not result in death or permanent or temporary physical or mental impairment.
- If the torture results in temporary physical or mental impairment or harm, the punishment is imprisonment from three to seven years.
- If the torture results in permanent physical or mental impairment, the punishment is imprisonment from five to ten years.
- If the torture results in death, the punishment is imprisonment from ten to twenty years.
C - The court may decide to rehabilitate victims of torture crimes in addition to personal compensation."

#### On Fabricating Crimes and Defamation 3

###### Article 402-Amended

Whoever informs the judicial authority or an authority that must inform the judicial authority about a crime they know has not been committed, and whoever causes a preliminary or judicial investigation by fabricating material evidence of such a crime, shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months and a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or by one of these penalties.

###### Article 403

Whoever submits a complaint or report to the judicial authority or to an authority that must inform the judicial authority, accusing someone of a misdemeanor or violation they know the person is innocent of, or fabricates material evidence of the occurrence of such an offense, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to three years. If the accusation constitutes a felony, the slanderer shall be punished with temporary hard labor for up to ten years. If the slander leads to a death sentence or a life sentence, the punishment of hard labor shall not be less than ten years and can be extended to fifteen years.

###### Article 404

If the slanderer retracts their slander before any prosecution, the penalties stipulated in this section shall be mitigated in accordance with Article 251.

#### On False Identity 4

###### Article 405-Amended

Whoever is asked by a judge or an officer of the judicial police or one of its men to state his name or status and gives a name or status that is not his own, or provides false information about his place of residence or dwelling, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to six months or a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 406

Whoever impersonates another person's name in a judicial investigation or judicial trial shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years.

#### On Perjury 5

###### Article 407

A witness who presents a false excuse is liable to imprisonment for up to three months, in addition to the fine imposed on them for failing to appear.

###### Article 408

Anyone who testifies before a judicial authority, military, or administrative court and asserts falsehood, denies the truth, or conceals some or all of the facts of the case they are questioned about, shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years.
If false testimony is given during a criminal investigation or trial, the penalty shall be hard labor for up to ten years.
If the false testimony results in a death sentence or a life sentence, the hard labor shall not be less than ten years and may be extended to fifteen years.
If the offender was heard without taking an oath, the penalty is reduced by half.

###### Article 409

Exempt from punishment:
1- A witness who gave testimony during a criminal investigation if they retract the false statement before the investigation is concluded and a report is filed against them.
2- A witness who testified in any trial if they retract their statement before any judgment on the merits of the case, even if not final.

###### Article 410

Also exempt from punishment:
1- A witness who would inevitably face a serious threat to their freedom or honor if they told the truth, or if it would expose their spouse, even if divorced, or any of their ascendants, descendants, siblings, or in-laws of the same degrees.
2- A person who disclosed their name, surname, and status before the judge and was not required to be heard as a witness or should have been informed that they could refrain from testifying if they wished.
However, if the false testimony exposes another person to legal prosecution or judgment, the penalty is reduced from half to two-thirds.

###### Article 411

The penalty is reduced by half for a person who induced false testimony if the witness would inevitably expose them or one of their relatives to a serious threat as explained in the first paragraph of the previous article if they told the truth.

#### On False Reporting and False Translation 6

###### Article 412-معدلة

The expert appointed by the judicial authority who asserts something contrary to the truth or interprets it incorrectly, knowing its truth, shall be punished by imprisonment for at least three months and a fine not less than one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, and shall also be prohibited from being an expert.
The penalty shall be hard labor if the expert's task relates to a criminal case.

###### Article 413

The translator who intentionally provides an incorrect translation in a judicial case shall be subject to the penalties of the previous article, including its differences, and shall also be prohibited from practicing translation forever.

###### Article 414

The provisions of Article 409 shall apply to the expert and the translator.

#### On False Oaths 7

###### Article 415-Amended

Whoever swears a false oath in a civil case shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years and a fine from one hundred thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, and shall be exempt from punishment if they retract their oath before the case, which was the subject of the oath, is decided by a judgment, even if not final.

#### On the Disposition of Items Presented Before the Court 8

###### Article 416-Amended

Whoever disposes of a document or another item, or conceals, destroys, or defaces it after presenting it to the court, shall be punished with a fine from fifty thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. This provision applies if the document or item presented was left to be submitted upon every request.

#### On Judicial Immunity and Acts that Obstruct the Course of Justice 9

###### Article 417

No defamation or slander lawsuit shall arise from speeches and writings uttered or presented before the courts in good faith and within the limits of the legitimate right of defense.

###### Article 418-معدلة

Anyone found in a place where a judicial investigation is taking place and who disobeys the removal order issued by the judge managing the session shall be detained by the judge and sentenced to disciplinary detention for twenty-four hours.

###### Article 419-معدلة

Anyone who solicits from a judge, arbitrator, or a person performing a judicial or arbitration task, by any means, any request related to a lawsuit or judicial review, shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years and a fine ranging from ten times the minimum wage to one hundred times it.
This penalty is increased according to the provisions of Article 257 of the Penal Code if the perpetrator, accomplice, accessory, or instigator is an employee as defined in Article 350 of this law.

#### On Prohibited Publications 10

###### Article 420-معدلة

A fine ranging from fifty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds shall be imposed on anyone who publishes:
1- A document from the criminal or misdemeanor investigation before it is read in a public session.
2- Court deliberations.
3- Trials of secret sessions.
4- Trials in cases of lineage.
5- Trials in cases of divorce or separation.
6- Any trial whose publication is prohibited by the courts.
The previous provisions do not apply to judgments published in good faith without the use of advertisements or billboards.

###### Article 421-معدلة

Imprisonment for up to six months and a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or one of these penalties, shall be imposed on those who publicly initiate or announce subscriptions to compensate for fines, fees, or damages awarded by a criminal court.

### On What Obstructs the Enforcement of Judicial Decisions Second

#### On Crimes Affecting the Force of Judicial Decisions 1

###### Article 422-Amended

A judicial custodian who intentionally causes damage or disposes of all or part of the items entrusted to them shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.
They shall be fined only if the item is damaged due to their negligence.
Any other person, whether the owner of the items placed under judicial custody or claiming ownership, who intentionally takes them, causes damage, hides what was taken, or disposes of them knowingly, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from twenty thousand to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 423-Amended

Shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds:
1- Anyone who remains in a property despite an eviction decision or reoccupies a property from which they were removed.
2- Anyone who violates the measures taken by the judge to protect ownership or possession.
If the act is accompanied by violence, the punishment is from six months to two years.

###### Article 424-Amended

Anyone who hides or tears, even partially, a notice posted in execution of a conviction judgment shall be punished by a fine from fifty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.
If the person sentenced to post the judgment commits the aforementioned offense themselves, or incites or intervenes in it, they shall be liable, in addition to the fine, to imprisonment for up to six months.

#### On the Escape of Prisoners 2

###### Article 425

Whoever facilitated or enabled the escape of a person detained or imprisoned according to the law for a misdemeanor or infraction shall be punished by imprisonment for up to six months.
If the escapee was detained or imprisoned for a felony punishable by a temporary criminal penalty, the offender shall be sentenced to imprisonment from one to three years, and if the penalty for the felony is more severe, the offender shall be subject to hard labor from three to seven years.

###### Article 426

Whoever was entrusted with guarding or escorting the prisoner and enabled or facilitated their escape shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years in the first case mentioned in the previous article, and by hard labor from three to seven years in the second case, and by hard labor from five to fifteen years in the third case.
If the escape occurred due to the negligence of the guard or escort, the penalty shall be imprisonment from one month to one year in the first case mentioned above, imprisonment from six months to two years in the second case, and from one to three years in the third case.

###### Article 427

Those entrusted with guarding prisoners or escorting them and who provided them with weapons or other tools to facilitate their escape through breaking or violence shall be punished for this act alone with temporary hard labor for not less than five years.
Any other person who committed this act shall be punished with temporary hard labor.

###### Article 428

The penalty is reduced by half if the offender ensures the capture of the escapee or persuades them to surrender within three months of their escape, provided that they have not committed another crime classified as a felony or misdemeanor.

### On the Enforcement of Rights by Arbitration Third

#### On Prohibiting Self-Help in Rightful Claims 1

###### Article 429-معدلة

Whoever takes the law into their own hands to claim a right, while being able to refer to the competent authority, by seizing property in the possession of others or using violence against objects causing damage, shall be punished with a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 430

If the act mentioned in the previous article is committed with violence against persons or by resorting to moral coercion, the perpetrator shall be punished with imprisonment for up to six months in addition to the fine specified above.
The punishment shall be imprisonment from three months to two years if the violence or coercion is used by an armed person or a group of three or more persons, even if unarmed.

###### Article 431

Prosecution depends on a complaint from the injured party if the aforementioned misdemeanor is not accompanied by another crime that can be prosecuted without a complaint.

#### On Dueling 2

###### Article 432

The penalty for dueling is from one month to one year.

###### Article 433-معدلة

Any invitation to duel, even if refused, is punishable by a fine from fifty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 434

The same penalty applies to anyone who publicly insults another or subjects them to public contempt for not challenging someone to a duel or for not accepting a challenge.

###### Article 435

If the duel results in death or permanent disability, the penalty in the first case is detention from three to seven years, and in the second case, imprisonment from one to three years.

###### Article 436

The doctor or surgeon who assists the duelists is exempt from punishment.

## On Crimes Against Public Trust Fifth

### On the Counterfeiting of the State Seal, Official Currencies, Currency, and Public Financial Instruments First

#### On the Imitation of the State Seal and Official Marks 1

###### Article 437-معدلة

Whoever forges the seal of the Lebanese state or the seal of a foreign state, or uses the forged seal while being aware of the matter, shall be punished with hard labor for at least seven years.
Whoever uses the seal of the Lebanese state without right or forges its stamp or the stamp of a foreign state's seal shall be punished with temporary hard labor.
In both cases, the criminal shall be liable to a fine of no less than five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 438-معدلة

Whoever forges a seal, brand, stamp, or hammer specific to a Lebanese or foreign public administration, or forges the stamp of those tools.
And whoever uses for an unlawful purpose any of the official marks mentioned in the previous paragraph, whether genuine or forged, shall be punished with imprisonment from one to three years and a fine from one hundred thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 439

Whoever commits the forgery punishable under this section shall be exempt from punishment if they destroy the criminal material before any use or prosecution.

#### On Counterfeiting Currency and Public Securities 2

###### Article 440-Amended

Whoever counterfeits gold or silver currency legally or customarily circulated in Lebanon or in another country with the intent to circulate it, or participates knowingly in issuing, circulating, or introducing the counterfeit currency into Lebanese territory or a foreign country, shall be punished with hard labor for a period not less than five years and a fine of at least five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 441-Amended

If one of the crimes mentioned in the previous article relates to a metal currency other than gold and silver, the penalty shall be temporary hard labor and a fine ranging from two hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 442

The penalties stipulated in the previous article shall apply to anyone who, with the intent to circulate legally or customarily circulated currency in Lebanon or a foreign country, falsifies it either by reducing its weight or by coating it in a way that makes it appear more valuable, or participates knowingly in issuing, circulating, or introducing counterfeit currency into Lebanese territory or a foreign country.

###### Article 443-Amended

Whoever counterfeits banknotes or Lebanese or foreign banknotes issued with state authorization with the intent to circulate them, or participates in issuing or circulating them, shall be punished with the penalties stipulated in Article 440.

###### Article 444

Whoever forges documents as mentioned above or knowingly participates in issuing, circulating, or introducing counterfeit documents into Lebanese territory or another country shall be punished with the penalties stipulated in Article 441.

###### Article 445-Amended

Imprisonment and a fine shall be imposed on anyone who manufactures, offers, transports with the intent to trade, or circulates counterfeit coins imitating legally or customarily circulated currency in Lebanon or other countries, or printed papers that may be confused with banknotes or Lebanese or foreign banknotes issued with state authorization.

###### Article 446-Amended

Whoever, in good faith, receives counterfeit or forged currency or banknotes or Lebanese or foreign banknotes issued with state authorization and circulates them after realizing their defects shall be punished with a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 447-Amended

The same penalty applies to anyone who reintroduces into circulation, knowingly, currency or banknotes or Lebanese or foreign banknotes issued with state authorization or documents that have been withdrawn from circulation.

###### Article 448-Amended

Whoever manufactures machines or tools intended for counterfeiting or forging currency or Lebanese or foreign banknotes issued with state authorization, or acquires them with the intent to use them unlawfully, shall be punished with temporary hard labor and a fine of at least two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. Anyone who possesses such machines or tools knowing their purpose shall be punished with imprisonment for at least one year.

###### Article 449-Amended

The criminal penalties stipulated in the previous article shall apply to anyone found in possession of machines or tools intended for manufacturing currency or banknotes or banknotes and uses them lawfully.

#### On Forgery of Stamps and Revenue Stamps 3

###### Article 450-معدلة

Whoever counterfeits or forges stamp papers, official stamps, receipt stamps, or postal stamps with the intent to use them unlawfully or circulates them knowing their nature shall be punished with temporary hard labor for up to five years and a fine of not less than one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 451-معدلة

Shall be punished with imprisonment from three months to one year and a fine from fifty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds whoever uses, knowing the matter, one of the counterfeited or forged stamps or a stamp that has been previously used.

##### Comprehensive Provisions First

###### Article 452

Exempted from punishment is anyone who participated in one of the felonies mentioned in the second and third clauses of this chapter and informed the authorities about this felony before its completion. However, the defendant who enables the arrest, even after prosecutions, of other criminals or those whose hiding places he knows, shall have his punishment reduced only as stipulated in Article 251.

### On Forgery Second

##### Article 453

Forgery is a deliberate distortion of the truth, in the facts or data established by a document or manuscript that constitutes a record, with the intent to cause material, moral, or social harm.

##### Article 454

The same penalty as the perpetrator of forgery shall be imposed on anyone who uses the forged document knowing its nature.

##### Article 455

If forgery is committed or the forged document is used with the intent to prove a true matter, the penalty shall be reduced in accordance with Article 251.

#### On Criminal Forgery 1

###### Article 456

The employee who commits material forgery during the performance of their duties shall be punished with temporary hard labor for at least five years:
Either by misusing a signature, seal, or fingerprint, and generally by signing a forged signature, or by creating a document or manuscript, or by committing deletion, addition, or alteration in the content of a document or manuscript. The penalty shall not be less than seven years if the forged document is one that is acted upon until its forgery is claimed. The provisions of this article apply in the case of total or partial destruction of the document.

###### Article 457-Amended

The employee who drafts a document within their jurisdiction and causes distortion in its subject or circumstances shall be punished with the penalties stipulated in the previous article with the difference specified therein:
Either by misusing a blank signature entrusted to them.
Or by recording contracts or statements other than those issued by the contracting parties or dictated by them.
Or by proving false facts as true or unrecognized facts as recognized, or by distorting any other fact by omitting a matter or presenting it incorrectly.

###### Article 458-Amended

For the application of the previous articles, religious figures are considered equivalent to public employees in the transactions they conduct by law related to personal status and endowments, as well as anyone authorized by laws and regulations to give official status to a document, signature, or seal.

###### Article 459

All other persons who commit forgery in official documents by any of the means mentioned in the previous articles shall be punished with temporary hard labor in cases where the law does not provide otherwise.

###### Article 460-Amended

For the application of the previous articles, the following are considered as official documents:
1- Shares, bonds, certificates of deposit, and other securities mentioned in Article 453 and subsequent articles of the Commercial Code, whether nominal, bearer, or order, which the law allows companies or institutions to issue in Lebanon or another country.
2- The records, entries, documents, and financial bonds of the Central Bank of Lebanon.
3- Lebanese or foreign academic certificates issued by official authorities, higher institutes, or universities, required for practicing a profession, work, or job, or for joining another academic institution.
4- Lottery tickets issued by official administrations and bodies.

#### On Forgery of Official Records and Data 2

###### Article 461-Amended

Whoever is legally required to keep records subject to the supervision of the authority and records false matters in them or omits to record true matters shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and by a fine of at least one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if the act is likely to mislead the authority.

###### Article 462

The same penalty shall apply to anyone who knowingly presents a forged or altered document, or one organized in a manner contrary to the truth, prepared to serve as a basis either for tax or fee calculations or other dues owed to the state or one of the public administrations, or for legal supervision of the criminal's professional activities.

#### On False Testimonies 3

###### Article 463-Amended

Whoever, by any material or moral means as stipulated in Articles 456 and 457 of the Penal Code, forges an identity card, a civil status certificate, a passport, or an entry visa shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years.

###### Article 464-Amended

Shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years whoever commits forgery by fabrication, alteration, or conversion of a transit pass, hunting license, weapon carrying license, driver's license, voter card, transport document, or a copy of the criminal record.
And shall be punished with the same penalty:
1- Whoever obtains one of these documents by stating a false identity, assuming a name other than his own, or by any other misleading means.
2- Whoever uses one of these documents issued in a name other than his own or with an identity other than his own.
3- The employee who issues one of these documents knowing the name or identity is assumed.

###### Article 465

-Amended-Cancelled
Whoever commits forgery by fabrication or alteration in one of the documents referred to in Article 463 shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years.

###### Article 466-Amended

Whoever, while practicing a public function, public service, or medical or health profession, gives a false certificate intended to be presented to the public authority or which may result in unlawful benefit to others or cause harm to the interest of any person.
And whoever fabricates by assuming the name of one of the persons mentioned in the previous paragraph or forges by alteration a certificate as referred to in the mentioned article, shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years.
If the false certificate was intended to be presented before the judiciary or to justify exemption from public service, the imprisonment shall not be less than six months.

###### Article 467-Amended

The notification papers prepared by executors and other state and public administration employees, as well as the reports and records prepared by judicial police officers, are considered equivalent to the documents mentioned in Article 463, and are punished with the penalty mentioned in this article.

###### Article 468

Whoever, under an assumed name, forges a certificate of good conduct or a certificate of poverty shall be punished by imprisonment up to six months, and the penalty shall be from one month to one year if the certificate is issued under the name of an employee or if the forgery involves a certificate issued by an employee.

#### On Identity Impersonation 4

###### Article 469

Whoever presents to a public authority with a false identity with the intent to gain benefit for himself or others, or with the intent to harm the rights of any person, shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years, in addition to any criminal penalties he may face if he colludes with a public official.

###### Article 470

The same penalty is imposed on any person who knowingly confirms the false identity of any person in the aforementioned circumstances before public authorities.

#### On Forgery of Private Documents 5

###### Article 471-Amended

Whoever commits forgery in private documents by any of the means specified in Articles 456 and 457 shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years and a fine of not less than one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 472

If the criminal admits to the criminal act before use and prosecution, they are exempt from punishment. However, if the admission of the crime occurs after the use of the forgery and before the complaint or prosecution, the penalty is reduced as provided in Article 251.

## On Crimes Affecting Religion and Family Sixth

### On Misdemeanors Affecting Religion One

#### Concerning Religious Sentiment 1

###### Article 473

Whoever blasphemes the name of God publicly shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year.

###### Article 474-معدلة

Whoever, by one of the methods specified in Article 209, insults religious rituals (1) that are practiced publicly or incites contempt for any of those rituals shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years.

###### Article 475-معدلة

Shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years:
1- Whoever causes a disturbance during the performance of any religious rites, ceremonies, or rituals, or obstructs them by acts of violence or threats.
2- Whoever destroys, damages, defaces, desecrates, or pollutes buildings dedicated to worship or their symbols and other items revered by the faithful or a group of people.

#### On Changing the Sect 2

###### Article 476-Amended

If a clergyman violates the legal provisions related to changing religion or sect, or conducts a religious marriage without ensuring, when necessary, that the mentioned provisions have been observed, he shall be punished with a fine ranging from fifty thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

##### Comprehensive Provisions First

###### Article 477

The criminal may be deprived of the rights mentioned in the second and fourth paragraphs of Article 65 if they commit one of the crimes listed in Articles 474 to 476, if they commit one of the crimes listed in Articles 474 to 476.

#### On the Violation of the Sanctity of the Dead and Crimes Disrupting Their Burial System 3

###### Article 478

Whoever causes a disturbance at funerals or memorial services or obstructs them through acts of violence or threats shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to one year.

###### Article 479

Whoever steals or destroys a corpse, in whole or in part, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year. If the theft is committed with the intent to conceal death or birth, the punishment shall be from two months to two years.

###### Article 480-معدلة

A fine from fifty thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months, or one of these penalties, shall be imposed on anyone who, for scientific or educational purposes, takes a corpse or dissects it or uses it in any other way without the consent of the rightful person.

###### Article 481

Shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years:
1- Whoever desecrates or defiles the sanctity of graves or memorials of the dead or intentionally demolishes, destroys, or disfigures them.
2- Whoever defiles, demolishes, destroys, or disfigures any other thing dedicated to the rites of the dead or the maintenance or decoration of cemeteries.

###### Article 482-معدلة

Shall be punished by disciplinary detention and a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds:
Those who proceed to bury a dead person or cremate them without observing the legal procedures or violate in any way the laws and regulations related to burial or cremation.
If the act is committed with the intent to conceal death or birth, the punishment shall be from two months to two years.

### On Crimes Affecting the Family Second

#### On Crimes Related to Marriage 1

###### Article 483-معدلة

If a clergyman conducts the marriage of a minor who has not reached the age of eighteen without recording in the contract the consent of the person who has guardianship over the minor or without substituting it with the judge's permission, he shall be punished with a fine ranging from fifty thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 484

The same penalty applies to a clergyman who conducts a marriage before the announcements and all other procedures required by law or personal status are completed, or who conducts the marriage of a woman before the expiration of her waiting period.

###### Article 485-معدلة

Anyone who marries legally knowing that their marriage is void due to a previous marriage shall be punished with imprisonment from one month to one year. The same penalty applies to the clergyman who conducts the mentioned marriage knowing of the previous marital bond.
- Any Lebanese who marries a foreign woman with the intent of granting her Lebanese nationality shall be punished with temporary hard labor, and the acquired nationality of the wife through this marriage shall be revoked, and she shall be subject to the same penalty.

###### Article 486

For the application of the previous provisions, representatives of the contracting parties and witnesses who attended the marriage in this capacity are considered equivalent to clergymen.

#### On Misdemeanors Against Public Morality 2

###### Article 487-Amended

Adultery committed by either spouse is punishable by imprisonment from three months to two years. The same penalty applies to the partner in adultery if they are married; otherwise, imprisonment from one month to one year.
Except for judicial confession and flagrante delicto, evidence against the partner is only accepted if it arises from letters and written documents they have authored.
The penalty for the offending spouse is doubled if the adultery occurs in the marital home.

###### Article 488-Amended

Either spouse is punishable by imprisonment from one month to one year if they openly take a lover in any place. The same penalty applies to the partner.

###### Article 489-Amended

- Adultery can only be prosecuted upon a complaint by one of the spouses and the complainant assuming the status of a personal plaintiff.
- The partner or accomplice is not prosecuted unless the adulterer is also prosecuted.
- A complaint is not accepted from a spouse who consented to the adultery.
- A complaint is not accepted after three months from the day the complainant became aware of the crime.
- Dropping the right by the husband or wife dismisses the public right lawsuit and personal lawsuits against all offenders.
- If the plaintiff agrees to resume cohabitation, the complaint is dismissed.
7 - A -
Anyone who, with the intent of fulfilling marital rights in intercourse or because of it, strikes or harms their spouse is punished with one of the penalties stipulated in Articles 554 to 559 of the Penal Code.
In case of repeated striking and harm, the penalty is increased according to the provisions of Article 257 of the Penal Code.
The complainant's waiver drops the public right lawsuit in cases to which Articles 554 and 555 of the Penal Code apply.
The provisions governing cases of recidivism and habitual criminality remain in effect if their conditions are met.
7 - B -
Anyone who, with the intent of fulfilling marital rights in intercourse or because of it, threatens their spouse is punished with one of the penalties stipulated in Articles 573 to 578 of the Penal Code.
In case of repeated threats, the penalty is increased according to the provisions of Article 257 of the Penal Code.
The complainant's waiver drops the public right lawsuit in cases to which Articles 577 and 578 of the Penal Code apply.
The provisions governing cases of recidivism and habitual criminality remain in effect if their conditions are met.

###### Article 490

Incest between ascendants and descendants, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or between siblings, half-siblings, or those in equivalent positions by marriage, is punishable by imprisonment from two months to two years. If one of the offenders has legal or actual authority over the other, the penalty is from one to three years. The offender may be deprived of guardianship rights.

###### Article 491

The incest described in the previous article is prosecuted based on a complaint by a relative, in-law, or one of the offenders up to the fourth degree. Prosecution proceeds without a complaint if the matter leads to scandal.

#### On Crimes Related to the Child and His Parentage 3

###### Article 492-معدلة

Whoever kidnaps or hides a child under the age of seven, or substitutes one child for another, or attributes to a woman a child she did not give birth to, shall be punished with temporary hard labor. The penalty shall not be less than five years if the purpose of the crime or its result is to remove or distort the evidence related to the child's personal status or to record fictitious personal status in the official records.

###### Article 493-معدلة

Whoever deposits a child in a foundling home and conceals their identity while being registered in the civil records as a legitimate or recognized illegitimate child shall be punished with temporary hard labor.

###### Article 494-معدلة

Any act other than those mentioned in the previous articles aimed at removing or distorting the evidence related to a person's personal status shall be punished with temporary hard labor.

#### On the Violation of the Right to Guardianship of a Minor 4

###### Article 495-Amended

Whoever kidnaps or removes a minor under eighteen years of age, even with their consent, with the intent of removing them from the authority of their guardian or custodian, shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years and a fine from fifty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. If the minor has not completed twelve years of age or was kidnapped or removed by deceit or force, the penalty shall be temporary hard labor.

###### Article 496-Amended

The father, mother, or any other person who does not comply with the judge's order and refuses or delays bringing a minor who has not completed eighteen years of age shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to two years and a fine from fifty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 497

The penalties stipulated in the previous articles are reduced by the amount specified in Article 251 for the offender who returns the minor or presents them before any judgment is issued. This provision does not apply in the case of repetition.

#### On Abandonment of a Child or Incapacitated Person 5

###### Article 498

Whoever abandons or leaves a child under the age of seven or any other person unable to protect themselves due to a physical or mental condition shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to one year. If the child or incapacitated person is abandoned or left in a deserted place, the punishment shall be from one to three years.

###### Article 499

If the crime causes the victim illness or harm or leads to death, the criminal shall be punished according to the provisions of Article 191 in the case of abandonment in a non-deserted place if they did not foresee that result or believed they could avoid it, and shall be punished according to the provisions of Article 189 in the case of abandonment in a deserted place if they foresaw the result and accepted the risks.

###### Article 500

If the criminal is one of the child's or incapacitated person's ascendants or one of the persons entrusted with their custody, supervision, treatment, or upbringing, the punishment shall be aggravated as stipulated in Article 257. This provision does not apply to a mother who, as an instigator, perpetrator, or accomplice, abandons or leaves her newborn to preserve her honor.

#### On Neglect of Family Duties 6

###### Article 501-Amended

The father and mother who leave their legitimate or illegitimate child or an adopted child in a state of need, whether they refuse to fulfill the obligation of support that falls upon them or neglect to obtain the means that enable them to fulfill it, shall be punished with imprisonment with labor for up to three months and a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 502

Anyone who has been sentenced by a judgment that has acquired the force of res judicata to pay alimony to their spouse or former spouse, or to their ascendants or descendants, or to any person they are obliged to support or raise, and fails to pay the installments specified by the court for two months, shall be punished with imprisonment with labor from one month to six months and a fine equivalent to the amount they were obliged to pay.
A decision issued by a foreign court that is accompanied by an enforceable formula in Lebanon shall be considered as a decision issued by a Lebanese judge for the application of the previous paragraph.

## On Crimes Against Morality and Public Decency Seventh

### On Assault on Honor First

#### On Rape 1

###### Article 503

Whoever coerces someone other than their spouse into intercourse through violence and threats shall be punished with hard labor for at least five years. The punishment shall not be less than seven years if the victim is under fifteen years of age.

###### Article 504-Amended

A person who has intercourse with someone other than their spouse who is unable to resist due to physical or mental deficiency or due to deceit used against them shall be punished with hard labor for at least five years. The punishment shall not be less than seven years if the victim is under fifteen years of age.

###### Article 505-Amended

Whoever has intercourse with a minor under fifteen years of age shall be punished with temporary hard labor for not less than five years. The punishment shall not be less than seven years if the minor is under twelve years of age. Whoever has intercourse with a minor who has completed fifteen years of age but not yet eighteen shall be punished with imprisonment from two months to two years.

###### Article 506-Amended

If a minor between fifteen and eighteen years of age is engaged in intercourse by one of their legitimate or illegitimate ascendants, or one of their ascendants' in-laws, or any person exercising legal or actual authority over them, or a servant of any of these persons, they shall be punished with hard labor for not less than five years. The same punishment applies if the perpetrator is an employee, a clergyman, or a manager or worker in an employment office and commits the act by abusing the authority or facilities derived from their position. The punishment shall not be less than seven years of hard labor if the minor is under fifteen years of age. If the minor is under twelve years of age, the punishment shall not be less than nine years of hard labor.

#### On Obscenity 2

###### Article 507-Amended

Whoever coerces another by violence and threat to endure or perform an act contrary to decency shall be punished with hard labor for a period not less than four years.
If the victim is a minor who has completed fifteen years but not yet eighteen years of age, the perpetrator shall be punished with hard labor for a period not less than five years, and the minimum penalty shall be six years of hard labor if the act is committed against a minor who has not completed fifteen years of age.

###### Article 508-Amended

A person who resorts to deceit or takes advantage of a person's physical or mental condition to commit an act contrary to decency shall be punished with imprisonment for up to ten years.
However, if the act is committed against a minor under fifteen years of age, the perpetrator shall be sentenced to temporary hard labor.

###### Article 509-Amended

Whoever commits an act contrary to decency with a minor under fifteen years of age shall be punished with temporary hard labor. The penalty shall not be less than four years if the minor has not completed twelve years of age.

###### Article 510-Amended

Any person described in Article 506 who commits an act contrary to decency with a minor between fifteen and eighteen years of age shall be punished with hard labor for a period not exceeding ten years.
The penalty shall not be less than five years if the minor victim has not completed fifteen years of age.

##### Comprehensive Provisions for the Previous Sections First

###### Article 511

The penalties stipulated in Articles 503 to 505 and 507 to 509 are increased as mentioned in Article 257 if the criminal is one of the persons referred to in Article 506.

###### Article 512

The penalties for felonies stipulated in this chapter are aggravated according to the provisions of Article 257: if committed by two or more persons who participated in overcoming the resistance of the victim or took turns committing indecency against them, if the victim contracted syphilis or any other disease or injury causing a disability lasting more than ten days, or if the victim was a virgin and her virginity was removed, if any of the aforementioned felonies led to the death of the victim and the perpetrator did not intend this result, the penalty shall not be less than twelve years.

###### Article 513-Amended

Any employee who solicits the spouse of a prisoner or detainee, or a person under his supervision or authority, or solicits a relative of that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for at least one year.
The same penalty applies to an employee who solicits the spouse or a relative of a person whose case is entrusted to him or his superiors.
The penalty is doubled if the criminal achieves his aim with any of the aforementioned persons.
If the act is committed against a minor who has completed fifteen years but not yet eighteen years of age, the penalty shall not be less than five years of imprisonment.
However, if the act is committed against a minor under fifteen years of age, the penalty shall not be less than seven years of imprisonment.

#### On Kidnapping 3

###### Article 514-Amended

Whoever kidnaps a girl or woman by deception or violence with the intent of marriage shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years.
The penalty shall not be less than five years of imprisonment if the assaulted minor has completed fifteen years but has not yet reached eighteen years of age.
However, if the minor is under fifteen years of age, the penalty of hard labor shall not be less than seven years.

###### Article 515-Amended

Whoever kidnaps a person, male or female, by deception or violence with the intent of committing debauchery shall be punished with temporary hard labor, and if the aforementioned act is committed, the penalty shall not be less than seven years.
The penalty shall not be less than five years of hard labor if the assaulted minor has completed fifteen years but has not yet reached eighteen years of age.
However, if the minor is under fifteen years of age, the penalty of hard labor shall not be less than seven years.
If the act of debauchery is committed, a penalty of not less than seven years shall be imposed if the minor has completed fifteen years but has not yet reached eighteen years of age, and if the minor is under fifteen years of age, the penalty shall not be less than ten years of hard labor.

###### Article 516-Amended-Cancelled

The previous penalties are imposed if the act is committed without deception or deception or violence on a minor who has not completed fifteen years of age.

###### Article 517

The criminal who returns the kidnapped person voluntarily within forty-eight hours to a safe place and restores their freedom without committing an act contrary to decency or another crime, whether misdemeanor or felony, benefits from the mitigating circumstances stipulated in Article 251.

#### On Seduction, Indecency, and Violation of the Sanctity of Places Reserved for Women 4

###### Article 518-Amended

Whoever seduces a girl with a promise of marriage and deflowers her shall be punished, if the act does not warrant a harsher penalty, with imprisonment for at least six months and a fine ranging between three million and five million Lebanese pounds, or with one of these penalties.
The penalty shall not be less than five years of imprisonment if the assaulted minor has completed fifteen years and has not completed eighteen years of age.
In these two cases, if a valid marriage contract is concluded between them, the prosecution or trial shall be suspended, and if a judgment has been issued in the case, the execution of the sentenced penalty shall be suspended. If the assaulted person is a minor, the judge's decision to suspend shall only be issued based on a report prepared by a social assistant taking into account the minor's social and psychological circumstances.
If a decision is issued to suspend the prosecution or trial or to suspend the penalty due to marriage, the judge, if the assaulted person is a minor, shall assign the social assistant to provide a report on the minor's psychological and social condition after marriage every six months within a period of three years from the date of his decision.
The prosecution shall resume or the execution of the penalty shall continue before the expiration of the three-year period if the marriage ends in divorce without a legitimate reason or due to the perpetrator of the crime, or if any other legitimate reason justifying the continuation of the prosecution or trial or execution of the penalty is found in light of the periodic reports mentioned in this article.
However, if the minor is under fifteen years of age, the penalty of hard labor shall not be less than seven years.
Except for confession, no evidence of the crime shall be accepted except that which arises from letters and other documents written by the perpetrator.

###### Article 519-Amended

Whoever touches or fondles a minor, male or female, in an indecent manner who has completed fifteen years and has not completed eighteen years of age or without their consent shall be punished with imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months.
However, if the act is committed against a minor under fifteen years of age, the penalty shall not be less than one year of imprisonment.

###### Article 520-Amended

Whoever offers a minor under fifteen years of age an indecent act or directs indecent words to them shall be punished with disciplinary detention or a fine not exceeding one million Lebanese pounds, or with both penalties together.

###### Article 521-Amended

Any man who disguises himself in women's clothing and enters a place reserved for women or prohibited for entry to others at the time of the act shall be punished with imprisonment for up to six months or a fine of up to one million Lebanese pounds.

### On Incitement to Debauchery and Offense to Morals and Public Decency Second

#### On Incitement to Debauchery 1

###### Article 523-Amended

Anyone who incites a person or more, male or female, under the age of twenty-one to debauchery, facilitates it for them, or assists them in committing it, shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years and a fine ranging between twice the minimum wage and four times it.
The same penalty applies to anyone who engages in prostitution or facilitates it.
Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 529 in conjunction with Article 506, the penalty is increased according to the provisions of Article 257 of this law if the crime occurs within the family, regardless of the age of the person against whom the crime was committed.

###### Article 524-Amended

Anyone who, to satisfy the desires of others, seduces, attracts, or removes a person with their consent shall be punished by imprisonment for at least one year and a fine not less than half the official minimum wage.

###### Article 525-Amended

Anyone who detains a person against their will due to a debt owed to them in a house of debauchery shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine from one-tenth to the value of the official minimum wage.

###### Article 526-Amended

Anyone who habitually facilitates, for profit, the seduction of the public to commit debauchery with others, and anyone who uses one of the means mentioned in paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 209 to attract people to debauchery, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from twenty thousand Lebanese pounds to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 527-Amended

Anyone who relies on the prostitution of others for their livelihood or part of it shall be punished by imprisonment from two to three years and a fine ranging between five times the minimum wage and ten times it.
Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 529 in conjunction with Article 506 of this law, the penalty is increased according to the provisions of Article 257 of the Penal Code if the crime occurs within the family, and the penalty is doubled if the crime is accompanied by any form of violence or threat.

###### Article 528

Attempted offenses stipulated in Articles 523 to 525 are punishable.

###### Article 529

According to the provisions of Article 257, the penalties stipulated in the mentioned articles are increased if the criminals are described in Article 506.

###### Article 530

The court may order deportation from the country and supervised freedom when sentencing for one of the misdemeanors stipulated in this section, and it may also order the closure of the establishment.

#### On Offenses Against Public Morals and Ethics 2

###### Article 531

Punishment for offending public morals by any of the means mentioned in the first paragraph of Article 209 is imprisonment from one month to one year.

###### Article 532-معدلة

Punishment for offending public ethics by any of the means mentioned in the second and third paragraphs of Article 209 is imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 533

The same penalties apply to anyone who manufactures, exports, imports, or possesses writings, drawings, photographs, films, signs, or other items that are indecent with the intent to trade or distribute them, or who announces or informs about how to obtain them.

###### Article 534

Any sexual intercourse contrary to nature is punishable by imprisonment for up to one year.

#### On Minor Prostitution 3

###### Article 535-معدلة-ملغى

Any minor under the age of eighteen who is accustomed to engaging in prostitution shall be subject to the reform measures outlined in Articles 239 to 244 applicable to juvenile offenders, except for placement in a disciplinary institute.

###### Article 536-معدلة-ملغى

Minors shall not be placed in a special institution or reform school unless there is an institute or wing designated for repentant girls where the minor can be accepted.

### On Contraceptive Methods and Abortion Third

#### On Contraceptive Methods 1

###### Article 537-معدلة-ملغى

Whoever, by one of the means mentioned in the second and third paragraphs of Article 209, describes or broadcasts methods intended to prevent pregnancy, or offers to broadcast them for the purpose of promoting pregnancy prevention, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from twenty-five to one hundred liras.

###### Article 538-معدلة-ملغى

The same penalty shall apply to anyone who sells, offers for sale, or possesses with the intent to sell any material prepared to prevent pregnancy or facilitates its use in any way.

#### On Abortion 2

###### Article 539-Amended

Any claim by one of the means mentioned in paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 209 intended to disseminate, promote, or facilitate the use of abortion methods shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine from one hundred thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 540

The same penalty applies to anyone who sells, offers for sale, or possesses with the intent to sell materials prepared to induce abortion or facilitates their use in any way.

###### Article 541

Any woman who induces her own abortion by using means herself or by others with her consent shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years.

###### Article 542

Anyone who, by any means, induces or attempts to induce a woman's abortion with her consent shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years. If the abortion or the means used for it leads to the woman's death, the perpetrator shall be punished with hard labor from four to seven years, and the penalty shall be from five to ten years if the death results from means more dangerous than those the woman consented to.

###### Article 543

Anyone who intentionally causes a woman's abortion without her consent shall be punished with hard labor for at least five years, and the penalty shall not be less than ten years if the abortion or the means used leads to the woman's death.

###### Article 544

Articles 542 and 543 apply even if the woman on whom the abortion methods were performed was not pregnant.

###### Article 545

A mitigating excuse benefits the woman who induces her own abortion to preserve her honor, and the same excuse benefits anyone who commits one of the crimes mentioned in Articles 542 and 543 to preserve the honor of one of his descendants or relatives up to the second degree.

##### Comprehensive Provisions First

###### Article 546

If a doctor, surgeon, midwife, pharmacist, or one of their employees commits one of the misdemeanors mentioned in this chapter, whether as perpetrators, instigators, or accomplices, the penalty shall be increased in accordance with Article 257. The same applies if the criminal is accustomed to selling drugs and other substances prepared for abortion. In addition, the criminal is subject to being banned from practicing their profession or work, even if they are not subject to authorization by the authorities or obtaining a certificate. It is also possible to order the closure of the establishment.

## On Felonies and Misdemeanors Committed Against Persons Eighth

### On Felonies and Misdemeanors Against Human Life and Safety First

#### On Intentional Killing 1

###### Article 547-Amended

Whoever intentionally kills a person shall be punished with hard labor for fifteen to twenty years.
The punishment shall be from twenty to twenty-five years if the act of killing is committed by one spouse against the other.

###### Article 548-Amended

Life imprisonment with hard labor shall be imposed for intentional killing if committed:
1- For a vile reason.
2- To obtain the benefit resulting from the misdemeanor.
3- By the perpetrator mutilating the corpse after the killing.
4- On a minor under fifteen years of age.
5- On two or more persons.

###### Article 549-Amended

The death penalty shall be imposed for intentional killing if committed:
1- Deliberately.
2- As preparation for a felony or misdemeanor, or to facilitate or execute it, or to facilitate the escape of those inciting the felony or its perpetrators or accomplices, or to prevent them from being punished.
3- On one of the perpetrator's ascendants or descendants.
4- In the case of the perpetrator engaging in acts of torture or brutality towards persons.
5- On an official during the performance of their duties or in the course of performing them or because of them.
6- On a person because of their sectarian affiliation or as revenge for a felony committed by someone else from their sect or relatives or supporters.
7- Using explosive materials.
8- To evade a felony or misdemeanor or to conceal its traces.

###### Article 550

Whoever causes the death of a person unintentionally by beating, violence, force, or any other intentional act shall be punished with hard labor for at least five years, and the punishment shall not be less than seven years if the act is accompanied by one of the circumstances mentioned in the previous two articles.

###### Article 551

A mother who, to avoid disgrace, kills her illegitimate newborn shall be punished with temporary detention, and the punishment shall not be less than five years if the act was committed intentionally.

###### Article 552

Whoever intentionally kills a person out of compassion based on their persistent request shall be punished with detention for a maximum of ten years.

###### Article 553

Whoever induces a person by any means to commit suicide or assists them, in any of the ways mentioned in Article 213 - paragraphs one, two, and four - to kill themselves, shall be punished with detention for a maximum of ten years if the suicide is completed, and with imprisonment from three months to two years in the case of an attempted suicide resulting in injury or permanent disability. If the person induced or assisted to commit suicide is a minor under fifteen years of age or is mentally incapacitated, the penalties for incitement to murder or involvement in it shall apply.

#### On Harm to Persons 2

###### Article 554-Amended

Whoever intentionally strikes, injures, or harms a person, and such acts do not result in illness or disablement from work for more than ten days, shall be punished, based on the complaint of the injured party, with imprisonment for no more than six months or with detention and a fine from ten thousand to fifty thousand Lebanese pounds, or with one of these penalties.
The penalty is doubled if the crime is committed against a doctor, one of their assistants, or any medical field worker, during or because of their work.
The complainant's waiver drops the public right and has the same effect on the penalty as the personal plaintiff's pardon.

###### Article 555-Amended

If the harm results in illness or disablement from work for more than ten days, the perpetrator shall be punished with imprisonment for no more than one year and a fine of up to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or with one of these penalties.
The penalty is doubled if the crime is committed against a doctor, one of their assistants, or any medical field worker, during or because of their work.
If the complainant waives their right, the penalty is reduced by half.

###### Article 556-Amended

If the illness or disablement from work exceeds twenty days, the penalty shall be imprisonment from three months to three years, in addition to the aforementioned fine.
The penalty is doubled if the crime is committed against a doctor, one of their assistants, or any medical field worker, during or because of their work.

###### Article 557-Amended

If the act results in the cutting or removal of a limb, amputation of one of the limbs, or disabling one of them, or disabling one of the senses from work, or causes severe disfigurement or any other permanent disability or one that appears permanent, the perpetrator shall be punished with temporary hard labor for no more than ten years.
The penalty is doubled if the crime is committed against a doctor, one of their assistants, or any medical field worker, during or because of their work.

###### Article 558-Amended

The same penalty applies to anyone who causes one of the acts mentioned in Article 554, by aborting a pregnant woman while knowing of her pregnancy.

###### Article 559-Amended

The penalties mentioned in this section are intensified according to the provisions of Article 257 if the act is committed in one of the cases outlined in the second paragraph of Article 547 and in Articles 548 and 549 of this law.
If the crime stipulated in any of Articles 554, 555, 556, and 557 is committed against a doctor, one of their assistants, or any medical field worker, during or because of their work, intentionally or if committed by a group of at least three people, the penalty is intensified as outlined in Article 257 of the Penal Code.

#### On Altercation 3

###### Article 560-Amended

If a person is killed or injured during a brawl in which a group participated and the specific perpetrator cannot be identified, all those who attempted to harm the victim shall be punished with the penalty for the committed crime, reduced by up to half.
If the crime warrants the death penalty, life hard labor, or life detention, the punishment shall be no less than seven years.

###### Article 561

The aforementioned penalties are increased in accordance with the provisions of Article 257 for those who directly caused the brawl.

#### Excuse in Killing and Harm 4

###### Article 562-معدلة-ملغى

Benefits from the mitigating excuse one who surprises their spouse, or one of their ascendants, descendants, or sister in the act of adultery or in an illicit sexual act and proceeds to kill or injure one of them unintentionally. The perpetrator of the killing or injury benefits from the mitigating excuse if they surprise their spouse, or one of their ascendants, descendants, or sister in a compromising situation with another.

###### Article 563

The following acts are considered self-defense:
1 - An act by someone defending themselves or their property, or the person or property of another, against someone using violence to commit theft or robbery.
2- An act committed when repelling a person who entered or attempted to enter at night into an inhabited house or its adjacent annexes by climbing fences or walls, or by breaking or using forged keys or special tools. If the act occurs during the day, the perpetrator only benefits from the mitigating excuse in accordance with Article 251.
A criminal is not considered in a state of legitimate defense if they did not believe that the attack on persons or property was the direct purpose of the aggressor or as a result of what they might encounter from resistance in achieving their aims.

#### On Unintentional Killing and Harm 5

###### Article 564

Whoever causes the death of another through negligence, lack of precaution, or failure to observe laws or regulations shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years.

###### Article 565-Amended

If the offender's mistake results only in harm as specified in Articles 556 to 558, the punishment shall be from two months to one year. Any other unintentional harm shall be punished by imprisonment for up to six months or a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.
Prosecution is contingent upon the victim's complaint if the harm does not result in illness or incapacity to work for more than ten days, and the complainant's waiver of their right has the same effects as outlined in Articles 554 and 555.

###### Article 566-Amended

Any vehicle driver who causes an accident, even if only material, and does not stop immediately or does not attend to the victim or attempts to evade responsibility by fleeing shall be punished by imprisonment for no more than one month and a fine not exceeding five hundred Lebanese pounds.
The penalties mentioned in Articles 564 and 565 are increased by half if the offender commits any of these acts.

###### Article 567-Amended

Anyone who willfully refrains from rescuing, aiding, or assisting a person found in imminent and present danger, when they could provide assistance without endangering themselves or others, or willfully refrains from preventing physical harm of any kind to another person, when they could prevent the harm without endangering themselves or others, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from two hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds or by one of these penalties.
No liability shall be incurred by those who initiate rescue or aid, especially for those exposed to cardiac arrest through resuscitation by electric shocks or similar, even if their intervention does not lead to a result.
The same penalty applies to anyone who knows of evidence proving the innocence of a person detained or on trial in a felony or misdemeanor case and does not voluntarily testify to that before the judiciary or security authorities.
In this case, the perpetrator is exempt from punishment if they later voluntarily come forward.
The perpetrator of the crime under prosecution, their accomplices, and their relatives up to the fourth degree are also exempt from punishment.

#### On Homicide and Harm Resulting from Multiple Causes 6

###### Article 568

If death or injury, whether intentional or unintentional, results from several causes unknown to the perpetrator and independent of his act, the penalty may be reduced by the amount specified in Article 200.

### On Crimes Against Freedom and Honor Second

#### On Deprivation of Liberty 1

###### Article 569-Amended

Whoever deprives another of their personal freedom by kidnapping or by any other means shall be punished with the following hard labor: The perpetrator shall be punished with life hard labor in each of the following cases:
1- If the duration of deprivation of freedom exceeds one month.
2- If the person deprived of their freedom is subjected to physical or mental torture.
3- If the crime is committed against an employee during the performance of their duties or in the course of performing them, or because of their affiliation with it.
4- If the motives of the crime are sectarian or partisan, or as revenge against the victim for an act committed by someone else from their sect, party, or relatives.
5- If the perpetrator uses their victim as a hostage to intimidate individuals, institutions, or the state in order to extort money or coerce the fulfillment of a desire or the performance or abstention from an act.
6- If the crime occurs following an attack on one of the private or public means of transportation such as a car, train, ship, or airplane.
7- If the crime is committed by a group of two or more persons who were armed at the time of its commission.
The penalty is increased according to Article 257 if the crime results in the death of a person due to terror or any other reason related to the incident.

###### Article 570-Amended

If the person deprived of their freedom is released voluntarily within a maximum period of three days and without any other crime, whether felony or misdemeanor, being committed against them, the perpetrator shall be punished with imprisonment from six months to three years.
This penalty is reduced by half in favor of the perpetrator if they release the victim voluntarily within twenty-four hours at most and without committing any other crime, whether felony or misdemeanor, against them.

#### On Violation of the Sanctity of the Home 2

###### Article 571

Whoever enters another's house or dwelling or its annexes, against their will, and whoever remains in the aforementioned places against the will of the person entitled to expel them, shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months.
Imprisonment from three months to three years shall be imposed if the act occurs at night, or by breaking or violence against persons, or by using a weapon, or if committed by several persons together.
Prosecution in the case mentioned in the first paragraph shall only proceed based on a complaint from the injured party.

###### Article 572-Amended

Whoever sneaks in by breaking or violence against persons into places belonging to others and not open to the public, or remains there despite the will of the person entitled to expel them, shall be punished by detention or a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.
The criminal shall only be prosecuted based on a complaint from the injured party.

#### On Threats 3

###### Article 573

Whoever threatens another with a weapon shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months, and the penalty ranges between two months and one year if the weapon is a firearm and the perpetrator used it.

###### Article 574

Whoever threatens another with a felony punishable by death, life hard labor, or more than fifteen years, or life detention, whether through writing, even if anonymous, or through a third person, shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years if the threat includes an order to perform an act, even if lawful, or to refrain from it.

###### Article 575

If the threat of one of the aforementioned felonies does not include an order or includes an order but was made verbally without the mediation of another person, the punishment shall be imprisonment from three months to two years.

###### Article 576

Punishment by imprisonment from one month to one year shall be imposed for the threat of a felony lighter than the felonies mentioned in Article 574 if committed by one of the means indicated in the same article.

###### Article 577

The threat of a misdemeanor that includes an order, if made in writing or through a third person, shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months.

###### Article 578-معدلة

Any other threat of inflicting unjust harm, if made verbally or by one of the means mentioned in Article 209, and is likely to have a severe impact on the victim's psyche, shall be punished, based on a complaint, with a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

#### On the Disclosure of Secrets 4

###### Article 579-معدلة

Anyone who, by virtue of their position, job, profession, or art, is privy to a secret and discloses it without a legitimate reason or uses it for their own benefit or the benefit of another shall be punished by imprisonment for up to one year and a fine not exceeding four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if the act is likely to cause harm, even if only moral.

###### Article 580

Anyone affiliated with the postal and telegraph service who abuses this position by inspecting a sealed letter, destroying or embezzling one of the letters, or disclosing its contents to someone other than the intended recipient shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years.
The same penalty applies to anyone affiliated with the telephone service who discloses a telephone conversation they accessed by virtue of their job or work.

###### Article 581-معدلة

Any other person who intentionally destroys or opens a letter or telegram not addressed to them, or deceitfully accesses a telephone conversation, shall be punished with a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.
The same penalty applies to anyone who accesses a letter or a telegraphic or telephone conversation and, by broadcasting it, causes harm to another and informs someone other than the intended recipient.

#### On Defamation and Slander 5

###### Article 582-Amended

Defamation against any person committed by one of the means mentioned in Article 209 is punishable by imprisonment for up to three months and a fine of up to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or by one of these penalties.
A fine alone is imposed if the defamation is not committed publicly.

###### Article 583

The perpetrator of defamation is not allowed to justify themselves by proving the truth of the act subject to defamation or by proving its notoriety.

###### Article 584-Amended

Insulting any person committed by one of the means mentioned in Article 209, as well as contempt committed by one of the means mentioned in Article 383, is punishable by imprisonment from one week to three months or a fine from fifty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.
A fine alone is imposed if the insult is not committed publicly.

###### Article 585

The judge may exempt both parties or one of them from punishment if the victim caused the insult by an unjust act or if the insult was mutual.

###### Article 586

The lawsuit depends on the victim taking the status of a personal plaintiff.
If defamation or insult is directed at a deceased person, their relatives up to the fourth degree, and no others, may exercise the right to prosecute, while preserving the right of any relative or heir personally harmed by the crime.

### Human Trafficking Third

##### Article 586-1

- "Trafficking in persons" is:
A - Attracting, transporting, receiving, detaining, or providing shelter for a person.
B - By means of threat of force or its use, kidnapping or deception, abuse of power or exploitation of a state of vulnerability, giving or receiving sums of money or benefits, or using these means on someone who has authority over another person.
C - With the aim of exploiting them or facilitating their exploitation by others.
The victim's consent is not considered if any of the means outlined in this article are used.
"Victim of trafficking":
For the purposes of this law, "victim of trafficking" means any natural person who has been the subject of trafficking in persons or whom the competent authorities reasonably consider to be a victim of trafficking in persons, regardless of whether the perpetrator of the crime has been identified, arrested, prosecuted, or convicted.
Exploitation according to the provisions of this article includes forcing a person to participate in any of the following acts:

A) Acts punishable by law.
B) Prostitution, or exploitation of the prostitution of others.
C) Sexual exploitation.
D) Begging.
E) Slavery, or practices similar to slavery.
F) Forced or compulsory labor.
G) Including the forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflicts.
H) Forced involvement in terrorist acts.
I) Removal of organs or tissues from the victim's body.
- The consent of the victim or any of their ascendants, legal guardian, or any other person exercising legal or actual authority over them is not considered regarding the intended exploitation outlined in this paragraph.
- Attracting, transporting, receiving, detaining, or providing shelter for the victim, for the purpose of exploitation for those under the age of eighteen, is considered trafficking in persons, even if it is not accompanied by the use of any of the means outlined in paragraph (1) (B) of this article.

##### Article 586-2

The crime stipulated in Article 586 (1) is punishable as follows:
1 - Imprisonment for five years, and a fine from one hundred times to two hundred times the official minimum wage if these acts were committed in exchange for granting sums of money or any other benefits or the promise of granting or receiving them.
2 - Imprisonment for seven years, and a fine from one hundred and fifty times to three hundred times the official minimum wage if these acts were committed using deception, violence, acts of severity, threat, or exerting influence over the victim or one of their family members.

##### Article 586-3

Imprisonment for ten years, and a fine from two hundred times to four hundred times the official minimum wage if the perpetrator of the crime stipulated in Article 586 (1) or the partner or accomplice in it or the instigator of it is:
1 - A public employee or any person assigned to public service or a manager of an employment office or a worker in it.
2 - One of the victim's ascendants, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or one of their family members or any person exercising direct or indirect legal or actual authority over them.

##### Article 586-4

Imprisonment for fifteen years, and a fine from three hundred times to six hundred times the official minimum wage if the crime stipulated in Article 586 (1) is committed:
1 - By a group, of two or more persons, committing criminal acts whether in Lebanon or in more than one country.
2 - If the crime involves more than one victim.

##### Article 586-5

If any of the following circumstances are present, the criminal acts mentioned in Article 586 (1) are punishable by imprisonment from ten to twelve years and a fine from two hundred times to four hundred times the official minimum wage:
A) When the crime involves serious harm to the victim or another person or the death of the victim or another person, including death resulting from suicide.
B) When the crime involves a person in a particularly vulnerable state, including a pregnant woman.
C) When the crime exposes the victim to a life-threatening disease, including infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
D) When the victim is physically or mentally disabled.
E) When the victim is under eighteen years of age.

##### Article 586-6

Anyone who reports to the administrative or judicial authority about the crimes stipulated in this chapter and provides information that allowed either the crime to be uncovered before it occurred or the arrest of its perpetrators or partners or accomplices or instigators, is exempt from penalties if the person reporting is not responsible as the perpetrator of the crime outlined in Article 586 (1).

##### Article 586-7

A mitigating excuse benefits those who provided the competent authorities, after committing the crimes stipulated in this chapter, with information that allowed preventing their continuation.

##### Article 586-8

The victim who proves they were forced to commit acts punishable by law or violated residency or work conditions is exempt from punishment.
The investigating judge or the judge reviewing the case file may, by a decision issued, allow the victim to reside in Lebanon for the duration required by the investigation procedures.

##### Article 586-9

The Minister of Justice may enter into agreements with specialized institutions or associations to provide assistance and protection to victims of the crimes stipulated in this chapter.
The conditions required for these institutions and associations and the procedures for providing assistance and protection are determined by a decree issued by the Council of Ministers based on the proposal of the Minister of Justice.

##### Article 586-10

The amounts derived from the crimes stipulated in this chapter are confiscated and deposited in a special account at the Ministry of Social Affairs to assist the victims of these crimes.
The regulations related to the account are determined by a decree issued by the Council of Ministers, based on the proposal of the Minister of Social Affairs.

##### Article 586-11

Lebanese courts have jurisdiction if any of the acts constituting the crime are committed on Lebanese territory.

## On Felonies That Pose a Comprehensive Danger Ninth

### On Fire First

##### Article 587

Whoever intentionally sets fire to buildings, factories, workshops, warehouses, or any inhabited or uninhabited structures located in a city or village, or sets fire to railway vehicles or carriages carrying one or more persons other than the criminal, or belonging to a train with one or more persons, or sets fire to ships sailing or docked in a port, or to aircraft flying or stationed at an airport, whether owned by him or not, shall be punished with temporary hard labor for no less than seven years.

##### Article 588

The same punishment applies to anyone who intentionally sets fire to inhabited buildings or buildings prepared for habitation located outside inhabited areas, or in forests, timberlands, orchards, or crops before harvest, whether owned by him or not.

##### Article 589

Temporary hard labor shall be imposed on anyone who intentionally sets fire to uninhabited buildings not used for habitation located outside inhabited areas, in crops, stacks of straw, in harvested crops left in place, or in stacked or arranged wood left in place, whether he owns these items or not, if the fire spreads or could spread to the property of others.

##### Article 590

Any fire or attempted fire not mentioned above, committed with the intent to cause material damage to others or to gain unlawful profit for the perpetrator or another, shall be punished by imprisonment and a fine.

##### Article 591-معدلة

Anyone who intentionally kills a person "in preparation" for committing the arson crimes stipulated in the previous articles, or to facilitate or execute them, shall be punished by death.
Life imprisonment with hard labor shall be imposed if the arsonist anticipates the death of a person or their permanent disability and accepts the risk.

##### Article 592

The previous provisions apply under the same conditions to anyone who destroys or attempts to destroy, even partially, any of the items mentioned therein by means of an explosive substance.

##### Article 593

Anyone who, through negligence, lack of caution, or failure to observe laws or regulations, causes a fire to property owned by others shall be punished by imprisonment for up to one year, and if the crime is trivial, the punishment shall not exceed three months.

##### Article 594-معدلة

Imprisonment from three months to two years shall be imposed on anyone who removes a fire extinguishing device, changes its place, or renders it inoperative.
The same punishment, in addition to a fine ranging between two hundred thousand and one million Lebanese pounds, shall be imposed on anyone legally or regulatorily obligated to possess a fire extinguishing device who neglects to install it according to regulations or fails to keep it operational at all times.

### On the Assault on the Safety of Transportation Routes and Industrial Works Second

#### On Transportation and Communications 1

###### Article 595-Amended

Whoever intentionally causes damage to a public road or any public facility, or intentionally inflicts damage that results in a threat to traffic safety or public safety, shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to two years.
The contractor, executor, agent, or supervisor of electricity, water, telephone, sewer works, or road repairs shall be punished by imprisonment for up to one year if they leave debris, materials, holes, or traces on the roads during or after the completion of works that unjustifiably obstruct free passage or reduce the previous width of the road, making it difficult to pass and endangering public safety.
The same punishment applies to the employee or user responsible for supervising and ensuring the proper execution of these works.
Additionally, anyone who conducts private or public works on public roads without a license from the competent authorities shall be punished by imprisonment for up to one year.

###### Article 596

Whoever disrupts a railway line, movement or signaling devices, places something that obstructs passage, or uses any means to cause a collision between trains or their derailment shall be punished with temporary hard labor for a period not less than five years.

###### Article 597

The same punishment applies to anyone who destroys or disables signaling devices, uses false signals, or any other special means with the intent to sink a ship or crash an aircraft. If the act results in the sinking of a ship or the crashing of an aircraft, the punishment shall be at least ten years.

###### Article 598

Whoever intentionally interrupts telegraph or telephone communications or radio broadcasts, whether by damaging devices or wires or by any other means, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to six months. If the act results in a threat to public safety, the punishment shall be imprisonment from three months to two years.

###### Article 599

The penalties mentioned in the previous articles shall be increased by half if any person suffers a permanent disability, and the death penalty shall be imposed if the act results in the death of any person.

###### Article 600

Whoever negligently causes the destruction, demolition, and other acts mentioned in the previous articles shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months.

#### On Industrial Activities 2

###### Article 601-Amended

Any industrialist or workshop head who neglects to place machines or signals to prevent work emergencies or does not keep them always fit for use shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to two years and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 602

Anyone who, due to lack of caution, negligence, or failure to observe laws or regulations, causes the disabling of the aforementioned machines and signals shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months.

###### Article 603

Anyone who intentionally removes one of these tools or renders it unusable shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years, and temporary hard labor shall be imposed if the act results in a serious incident, and life hard labor if it leads to the loss of life.

### On Crimes Harmful to Human and Animal Health Third

#### On Epidemic Diseases 1

###### Article 604-Amended

Whoever violates the preventive decisions or instructions issued by the competent authorities aimed at limiting the spread of epidemics shall be punished with a fine equivalent to half the official minimum wage, and the penalty shall be doubled in cases of repetition.
Whoever, through lack of precaution, negligence, or failure to observe laws or regulations, causes the spread of an epidemic disease among humans shall be punished with imprisonment for up to six months. If the perpetrator commits the act knowingly without intending to cause anyone's death, they shall be punished with imprisonment from one to three years in addition to the fine.

###### Article 605-Amended

Whoever, through negligence, lack of precaution, or failure to observe laws or regulations, causes the spread of a disease among poultry or a dangerous germ to crops or forests, shall be punished with a fine ranging between twenty thousand and two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.
If the act is committed intentionally, the perpetrator shall be punished with imprisonment in addition to the fine.

###### Article 606-Amended

Whoever does not observe the special regulations for combating epidemics, diseases of plants, locusts, and other harmful animals shall be punished with imprisonment for up to six months and a fine of up to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

#### On Fraud 2

###### Article 607-Amended

Shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to one year and a fine from fifty thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or by one of these two penalties:
1- Whoever adulterates substances related to human or animal food, drugs, beverages, or industrial, agricultural, or natural products prepared for sale. 2- Whoever offers any of the aforementioned products or substances for sale or sells them knowing that they are adulterated or spoiled.
3- Whoever offers products that could cause adulteration or puts them up for sale or sells them knowing how they are used.
4- Whoever incites by one of the means mentioned in Article 209, paragraphs 2 and 3, the use of the products or substances mentioned in the third paragraph.
In case of repetition, the criminal is prohibited from practicing the work that was a means to commit the crime.

###### Article 608-Amended

If the adulterated or spoiled products or substances are harmful to human or animal health, the penalty shall be imprisonment from three months to two years and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds.
These penalties apply even if the seller or buyer is aware of the harmful adulteration or spoilage.

###### Article 609-Amended

Shall be punished by a fine ranging between twenty thousand and one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and imprisonment for up to three months or by one of these two penalties, whoever keeps in their possession, in any place, without legitimate reason, products or substances described in the previous article.
The penalty shall be imprisonment from three months to one year and a fine from fifty thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if one of the substances or products is adulterated or spoiled and harmful to human or animal health.

## On Crimes Committed by Dangerous Persons Due to Their Lifestyles Tenth

### On Beggars and Vagrants First

#### On Beggars 1

###### Article 610

Whoever has resources, or can obtain resources through work, and begs for personal benefit in any place, either explicitly or under the guise of commercial activities, shall be punished with imprisonment with labor for a period of not less than one month and not more than six months. Additionally, they may be placed in a workhouse in accordance with Article 79, and this measure shall be mandatory in case of repetition.

###### Article 611

Whoever, due to laziness or addiction to alcohol or gambling, becomes compelled to beg for public assistance or charity from people shall be punished with imprisonment with labor from one month to six months. The judge may also order the convicted person to be placed in a workhouse and prohibit them from frequenting bars where drinks are sold, as stipulated in Articles 79 and 80.

###### Article 612

Whoever leaves a charitable institution that cares for them and engages in begging, shall be punished, even if incapacitated, with imprisonment for the period mentioned above.

###### Article 613

A beggar who solicits charity under any of the following circumstances:
1- By threat or acts of violence,
2- By carrying a false certificate of poverty,
3- By pretending to have wounds or disabilities,
4- By disguising in any form,
5- By accompanying a child not their own or one of their descendants under the age of seven,
6- By carrying weapons and tools used for committing felonies or misdemeanors,
7- In a group unless it is a husband and wife or a disabled person and their guide, shall be punished with imprisonment from six months to two years with labor, in addition to being placed in a workhouse if not incapacitated, and with simple imprisonment for the same period if incapacitated. They may also be subjected to the measure of supervised freedom.

#### On Vagrants 2

###### Article 614

A person is considered a vagrant and is punished with imprisonment with labor from one month to six months if they are healthy, have no residence, no means of living, do not practice a job for at least one month, and have not proven that they have made sufficient effort to obtain employment. Vagrants can also be placed in a workhouse, and they are mandatorily placed there in case of repetition.

###### Article 615

The penalties and precautionary measures stipulated in Article 613 are imposed on any vagrant carrying a weapon or tools specifically for committing felonies or misdemeanors, or who commits or threatens to commit any act of violence against persons, disguises themselves in any form, or vagrants in groups of two or more.

#### On Vagrant or Begging Juveniles 3

###### Article 616-معدلة-ملغى

Any minor under the age of eighteen who, without a legitimate reason, leaves the home of their parents or guardian, or the places where they have been placed by those under whose authority they are, for a period of one week, and becomes homeless without work, shall be subject to the reform measures specified in Articles 242 and 243.

###### Article 617-معدلة

The parents of a minor who has not reached the age of fifteen, or their relatives responsible for their support and upbringing, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to six months and a fine from twenty thousand to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if they fail to provide for them despite being able to do so and leave them homeless.

###### Article 618-معدلة

Anyone who pushes a minor under the age of eighteen to beg shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to two years and a fine ranging from the minimum wage to three times that amount.

#### On Travel 4

###### Article 619

Nomads, as intended in this section, include Lebanese or foreign Bedouins and travelers in Lebanon without a fixed residence, even if they have resources and practice a craft.

###### Article 620-Amended

Any individual from the nomads who roams the Lebanese land for at least a month without carrying an identity card containing their physical measurements or failing to prove that they have requested it from the authority shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to a year and a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, and may also be placed under surveillance.

##### Comprehensive Provisions First

###### Article 621

Any foreigner sentenced under the provisions of this chapter may be ordered to be expelled from Lebanese territory.

### On the Consumption of Intoxicants and Narcotics Second

#### On Intoxicants 1

###### Article 622-Amended

Anyone found in a state of apparent intoxication in a public place or a place open to the public shall be punished with a fine ranging from six thousand liras to twenty thousand liras.

###### Article 623

In case of repetition, the defendant shall be subject to detention and prohibited from visiting bars under the penalty imposed in Article 80. If repeated again, they shall be punished with imprisonment from one month to six months and additionally deprived of civil rights and removed from guardianship and custody.

###### Article 624

If it is proven that the defendant is a habitual drunkard, and it is the first repetition, they shall be detained in a special wing of the preventive shelter for treatment. The detention period is at least six months, ending by a decision from the judicial authority that ordered it, confirming the recovery of the convicted person, and cannot exceed two years. The period of the liberty-depriving penalty runs during the detention period.

###### Article 625-Amended

Anyone who serves alcoholic beverages to a minor under eighteen years of age until intoxicated shall be punished with a fine ranging from six thousand to twenty thousand liras.

###### Article 626-Amended

The owner of the bar or any other place open to the public, as well as their employees, shall be punished with detention and a fine ranging from ten thousand to twenty thousand liras if they serve alcoholic beverages to a person until intoxicated, or serve them to a person in a state of apparent intoxication, or to a minor under eighteen years of age.

###### Article 627

The same penalties apply to the owner of the bar who employs girls or women not from his family under the age of twenty-one in his bar.

###### Article 628

In case of repetition of any misdemeanor stipulated in Articles 626 and 627, the establishment may be ordered to close permanently.

###### Article 629

The penalties stipulated in Articles 625 and 626 are doubled if the criminal leaves the intoxicated person to wander in a state of intoxication or fails to ensure their return home or hand them over to an authority figure.

#### On Narcotics 2

###### Article 630-معدلة-ملغى

Punishable by imprisonment for up to six months and a fine not exceeding one hundred liras are those who use narcotic substances or possess them without legitimate reason. The same penalty applies to those who obtain or attempt to obtain any of these substances through fictitious prescriptions.
If it is proven that the defendant habitually uses drugs, they may be placed in a precautionary shelter to be treated for their ailment according to the conditions stipulated in Article 624.

###### Article 631-معدلة-ملغى

Those who secretly engage in drug trafficking or possess drugs with the intent to trade, and those who facilitate the use of these substances for others by any means, are punishable by imprisonment from six months to three years and a fine from one hundred to five hundred liras. The penalty is increased as specified in Article 257 if the substance is sold to a minor under eighteen years of age or to a person addicted to drugs, or if it is delivered to either of them, and the establishment is ordered to be closed.

### On Gambling Third

##### Article 632

Games of chance are those where luck prevails over skill or acumen, specifically including gambling games, roulette, baccarat, pharaoh, petit cheveaux, and open poker, as well as games derived from or generally resembling them.

##### Article 633-Amended

Anyone who operates a gambling establishment or organizes prohibited gambling games, whether in a public place, accessible to the public, or in a private residence designated for this purpose.
Cashiers, their assistants, managers, workers, and employees.
Are punished with imprisonment from three months to two years and a fine from two hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds.
The criminals are subject to a residency ban, and if they are foreigners, they are subject to deportation from Lebanese territory. In addition to the confiscation of items resulting from the crime or used or intended for its commission, the furniture and other movable items with which the place was furnished and decorated may be confiscated, and the establishment may be ordered to close.
And a fine from two hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds" instead of "and a fine from one thousand to ten thousand Lebanese pounds.

##### Article 634-Amended

Any person who participates in playing in the aforementioned places or is caught there during play is punished with a fine from fifty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

## Crimes Against Property Eleventh

### On Taking the Property of Others First

#### On Theft 1

###### Article 635-معدلة

Theft is the taking of another's movable property secretly or by force with the intent to own it. Secured energies are considered movable objects in the application of penal texts.

###### Article 636-معدلة

Theft, which has not been assigned a specific penalty under any other provisions of this law, is punishable by imprisonment from two months to three years and a fine from one hundred thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.
This penalty is increased according to Article 257 if the theft is committed in one of the following cases:
1- In temples and inhabited buildings.
2- By pickpocketing passersby, whether on roads or in other public places, or on trains, ships, airplanes, or other means of transport.
3- By an employee entrusted with security or guarding, even if the theft is committed outside working hours.
4- By a paid servant who steals from their employer or steals from others in the employer's house, or by an employee or worker who steals from their employer's shop or factory, or in warehouses or other places related to the work or factory.
5- By two or more persons.

###### Article 637-معدلة

Anyone who steals something from agricultural products or tree fruits, valued at less than one hundred Lebanese pounds, is punishable by a fine of up to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. In this case, prosecution depends on a complaint from the injured party.

###### Article 638-معدلة

The penalty of hard labor from three to ten years is imposed for theft in one of the following cases:
1- If the theft is committed on the funds or assets of a government institution or any center or office of official administration or public authority.
2- If the theft is committed on the funds or assets of a bank or a jewelry or currency exchange shop.
3- If the theft is committed on a cash collector or any public employee or any employee in a private institution, while carrying money for the administration or institution they work for, with the intent to steal this money.
The same penalty is imposed on the cash collector, public employee, or employee if they conspire with the perpetrators.
4- If the theft is committed on a car or any motorized land vehicle.
5- By a masked person or someone carrying a visible or hidden weapon.
6- If the theft is committed using violence against persons.

###### Article 639-معدلة

The penalty of hard labor from three to seven years is imposed on anyone who commits theft in one of the following cases:
1- By breaking or entering closed places protected by walls, whether inhabited or uninhabited, or by climbing inside or outside, or using manufactured keys or any other tool, or after entering by trickery or impersonating an employee or claiming an official mission or by any other unusual method.
2- During riots, revolution, war, fire, security disorder, shipwreck, or any other calamity.
3- By threatening with a weapon, whether to prepare for the crime, facilitate it, seize the stolen goods, or secure escape.

###### Article 640-معدلة

If any of the acts mentioned in the previous article are accompanied by violence against persons, whether to prepare for the crime, facilitate it, seize the stolen goods, or secure escape, or if any of the acts are committed at night, the penalty is increased to life hard labor.
If the perpetrator kills a person for a reason related to the mentioned theft, they are punished with the death penalty.

###### Article 641-معدلة

The penalty of temporary hard labor is imposed on anyone who:
- Illegally seizes, by any means, a docked or sailing ship or the goods it carries, or engages in any act of maritime fraud or piracy, or takes control of the ship or its navigation, or forces its captain or commander to change its course by threat or violence.
- Illegally seizes, by any means, a fixed platform on the continental shelf or takes control of it by threat or violence.
- Illegally and intentionally commits any of the following acts that could endanger the safety of ship navigation or maritime navigation or the safety of the fixed platform on the continental shelf:

A- Damaging the ship or causing severe damage to it or its cargo.
B- Placing or causing others to place a device or substance on a ship or fixed platform by any means that could lead to the destruction or damage of the ship or its cargo or the fixed platform.
C- Causing severe damage to a port used for maritime navigation or to maritime navigation facilities, equipment, or services, or severely obstructing their operation.
D- Providing information knowing it to be false.
The penalty is increased according to Article 257 of the Penal Code against the ship's captain if they are the perpetrator of one of these crimes or an accomplice or instigator.

The captain can also be banned from practicing the profession permanently, and this ban is also imposed on all perpetrators, accomplices, and instigators if their profession is related to navigation or maritime trade.

###### Article 642-معدلة

The penalty of life hard labor is imposed if any of the crimes stipulated in the amended Article 641 of the Penal Code are committed by two or more armed persons who used or threatened to use weapons, or if the commission of the crime was accompanied by violence against someone.
The death penalty is imposed if the commission of the crime leads to the sinking of the ship and the death of one of its passengers or leads to the destruction of the fixed platform and the death of someone on it, and temporary hard labor is imposed if the commission of the crime leads to the destruction of maritime navigation facilities, equipment, or services or the death of a person due to panic or any other reason related to the crime.

###### Article 643-معدلة

The penalty of temporary hard labor is imposed on anyone who:
- Illegally seizes, by any means, an aircraft during its flight or takes control of it or its navigation, or forces its pilot to change its course by threat or violence.
- Illegally and intentionally commits any of the following acts, if it could endanger the safety of air navigation or the safety of the aircraft's navigation:

A- Intentionally causing damage to an aircraft in service, making it unfit for flight.
B- Intentionally causing severe damage to air navigation facilities, equipment, or services, or intentionally causing severe damage to airport facilities used for air navigation.
C- Providing information knowing it to be false. The penalty of life hard labor is imposed if any of the crimes stipulated in this article are committed by two or more armed persons who used or threatened to use weapons, or if the commission of the crime was accompanied by violence against someone.

The death penalty is imposed if the perpetrator, by any means, commits an act of sabotage on the aircraft that exposes it to the risk of falling or destruction, or if the act results in the death of a person due to panic or any other reason related to the incident.

###### Article 644-معدلة-ملغى

Anyone who steals horses or animals prepared for carrying, pulling, or riding, and other large or small livestock, or agricultural tools, or items prepared for sale such as firewood or cut construction wood or stones from quarries, or fish from nets, or leeches from ponds, and birds from coops, or bees from hives, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from twenty-five to five hundred liras.

###### Article 645

- Amended-Cancelled
Anyone who steals harvested or uprooted crops and other useful land products or a stack of harvested crops shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from ten to fifty liras. If the theft is committed by multiple thieves or involves transportation by carts or animals, the imprisonment shall be from six months to two years and the fine from twenty-five to one hundred liras.

###### Article 646-معدلة-ملغى

If the crops and other useful land products have not been uprooted and are stolen from the field using baskets, bags, or similar containers, transported by carts or animals, or stolen by several people together, the punishment shall be imprisonment from one month to six months.

###### Article 647-معدلة-ملغى

Anyone who steals something from the land products or fruits that the owner has not yet harvested and its value is less than one lira shall be punished with a fine not exceeding twenty-five liras.

###### Article 648-معدلة-ملغى

Any other theft not specified in this chapter shall warrant a punishment of imprisonment with labor from six months to two years and a fine up to two hundred liras.

#### On Rape and Intimidation 2

###### Article 649-Amended

Punishable by imprisonment for at least one year and a fine from one hundred thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds:
1- Whoever, by threat or violence and with the intent to obtain an unlawful benefit for himself or others, commits extortion of a document containing a commitment or discharge or extorts a signature on it.
2- Whoever coerces a person to perform an act or refrain from performing it to the detriment of his wealth or the wealth of others.
3- The penalty of temporary hard labor is imposed in all cases mentioned in the previous two paragraphs if the perpetrator was carrying a weapon with which he threatened the victim.

###### Article 650-Amended

Anyone who threatens a person with exposing or disclosing a matter or reporting it, which would harm the reputation or honor of this person or the reputation or honor of one of his relatives, to compel him to bring an unlawful benefit to himself or others, shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine up to six hundred thousand pounds.
The penalty is increased according to Article 257 of the Penal Code against the perpetrator if the matter threatened to be exposed is related to his work by virtue of his position, profession, or art.

#### On the Use of Others' Property Without Right 3

###### Article Article 651-Amended

Anyone who unlawfully uses something belonging to another in a manner that causes damage, without intending to steal it, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to six months and a fine ranging from fifty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or by one of these two penalties.

##### Comprehensive Provisions for the Previous Sections First

###### Article 652

The punishment applies to the attempt to commit misdemeanors stipulated in this chapter.

###### Article 653

Anyone sentenced to a liberty-depriving penalty for theft or attempted theft may be placed under surveillance or prohibited from residing in certain areas.

###### Article 654

Anyone who commits the crime of concealing stolen items or the crime of hiding accomplices as stipulated in Articles 221 and 222 is exempt from punishment if they inform the authorities about those accomplices before any prosecution or enable the arrest of those they know to be hiding, even after prosecutions have commenced. The provisions of this article do not apply to repeat offenders.

### On Fraud and Other Forms of Deception Second

#### On Fraud 1

###### Article 655-معدلة

Anyone who, through fraudulent maneuvers, induces another to deliver movable or immovable property, or documents containing a commitment, discharge, or benefit, and seizes them, shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds.
Fraudulent maneuvers include:
1- Acts that deceive the victim into believing in a fictitious project or create in their mind hope for profit or fear of harm.
2- Fabricating a lie that the victim believes due to the support of a third person, even in good faith, or due to a circumstance prepared by the criminal or a circumstance from which they benefited.
3- Disposing of movable or immovable property by someone who has no right or capacity to dispose of it, or by someone who has the right or capacity but misuses it to extort money.
4- Using a false name or false capacity for deception and influence. The same punishment applies to the attempt to commit this crime.

###### Article 656-معدلة

The penalty is doubled if the crime is committed in one of the following cases:
-1 Under the pretext of securing a job or work in a public administration.
-2 By a person soliciting money from the public for the issuance of shares, bonds, or other documents for a company or project.
-3 By any authorized signatory of a company, association, institution, or any other legal entity.

###### Article 657-معدلة

Anyone who exploits the needs, lack of experience, or passions of a minor under eighteen years of age, or a person who is mentally incapacitated or insane, and induces them to perform a legal act that harms their interests or the interests of others, shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine equivalent to the value of the damage, not less than fifty thousand Lebanese pounds.

#### Regarding Acts of Fraud 2

###### Article 658-معدلة

Anyone who induces another to deliver goods with the right of option or promise while intending not to pay for them or knowing that they cannot pay, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to six months and a fine of up to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if they do not return them or pay for them after being warned.
And a fine of up to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds "instead of" a fine of up to one thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 659-معدلة

Anyone who provides themselves with lodging, food, or drink in a public place while intending not to pay or knowing that they cannot pay, shall be punished with detention and a fine from twenty thousand to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 660

The same penalty shall be imposed on anyone who fraudulently uses land, sea, or air transportation without paying the fare.

#### On Usury and Loans Against Mortgage 3

###### Article 661-Amended

Any financial contract, for non-commercial purposes, that imposes on the borrower an apparent or hidden interest rate exceeding 12 percent annually constitutes a usurious loan.

###### Article 662

Anyone who exploits a person's financial distress through usury shall be punished with a fine that may reach half of the loaned capital and imprisonment not exceeding one year, or with one of these penalties.

###### Article 663-Amended

Anyone who engages in usury with the same debtor or different debtors twice or more within less than three years shall be punished for the crime of habitual usury with the penalties specified in the previous article.
- The instigator or accomplice in this crime shall be punished when the act is repeated at least twice within three years, whether it involves a usurious loan conducted between the usurer and the same victim or between other persons.

###### Article 664

The crime of habitual usury is inferred from a single usurious loan if committed within less than five years after a conviction for one of the misdemeanors stipulated in the previous articles.

###### Article 665-Amended

Punishable by imprisonment up to six months and a fine that may reach a quarter of the loaned capital:
1- Anyone who opens a lending establishment against collateral without authorization, even if only one contract is executed.
2- Anyone who obtains authorization for lending against collateral but fails to keep a record containing the value of the loaned amounts, the borrower's name and status, and the type and true value of the collateral.
The provisions of this article do not apply to loans against collateral contracted for the benefit of traders to facilitate commercial operations.

#### On Bounced Checks 4

###### Article 666-Amended

Anyone who issues a check without prior and sufficient funds prepared for payment or with insufficient funds.
- Anyone who withdraws all or part of the funds after issuing the check.
- Anyone who issues a stop payment order to the drawee in cases not stipulated in Article 428 of the Commercial Code.
Shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years and a fine from one million lira to four million lira, and shall be ordered to pay the value of the check plus compensation for damages if necessary.
In case of repetition, the provisions of Articles 66 and 68 shall also apply in addition to the penalties for repetition.
The waiver of personal rights in the mentioned crimes leads to the dismissal of the public right lawsuit.
These crimes are not classified as disgraceful crimes as used in other applicable laws, and no consequences specified in those laws, which apply to those convicted of a disgraceful crime, shall apply to those convicted of any of these crimes.

###### Article 667-Amended

Anyone who knowingly receives a check without funds shall be punished with the penalties for complicity in the crime specified above. These penalties are doubled if the check holder obtained it to cover a usurious loan, even if not involved.
Except in the case of obtaining a check to cover a usurious loan, the waiver of personal rights leads to the dismissal of the public right lawsuit.

#### On Fraud in Migration 5

###### Article Article 668-Amended

Anyone who obtains or procures a benefit for themselves or others by fabricating news or concocting lies to induce a person to travel or to direct a traveler to a country other than the one they intended to go to shall be punished with the penalty stipulated in Article 655.
The same punishment applies to the attempt to commit this offense.

##### Comprehensive Provisions First

###### Article 669

Publication of the judgment may be ordered when adjudicating one of the misdemeanors stipulated in Articles 656 and 664 upon the repetition of any of the crimes specified in this chapter.

### On Breach of Trust and Embezzlement Third

##### Article 670-Amended

Anyone who intentionally conceals, embezzles, dissipates, destroys, or tears a document containing a commitment or discharge, or any other movable item entrusted to them as a deposit, agency, lease, loan for use, pledge, or for performing a task for a fee or without a fee, with the condition to return, present, or use it for a specific purpose, shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine ranging between a quarter and half of the value of the restitution and damages, provided it is not less than fifty thousand Lebanese pounds.

##### Article 671-Amended

Anyone who disposes of a sum of money or other fungible items entrusted to them for a specific task, knowing or should have known that they cannot return the equivalent, and does not clear their liability despite being warned, shall be punished by imprisonment up to one year and a fine up to a quarter of the value of the restitution and damages, provided the fine is not less than fifty thousand Lebanese pounds.

##### Article 672-Amended

Persons mentioned below shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years when they commit breach of trust with the funds entrusted to them or under their responsibility according to the provisions of either of the preceding Articles 670 and 671:
-1 The custodian of a waqf.
-2 The director of a charitable institution or association and anyone responsible for its funds.
-3 The guardian of a minor or incapacitated person or their representative.
-4 The executor of a will or marriage contract.
-5 Any lawyer, notary public, or authorized agent.
-6 Any employee or paid servant and anyone bound by an employment contract for a fee with any private institution.
-7 Any person appointed by the authority to manage or guard funds belonging to the state or individuals.
The criminal may be prohibited from practicing the work due to which the crime was committed.

##### Article 673-Amended

Anyone who appropriates, embezzles, refuses to return, or conceals a find or any movable item that came into their possession by mistake, incidentally, or by force majeure, shall be punished by imprisonment up to one year and a fine up to a quarter of the value of the restitution and damages, provided the fine is not less than twenty thousand Lebanese pounds. The provisions of this article apply to anyone who finds a treasure concerning the share belonging to others.

#### Comprehensive Provisions - For the First, Second, and Third Chapters First

###### Article 674-Amended

The perpetrators of the crimes stipulated in the previous chapters are exempt from punishment if they committed them to the detriment of ascendants, descendants, father, mother, adopted child, or spouse not legally separated.
If the criminal repeats their crime within five years, they shall be sentenced based on the complaint of the harmed party with the penalty stipulated in the law reduced by one-third.

###### Article 675

The misdemeanors stipulated in articles 647, 650, 651, 658, 660, 670, 671, and 673 are not prosecuted except based on a complaint from the harmed party, unless the party is unknown, or the complaint is dismissed.
The breach of trust punishable under articles 670 and 671 is prosecuted ex officio if accompanied by one of the aggravating circumstances stipulated in article 672.

###### Article 676

The penalties for misdemeanors specified in the articles constituting the first, second, and third chapters are reduced by half if the resulting damage or the benefit intended by the perpetrator is trivial, or if the damage has been entirely removed before the case is referred to court.
However, if restitution is made or the damage is removed during the trial but before any judgment on the merits, even if not final, the penalty is reduced by a quarter.

### On Fraud in Transactions Fourth

#### On Illegal or Fraudulent Weights and Measures and Fraud in the Quantity of Goods 1

###### Article 677-معدلة

Anyone who uses or possesses in their store, shop, sales carts, or other places designated for trade, measures or weights or other weighing or measuring instruments that differ from the measures and weights specified by law or are unmarked, shall be punished with detention and a fine ranging from twenty thousand to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or with one of these penalties.

###### Article 678-معدلة

Anyone who possesses in the aforementioned places measures or weights and weighing or measuring instruments that are fraudulent or inaccurate shall be punished with imprisonment for up to three months and a fine ranging from fifty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 679-معدلة

Anyone who knowingly uses fraudulent or inaccurate measures or weights or weighing or measuring instruments to deceive the contracting party in the quantity of the delivered item shall be punished with imprisonment with labor from three months to two years and a fine ranging from one hundred thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 680-معدلة

Any other fraud, whether in the quantity of the delivered item or its nature if this nature is the motivating reason for the transaction, shall be punished with imprisonment with labor from three months to one year and a fine ranging from fifty thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or with one of these penalties.

###### Article 681

According to the provisions of Article 98, fraudulent measures and weights or those that differ from the measures and weights specified by law shall be confiscated.

#### On Fraud in the Type of Goods 2

###### Article 682-معدلة

Anyone who deceives the contracting party:
Whether in the nature of the goods, their essential qualities, their composition, or the quantity they contain of beneficial elements.
Or in their type or source when the determination of type and source is, according to the agreement or customs, the main reason for the sale.
Shall be punished with imprisonment with labor from one month to one year and a fine from forty thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or with one of these penalties.

###### Article 683

The imprisonment penalty is increased to two years if the crime is committed:
Either by schemes or means aimed at corrupting the processes of analysis, composition, or measurement, or at altering with the intent to deceive in the composition, weight, or volume of the goods even before these operations are conducted.
Or by fraudulent statements aimed at convincing of the existence of a previous correct operation.

#### On Obstructing the Freedom of Auctions 3

###### Article 684-Amended

Anyone who, during a public auction, obstructs the freedom of bidding or commitments by means of threats, violence, lies, or excludes bidders and committers with gifts or promises shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to six months and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds.

#### On Unlawful Speculations 4

###### Article 685-معدلة

Shall be punished with imprisonment with labor from six months to two years and a fine from one million to six million Lebanese pounds anyone who fraudulently manipulates to raise or lower the prices of goods or public or private commercial stocks traded on the stock exchange, especially by announcing different facts or false claims, or by making offers to sell or buy with the intent to disturb prices.
Or by undertaking any act that would corrupt the supply and demand base in the market.

###### Article 686

The penalty is doubled if the price increase or decrease occurs,
1- On grains, flour, sugar, oil, meats, or carcasses, or other foodstuffs.
2- Or on materials outside the criminal's profession.
3- Or by a group composed of three or more persons.

##### Comprehensive Provisions for the Previous Sections First

###### Article 687

The punishment covers the attempt to commit the crimes stipulated in Article 680 and the following articles.

###### Article 688

The court, when sentencing a repeat offender in one of the crimes mentioned in this chapter, orders the suspension or publication of the judgment, and repetition requires, in addition, the deprivation of practicing the profession or work even if their practice is not contingent upon obtaining a certificate or permission from the authority. Suspension and publication can be ordered even if the perpetrator is sentenced for the first time if the seriousness of the act requires it.

### On Bankruptcy and Fraud to the Detriment of Creditors Fifth

#### On Bankruptcy 1

###### Article 689-معدلة

Considered a fraudulent bankrupt and punished with temporary hard labor for up to seven years is any bankrupt merchant who hides his books, embezzles, or dissipates part of his assets, or falsely acknowledges debts not owed by him, whether in books, official or ordinary documents, or in his balance sheet.

###### Article 690-معدلة

Considered a negligent bankrupt and punished with imprisonment from one month to one year is any merchant who stops payment.
1- If he has consumed large sums in fictitious operations on goods or in the stock market.
2- If, after stopping payment and in order to delay bankruptcy, he purchases goods to sell them for less than their price or contracts loans for the same purpose or trades securities or resorts to other ruinous methods to obtain money.
3- If, after stopping payment, he pays a creditor to the detriment of the creditors' pool.
4- If his personal or household expenses are excessively high.

###### Article 691

Can be considered a negligent bankrupt and punished with the above-imposed imprisonment is any bankrupt merchant,
1- If he undertakes significant commitments for the benefit of others without compensation relative to his situation when he made the commitment,
2- If he does not comply with the rules related to organizing the commercial register,
3- If he does not submit within twenty days of stopping payment the necessary declaration according to the Commercial Law to the court registry or if this declaration does not include the names of all the general partners,
4- If he does not keep commercial books or does not organize the inventory accurately or if his books or inventory are incomplete or not proper or do not show the true state of his assets and liabilities, without there being fraud,
5- If his bankruptcy is repeated and the conditions of the previous settlement contract are not fulfilled.

###### Article 692-معدلة

In the event of the bankruptcy of a commercial company, the punishment stipulated in Article 689 applies, except for partners in general partnerships and limited partners in limited partnerships.
1- Silent partners who habitually intervene in the company's operations.
2- Managers of joint-stock companies and limited liability companies.
3- Managers, board members, authorized agents, supervisory board members, auditors, and employees of the mentioned companies and joint-stock companies, if they themselves commit an act of fraudulent bankruptcy or facilitate or enable its commission intentionally or if they publish false statements or balance sheets or distribute fictitious shares.

###### Article 693

If a commercial company goes bankrupt, the punishment for negligent bankruptcy applies to anyone among the aforementioned persons in the company's management or working for its benefit who commits a crime from the crimes stipulated in Article 690, its first, second, and third paragraphs,
And this person can receive the same punishment if, in managing the company or working for its benefit, he commits a crime from the crimes mentioned in Article 691, its first to fourth paragraphs.

###### Article 694

The commercial company is subject in the cases specified in Articles 692 and 693 to what is stipulated in Articles 210 and 211 of penalties and precautionary measures except for the fine.

###### Article 695

The punishment for fraudulent bankruptcy applies,
1- To anyone who, for the benefit of the bankrupt, embezzles, hides, or conceals all or part of his fixed or movable assets,
2- To anyone who fraudulently presents himself or a fictitious name to establish fictitious debts in the bankruptcy proceedings,
3- To anyone who, while engaging in trade under a fictitious name, commits the crime of fraudulent bankruptcy,
This is regardless of the liability arising from acts of incitement or secondary involvement.

###### Article 696-معدلة

A creditor who stipulates for himself, whether with the bankrupt or with any other person, a special benefit due to his participation in the creditors' vote or makes a special agreement to gain a benefit for himself from the bankrupt's assets,
Is punished with imprisonment with labor from one month to one year and a fine not exceeding six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, and the imprisonment penalty can be increased to two years if the creditor is the syndic of the proceedings.

###### Article 697

The bankrupt's spouse, descendants, ascendants, and in-laws of the same degrees who embezzle, steal, or hide documents belonging to the proceedings without being in agreement with the bankrupt or intervening secondarily with him are punished with the penalty for theft stipulated in Article 648.

###### Article 698

A suspension order and publication can be issued for one of the crimes stipulated in this chapter, for anyone convicted of fraudulent bankruptcy and anyone repeatedly convicted of negligent bankruptcy is subject to temporary or permanent prohibition from practicing trade or holding one of the positions specified in Article 692, its second and third paragraphs.

#### On Other Types of Fraud Committed to the Detriment of Creditors 2

###### Article 699-Amended

A debtor who, with the intent to deprive creditors of their rights or to prevent execution on his movable or immovable property, reduces his assets in any manner, especially by signing fictitious documents, falsely acknowledging the existence of an obligation or its full or partial payment, concealing or smuggling some of his assets, selling, destroying, or designating some of his assets, shall be punished by imprisonment with labor from one month to six months and a fine from fifty thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 700

In articles 210 and 211, regardless of the penalties deserved according to the provisions of article 692, those mentioned therein who contribute to the act or facilitate or enable its commission intentionally.

### On Imitation Sixth

#### On the Imitation of Distinctive Marks for Industry and Commerce 1

###### Article 701

Considered as distinctive marks for industry or trade in the sense intended in this section are names written in a way that distinguishes them from others, titles, symbols, seals, stamps, letters, features, embossed drawings, depictions, numbers, and in general any sign intended for the benefit of the consumer and the factory owner or trader to show the nature of a certain product and its source or the nature of an industrial, commercial, agricultural product, or products of forests and mines, if these marks are registered and published in accordance with the applicable laws.

###### Article 702-Amended

Anyone who knowingly:
imitates a distinctive mark belonging to others, even if they add other words such as similar, resembling, class, type, or description, or places a mark belonging to others or an imitated mark on their products or commercial goods, or sells a product bearing a usurped or imitated mark or offers it for sale.
If their action is likely to deceive the buyer, they shall be punished with a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds and imprisonment with labor from three months to three years or with one of these two penalties.

###### Article 703-Amended

Anyone who resembles a mark with another with the intent to deceive, without imitating it, and anyone who uses such a mark or sells or offers for sale a product on which it is placed, if their action is likely to deceive the buyer, shall be punished with a fine from one hundred thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and imprisonment with labor from two months to two years or with one of these two penalties.

###### Article 704

Persons who sell or offer for sale or who use an imitated or resembling mark with the intent to deceive can, unlike others, invoke the excuse of ignorance of the mark's registration if they did not commit the act in agreement with the one who imitated or resembled it.

###### Article 705

The penalty stipulated in Article 703 shall be imposed on anyone who depicts on the mark national or foreign emblems, words, images, features, or symbols that are indicative or contrary to public order or morals.
The judge may order the confiscation of the mark based on Article 98 even if the prosecution is not accompanied by a judgment.

###### Article 706

The same penalty shall be imposed on anyone who does not place on their products the distinctive mark required by law and regulations, or anyone who sells or offers for sale a product that does not bear the distinctive mark required to be placed on it, and the court shall order the placement of the mentioned mark in execution of the provisions of Article 130.

#### On Patents 2

###### Article 707-معدلة-ملغى

Anyone who knowingly causes damage to rights derived from a patent certificate granted and published in accordance with applicable laws shall be punished with a fine ranging from two hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 708-معدلة-ملغى

Anyone who, in any capacity, assists the certificate holder and, during or after their assistance, commits the crime stipulated in the previous article as a principal perpetrator, instigator, or accomplice, shall be punished with imprisonment with labor from three months to three years and a fine ranging from five hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds, or with one of these penalties.

###### Article 709-معدلة-ملغى

The imitator, instigator, and their partners cannot invoke ignorance of the certificate as a defense. However, persons who commit the crime of selling, offering for sale, concealing, or using the imitated products may invoke their mistake in accordance with the general rule stipulated in Article 224.

#### On Industrial Designs and Models 3

###### Article 710-معدلة

Anyone who knowingly causes damage to registered and published industrial designs and models, guaranteed by applicable laws, shall be punished with a fine ranging from fifty thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 711

If the offender is an assistant or has assisted in the past in any capacity the harmed person, they shall be punished in addition to the fine with imprisonment with labor from two to six months.

###### Article 712

Anyone who proves ignorance of the registration shall be exempt from punishment.

##### Comprehensive Provisions of Previous Sections First

###### Article 713

If the trademark or the patent certificate or the registered industrial designs and models have not been published at the time of committing the act, the perpetrator deserves the penalty if it is proven that he knew or was aware of the registration.

#### On Fraudulent Competition 4

###### Article 714-Amended

Anyone who, through fraudulent means, false claims, or malicious insinuations, diverts the clients of others to themselves, shall be punished based on a complaint from the aggrieved party with a fine ranging from one hundred thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. The punishment also applies to the attempt to commit this crime.

#### On the Misappropriation of the Trade Name 5

###### Article 717

Bad faith is presumed in the misappropriation of a trade name until proven otherwise.

###### Article 715-معدلة

The following are described as a trade name:
1- Any name of a merchant, manufacturer, farmer, or investor if it has not become the necessary and sole title for the product.
2- Any commercial title that does not have an affiliative character.
3- The pseudonym by which the merchant, manufacturer, farmer, or investor is known.
4- The distinctive name adopted by a group of people mentioned above, even if this group does not constitute a legally recognized entity.

###### Article 716

The penalty stipulated in Article 702 applies to anyone who misappropriates another's trade name:
Either by placing or displaying it in any form on natural or manufactured products or their accessories, or on packaging or labels.
Or by disseminating publications, advertisements, invoices, letters, or similar items. These provisions apply even if the misappropriated name is slightly altered or accompanied by a surname other than that of its owner or any other phrase that retains the distinctive letters of the name and causes confusion.
The penalty also covers the attempt to commit this crime.

#### On Industrial and Commercial Awards 6

###### Article 718-Amended

Shall be punished with a fine ranging from twenty thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and imprisonment from three months to two years, or with one of these penalties, provided that the fine is not less than one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if no custodial sentence is imposed:
Anyone who fraudulently attributes to themselves industrial or commercial awards, whether real or fictitious, and uses them publicly by placing them on trademarks, product packaging, commercial papers, or writing them on signs.
And anyone who attempts to deceive the public into believing they hold commercial or industrial awards.

###### Article 719

Shall be subject to the fine stipulated in the previous article: anyone who uses an industrial or commercial award without precisely indicating the name of the exhibition or authority that granted it and the full date it was given, and anyone who uses a commercial or industrial award obtained as an assistant without specifying the name of the establishment that employed them.

##### Comprehensive Provisions First

###### Article 720

The courts assess imitation and resemblance by considering them from the perspective of the consumer or buyer, and by giving more weight to the overall similarity rather than the minor differences.

###### Article 721

Deprivation of the rights specified in the third and fourth paragraphs of Article 65, as well as the publication and posting of the judgment in accordance with the provisions of Articles 67 and 68, shall be imposed if one of the misdemeanors mentioned in this chapter is adjudicated. Upon repetition, the offender may be prohibited from engaging in the trade or industry during which the offense was committed.

### On Artistic and Literary Ownership Seventh

#### General Provisions 1

###### Article Article 722-Amended-Repealed

An intellectual or artistic work, as intended in this chapter, is considered any intellectual production regardless of its value, whether it is: written like books, pamphlets, and newspapers, or oral like speeches and lectures, or auditory like music, or movement-based like dance and mime, or industrial like construction, sculpture, painting, engraving, cinema, and photography.

###### Article Article 723-Amended-Repealed

The following are considered as literary or artistic works when applying the provisions mentioned in this chapter:
- Translation, adaptation, refinement, and reproduction, provided they do not infringe on the rights of the creator of the original work.
- Collections of selected pieces and collections of works that acquire a special character by being compiled by one author.
- Transcription of speeches, lectures, and professors' lessons, and any oral expression of thought, whether by writing or speaking devices.
- Transcription and publication of ancient manuscript texts, with the preservation of each person's right to publish or reproduce them directly.

###### Article 724-Amended-Repealed

Literary, political, and scientific articles, excluding stories, news, and serial novels published in newspapers and magazines, which are not prohibited from being reproduced, translated, and adapted, can be reproduced and adapted provided their source and author's name are mentioned.
As for various events and daily news that only have the nature of ordinary news, they can be reproduced and translated without permission and without mentioning their source.

###### Article 725-Amended-Repealed

The provisions of this chapter do not apply to: quotations from a literary, artistic, or scientific work for the purpose of composing textbooks, analysis, and citation in the context of an article or critical book, provided the source is mentioned. - Official documents issued by the authority, judicial decisions, pleadings, and speeches delivered in public gatherings and official councils. However, the right to collect speeches and pleadings belonging to one author in one print belongs solely to that author.

#### On Penalties 2

###### Article 726-معدلة-ملغى

Punishable by imprisonment from three months to two years and a fine from fifty to five hundred liras or by one of these penalties:
1- Anyone who, with the intent to deceive, places a usurped name on a literary or artistic work.
2- Anyone who forges the author's signature or the mark used by them with the intent to deceive the buyer or to gain unlawful profit.

###### Article 727-معدلة-ملغى

The same penalty applies to anyone who forges a literary or artistic work, whether it has become public property or not.

###### Article 728-معدلة-ملغى

Punishable by a fine from twenty-five to two hundred and fifty liras and imprisonment up to one year, anyone who commits an act that may infringe on the literary or artistic property rights guaranteed by laws and treaties:
- Either by printing or copying.
- Or by translation, adaptation, summarization, or elaboration.
- Or by adaptation or transfer to another art form.
- Or by public performance, playing, recitation, or delivery.

###### Article 729-معدلة-ملغى

The provisions of Articles 720 and 721 apply to the crimes mentioned above.

### Damages to State and Individual Properties Eighth

#### On Demolition and Destruction 1

###### Article 730-Amended

Anyone who intentionally demolishes or vandalizes buildings, memorials, statues, or other structures intended for public benefit or general decoration shall be punished with imprisonment from six months to three years and a fine from one hundred thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 731

The same penalty applies to anyone who intentionally demolishes or vandalizes a memorial or any movable or immovable object of historical value, a statue, or a registered natural view, whether it belongs to them or to others.

###### Article 732-Amended

Anyone who intentionally demolishes any building, in whole or in part, knowing that it belongs to someone else, shall be punished with imprisonment from three months to two years and a fine from fifty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. If the demolition, even partially, affects huts, unplastered walls, or walls built with rubble without clay, the imprisonment shall be from one month to six months and a fine from twenty thousand to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 733-Amended

Anyone who intentionally demolishes or vandalizes something belonging to others not specified in this section shall be punished with a fine not exceeding the value of the damage, provided it is not less than twenty thousand Lebanese pounds. If the value of the destroyed item or the resulting damage exceeds twenty thousand Lebanese pounds, the perpetrator may also be imprisoned for a period not exceeding six months.

###### Article 734

If any of the misdemeanors mentioned in this section result in the death or injury of a person, the criminal shall be punished for this act in accordance with the provisions of Articles 189 and 191.

#### On Boundary Removal and Property Usurpation 2

###### Article 735

Whoever partially or wholly fills a pit, demolishes a wall made of any material, cuts or removes a fence whether green or dry, or demolishes, damages, or moves any marker indicating the boundaries between different properties shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months. The same penalty applies to anyone who demolishes, damages, or moves survey boundaries, guidance markers, demarcation installations, or land leveling markers.

###### Article 736-Amended

If the aforementioned crime is committed to facilitate the usurpation of land or through threats or coercion against persons, the perpetrator shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to one year, in addition to a fine ranging from fifty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 737-Amended

Anyone who does not possess an official document of ownership or possession and seizes a property or part of a property held by another shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine ranging from two hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds. The penalty is increased according to Article 257 in each of the following cases:
1- If the act is accompanied by threats or violence against persons or things.
2- If the usurpation occurs on all or part of public roads, state properties, or communal properties.

###### Article 738-Amended

Anyone who unlawfully seizes a property or part of a property, with the intent of residing, occupying, investing, or using it for any other purpose, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine ranging from two hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds. The penalty is increased according to Article 257 in each of the following cases:
1- If the act is accompanied by threats or violence against persons or things.
2- If the seizure occurs on a building occupied by one of the state administrations, administrative bodies, or public or utility institutions.
3- If the perpetrator does not vacate the property within a week from the date of receiving a written warning or continues to occupy it for more than two months.

#### On Trespassing on Crops, Animals, and Agricultural Machinery 3

###### Article 739

Whoever cuts, damages, or destroys standing crops, trees, or shrubs, whether naturally grown or planted by human hands, or any other similar purposes, knowing that they belong to someone else, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months.

###### Article 740-معدلة

If the destruction involves edible plants, fruit-bearing trees, their saplings, or any other valuable tree from an agricultural, commercial, or industrial perspective, the perpetrator shall be punished with a fine ranging from forty thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and imprisonment from ten days to one month for each edible plant, tree, or sapling, provided that the total penalty does not exceed three years.

###### Article 741

If the crime is limited to pruning edible plants, trees, or saplings, the penalty stipulated in the previous article shall be reduced by half.

###### Article 742

Whoever intentionally and without necessity kills a draft animal, pack animal, riding animal, or livestock of various kinds belonging to someone else shall be punished: with detention if the crime occurs on the perpetrator's property or under their lease or possession in any form of land, stables, barns, or buildings and their dependencies, and with imprisonment for up to six months if the crime occurs on the property of the animal's owner or under their lease or possession in any form, and with imprisonment from fifteen days to two months if the crime is committed in any other place. If one of the aforementioned animals is killed by poisoning, the penalty in all cases shall be imprisonment from three months to two years.

###### Article 743-معدلة

Whoever intentionally destroys, breaks, or disables agricultural tools shall be punished with imprisonment from one month to six months and a fine ranging from twenty thousand to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 744-معدلة

If an armed group of no less than five persons commits looting or destruction of some of the aforementioned properties by force and power, each of the perpetrators shall be punished with temporary hard labor and a fine ranging from fifty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

### On Crimes Related to the Water System Ninth

##### Article 745-Amended

Shall be punished by imprisonment for up to one year and a fine of up to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or one of these penalties, whoever, without permission, undertakes:
1- To carry out works of exploration for underground or explosive water or to confine it, unless the intention is to drill non-explosive wells on private property not exceeding a depth of one hundred and fifty meters.
2- To conduct excavations at a distance from the banks of watercourses, their crossings, irrigation, drainage, and discharge channels less than the depth of these excavations and in any case less than three meters.
3- To remove stones, soil, sand, trees, shrubs, or grasses from those banks or from the beds of temporary or permanent watercourses, lakes, swamps, ponds, and pools.
4- To plant or sow or place anything on the banks of lakes, swamps, ponds, and pools or on the banks of temporary or permanent watercourses or in their beds or between the boundaries of the paths of irrigation, drainage, and discharge channels or water pipes and their crossings authorized for public benefit.
5- To encroach in any form on the banks of springs, temporary or permanent watercourses, swamps, lakes, ponds, and pools or on the boundaries of the paths of irrigation, drainage, and discharge channels or water crossings or pipes authorized for public benefit.
6- To prevent the free flow of public water and to cut off drinking water from its beneficiaries.
7- To carry out any permanent or temporary work that would affect the quantity of public water and its flow.
"and a fine of up to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds" instead of "and a fine of up to two thousand five hundred Lebanese pounds".

##### Article 746

Shall be punished by the fine stipulated in the previous article whoever, without permission, undertakes to clean, deepen, straighten, or organize temporary or permanent watercourses.

##### Article 747-Amended

Shall be punished by imprisonment for up to two years and a fine of up to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds whoever demolishes, overturns, or damages all or part of the structures built for the utilization of public water or for its preservation or for protection against its overflow, especially bridges, dams, crossings, irrigation, drainage, or discharge channels, and visible or buried water pipes, whether a concession has been granted for the water or not.
- The same penalty shall be imposed on anyone who encroaches in any form on the water sources of irrigation projects established by the state or public administrations or bodies with the aim of affecting the quantity of public water and its flow, on irrigation channels and their path boundaries, on their sanctuaries, or on all project facilities established for public benefit, as well as on anyone who plants or sows these places or conducts excavations or builds on them, and shall be ordered to restore the situation to its original state at the expense of the violator.

##### Article 748

The same penalty shall be imposed on whoever:
1- Discharges into public water, whether granted a concession or not, or pours or throws harmful liquids or materials to health or public comfort or that prevent the proper utilization of this water.
2- Throws animal fertilizers or places filth in lands within the area defined by the authority to protect a spring used by the public.
3- Conducts any act that would pollute the spring or the water from which others drink.

##### Article 749-Amended

Whoever intentionally pollutes a spring or water from which others drink shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years and a fine from fifty thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.

## On Offenses Twelfth

### On the Protection of Public Roads and Inhabited Places First

##### Article 750-Amended

Punishable by imprisonment for up to six months and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds or one of these penalties for anyone who:
1- Vandalizes public squares and roads or marks them,
2- Removes or vandalizes signs and numbers placed at street corners or on buildings, kilometer markers, and milestones or marks them.

##### Article 751-Amended

Punishable by imprisonment for up to six months and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds or one of these penalties.
1- Anyone who floods public roads or someone else's property by raising the outlet of their water above the level specified by regulations or by committing any other mistake,
2- Anyone who obstructs the public road without necessity or permission from the authority by placing or leaving anything on it that prevents free and safe passage or narrows it,
3- Anyone who neglects to provide warning during the day and lighting at night in front of excavations and other authorized works or in front of other materials and things they are authorized to place in squares and on public roads,
4- Anyone who extinguishes, removes, or damages lamps or lanterns used to illuminate the public road,
5- Anyone who throws or places dirt, trash, or any other thing on the public road,
6- Anyone who throws or drops dirt or other harmful things on someone unintentionally,
7- Anyone who places advertisements on historical monuments, public buildings, cemeteries, and buildings intended for worship. The advertisements or materials obstructing the road are removed at the expense of the perpetrator or by them.

##### Article 752-Amended

The penalty mentioned in the previous article applies to anyone who, in inhabited areas:
1- Drives draft, pack, riding animals, or other livestock or releases them,
2- Launches fireworks in a manner that could pose a danger to people or things. The confiscated weapons and fireworks are seized. In the case mentioned in the second paragraph, the penalty of disciplinary detention may be imposed.

### On the Protection of Public Places Two

##### Article 753-Amended

The managers of theaters and cinemas and their employees who, during the presentation of a play or film prohibited for children, admit a child or adolescent, male or female, or a girl under eighteen years of age not accompanied by her father, mother, guardian, or one of her adult close relatives, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months at most and a fine from forty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or by one of these penalties.
In case of repetition, the closure of the establishment can be ordered for a period ranging from three days to three months.

##### Article 754-Amended

Any owner of hotels, inns, and furnished houses prepared for rent who neglects to keep, according to the rules, a register in which the name of every person who sleeps or spends the night in his lodging, his occupation, place of birth and date, and the date of his entry and exit is recorded sequentially and without blanks, and who does not present this register upon every request from the competent authority, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months at most and a fine from forty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or by one of these penalties.

##### Article 755-Amended

Persons with the status referred to in the previous article, and managers of theaters, cinemas, and other public places who do not take care of cleaning their premises, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months at most and a fine from 200 to 2000 Lebanese pounds or by one of these penalties.

##### Article 756-Amended

Anyone who neglects the maintenance of stoves, chimneys of bakeries, factories, and other places where fire is used, or neglects to clean and repair them, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months at most and a fine from forty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or by one of these penalties.

### On Offenses Against Public Morals and Tranquility Third

##### Article 757-Amended

Whoever bathes in view of passersby in a manner contrary to decency, or appears in a public place or a place open to the public in such a manner, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months at most and a fine from forty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or by one of these two penalties.

##### Article 758-Amended

Shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months at most and a fine from forty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or by one of these two penalties:
1- Whoever causes noise or commotion in a manner that disturbs the peace of the residents, as well as whoever incites or participates in such an act,
2- Whoever intentionally throws stones or similar solid objects or filth at vehicles, buildings, others' residences, or their fences, gardens, and yards.
3- Whoever releases a harmful animal or sets free a mad person who was under their custody.
4- Whoever incites their dog to attack passersby or chase them, or fails to restrain it from doing so, even if no harm or damage occurs.

##### Article 759-Amended

Whoever prints, sells, or offers for sale engravings, pictures, or drawings that give an incorrect impression of the Lebanese people, which could harm their dignity and reputation, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months at most and a fine from forty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or by one of these two penalties, and such engravings, pictures, and drawings shall be confiscated.

##### Article 760-Amended

Whoever displays a lottery or any other game on the public road without a license shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months at most and a fine from forty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or by one of these two penalties, and the items used to commit the act or prepared for its commission shall be confiscated.

### On the Mistreatment of Animals Fourth

##### Article 761

A domesticated animal, as intended in this section, is considered any animal that lives under the care of the person who owns and raises it.

##### Article 762-معدلة

Anyone who, without cause, mistreats or overburdens a domesticated animal shall be punished with detention and a fine ranging from ten thousand to twenty thousand Lebanese pounds.

##### Article 763

A person who publicly and without cause mistreats a non-domesticated animal shall be punished with the fine mentioned above.

### On Damaging State and Public Property Fifth

##### Article 764-معدلة

Shall be punished by detention and a fine from six thousand to twenty thousand Lebanese pounds anyone who extracts grass, soil, stones, or other materials from state property without permission.

##### Article 765-معدلة

Shall be punished by a fine from two thousand to twenty thousand Lebanese pounds:
1- Anyone who enters another's enclosed or cultivated land or land with crops without having the right of passage.
2- Anyone who grazes or releases livestock or other draft, pack, and riding animals on another's land
- whether it is enclosed land, planted with fruit trees, cultivated, or has crops,
- and in general, anyone who comes to land that does not belong to them or on which they have no right of passage or grazing with animals that can cause damage.
3- Anyone who, through their fault, causes the death, injury, or harm of another's animals.

### On Offenses Affecting Public Trust Sixth

##### Article 766-Amended

Whoever sells goods or demands a fee exceeding the price set in the published pricing according to the law shall be punished with detention and a fine from ten thousand to twenty thousand Lebanese pounds if the law does not impose a harsher penalty.

##### Article 767-Amended

Whoever refuses to accept national currency at its determined value shall be punished with a fine from one thousand to ten thousand Lebanese pounds.

##### Article 768-Amended

Whoever engages, for profit, in spirit communication, hypnosis, astrology, palm reading, card reading, and anything related to the occult shall be punished with detention and a fine from ten thousand to twenty thousand Lebanese pounds. The clothing and tools used shall be confiscated. Repeat offenders shall be punished with imprisonment for up to six months and a fine up to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, and may be deported if they are foreigners.

### On Violations of Measures Issued by the Authority Seventh

##### Article 769-Amended

A fine of ten thousand to twenty thousand Lebanese pounds shall be imposed:
1- On anyone who neglects or refuses to obey the administrative authority's orders to repair or demolish dilapidated buildings,
2- On any person, whether a professional or not, who refuses or hesitates without excuse to provide assistance or perform any work or service requested by the authorities during an incident, drowning, flood, fire, or any other disaster, or during road blockage, robbery, a crime in progress, a call for help, or during the execution of judicial rulings,
In the case mentioned in the first paragraph, a disciplinary detention penalty may be imposed.

##### Article 770-Amended

Anyone who violates administrative or municipal regulations issued in accordance with the law shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months, a fine of one hundred thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or one of these penalties.

##### Article 771

Date of publication and enforcement of this law
This law shall be published immediately in the Official Gazette and shall come into effect on the first of October, 1944.

##### Article 772-Amended

- The Ottoman Penal Code is repealed
- The law issued on January 23, 1946
- Article 173 of the Penal Code
- And all other legislative texts contrary to the provisions of this law.

Review status

Reviewer notes

Advanced: edit structured JSON

The JSON below mirrors the original law structure. Update it only if you need to correct per-article text. Keep keys identical; only translate the values.

{
    "law": {
        "id": 9,
        "title": "Penal Code",
        "published_at": "1943-10-27"
    },
    "nodes": [
        {
            "id": 390,
            "name": "General Provisions",
            "number": "First",
            "articles": [],
            "category": "Book",
            "children": [
                {
                    "id": 391,
                    "name": "On Criminal Law",
                    "number": "First",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 392,
                            "name": "On the Application of Criminal Law in Terms of Time",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 393,
                                    "name": "On the Legality of Crimes",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2936,
                                            "body": "No penalty or preventive or corrective measure shall be imposed for an offense that was not stipulated by law at the time of its commission. The defendant shall not be held accountable for acts constituting the offense and acts of primary or secondary participation committed before the law stipulated this offense.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "1"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2937,
                                            "body": "An offense shall not be suppressed by a penalty or preventive or corrective measure if a new law abolishes it. Criminal judgments rendered shall have no effect, provided that any offense committed in violation of a temporary law during its application period shall not cease to be prosecuted and suppressed after the expiration of the said period.",
                                            "position": 2,
                                            "article_number": "2"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2938,
                                            "body": "Any law that amends the conditions of criminalization in a way that benefits the defendant shall apply to acts committed before its enactment unless a final judgment has been issued regarding them.",
                                            "position": 3,
                                            "article_number": "3-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2939,
                                            "body": "Any law that amends the right of prosecution shall apply to previous offenses if it is more favorable to the defendant. If the new law specifies a period for exercising the right of prosecution, this period shall only commence from the date of the law's enactment. If the law amends a period previously set, it shall proceed according to the old law, provided that its duration does not exceed the period specified by the new law, calculated from the date of its enactment.",
                                            "position": 4,
                                            "article_number": "4"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2940,
                                            "body": "If a law amends the statute of limitations for an offense, this period shall proceed according to the old law, provided that its duration does not exceed the period specified by the new law, calculated from the date of its enactment.",
                                            "position": 5,
                                            "article_number": "5"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 394,
                                    "name": "On the Legitimacy of Penalties",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2941,
                                            "body": "No penalty shall be imposed unless it is prescribed by law at the time the offense is committed.\r\nAn offense is considered committed as soon as the acts of execution are completed, regardless of when the result occurs.",
                                            "position": 6,
                                            "article_number": "6"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2942,
                                            "body": "Any new law, even if more severe, applies to ongoing, continuous, successive offenses, or habitual crimes that continue to be executed under its authority.",
                                            "position": 7,
                                            "article_number": "7"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2943,
                                            "body": "Any new law that abolishes a penalty or prescribes a lighter penalty applies to offenses committed before its enactment unless a final judgment has been issued regarding them.",
                                            "position": 8,
                                            "article_number": "8-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2944,
                                            "body": "Any new law prescribing harsher penalties does not apply to offenses committed before its enactment. However, if the new law modifies the rules of concurrence of offenses and recidivism, the offenses committed and the penalties imposed before its enactment are taken into account when suppressing an act committed under its authority.",
                                            "position": 9,
                                            "article_number": "9"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2945,
                                            "body": "Any new law that modifies the method of executing a penalty by changing its nature does not apply to acts committed before its enactment unless it is more favorable to the defendant or the convicted person.\r\nThe nature of the penalty changes when the new law modifies the legal rules assigned to it in the chapter on penalties of this law.",
                                            "position": 10,
                                            "article_number": "10"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2946,
                                            "body": "Any new law that modifies the statute of limitations on a penalty applies according to the conditions specified in Article Five.",
                                            "position": 11,
                                            "article_number": "11-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 395,
                                    "name": "On the Legitimacy of Preventive and Corrective Measures",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2947,
                                            "body": "No precautionary measure or reform measure shall be imposed except under the conditions and circumstances specified by law.",
                                            "position": 12,
                                            "article_number": "12"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2948,
                                            "body": "Any new law that establishes a precautionary or reform measure shall apply to crimes that have not been adjudicated by the last competent judicial authority in terms of facts. However, penalties imposed before the new law comes into effect shall be considered when suppressing the act committed under its authority in applying the provisions related to habitual criminality.",
                                            "position": 13,
                                            "article_number": "13"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2949,
                                            "body": "Any precautionary or reform measure that is repealed by law or replaced with another measure shall have no effect. If a final judgment has been issued, the trial shall be reopened to apply the new precautionary or reform measure.",
                                            "position": 14,
                                            "article_number": "14"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 396,
                            "name": "On the Application of Criminal Law in Terms of Location",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 397,
                                    "name": "On Territorial Jurisdiction",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2950,
                                            "body": "Lebanese law applies to all crimes committed on Lebanese territory. A crime is considered committed on Lebanese territory:\r\n1- If one of the elements constituting the crime, or an act of an indivisible crime, or an act of principal or accessory participation occurs on this land.\r\n2- If the result occurred on this land or was expected to occur there.",
                                            "position": 15,
                                            "article_number": "15"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2951,
                                            "body": "Lebanese territory includes the air layer covering it, i.e., the airspace.",
                                            "position": 16,
                                            "article_number": "16"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2952,
                                            "body": "For the application of criminal law, the following are considered as Lebanese territory:\r\n1- The territorial sea up to a distance of twenty kilometers from the shore, starting from the lowest low tide level,\r\n2- The airspace covering the territorial sea,\r\n3- Lebanese ships and aircraft,\r\n4- Foreign land occupied by a Lebanese army, if the crimes committed affect the safety of the army or its interests.\r\n5- The contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, and the continental shelf belonging to Lebanon, and the fixed platforms on this continental shelf, in application of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea signed on 10\/12\/1982 in Montego Bay (Jamaica), which the government was authorized to join by Law No. 29 dated 22\/02\/1994.",
                                            "position": 17,
                                            "article_number": "17-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2953,
                                            "body": "Lebanese law does not apply:\r\n1- In the Lebanese airspace, to crimes committed on board a foreign aircraft, if the crime did not exceed the confines of the aircraft.\r\nHowever, crimes that do not exceed the confines of the aircraft are subject to Lebanese law if the perpetrator or the victim is Lebanese, or if the aircraft lands in Lebanon after the crime is committed.\r\n2- In the Lebanese territorial sea or the airspace covering it, to crimes committed on board a foreign ship or aircraft if the crime did not exceed the confines of the ship or aircraft.\r\n3- Repealed by law dated 12\/1\/1946\r\n- Crimes of seizure of foreign ships or goods transported on them are subject to Lebanese law if these ships enter Lebanese territorial waters.\r\n- Any crime committed in or on the ship in this case is subject to Lebanese law, taking into account international agreements approved by the Lebanese authorities.\r\n- The crime of seizing goods from ships, occurring outside territorial waters, is also subject to Lebanese law if these goods are brought into Lebanese territory for local consumption or as \"transit.\"",
                                            "position": 18,
                                            "article_number": "18-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 398,
                                    "name": "On Self-Competence",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2954,
                                            "body": "Lebanese laws apply to any Lebanese, foreigner, or stateless person, whether as a perpetrator, accomplice, instigator, or accessory, who commits outside Lebanese territories or on board a foreign aircraft or ship:\r\n1- Crimes that undermine state security, forgery of the state seal, or counterfeiting or forging Lebanese or foreign currency or banknotes legally or customarily circulated in Lebanon, or forging passports, entry visas, identity tickets, and Lebanese civil status documents. However, these provisions do not apply to a foreigner whose actions do not contravene international law.\r\n2- Committing any felonies against the safety of air or maritime navigation as stipulated in the amended articles 641, 642, and 643 of the Penal Code.\r\n3- Committing any crimes against the safety of fixed platforms on the continental shelf belonging to one of the contracting states in the Rome Protocol dated 10\/03\/1988.\r\n4- Committing crimes with the aim of compelling Lebanon to undertake or refrain from any action, if during their commission there is a threat, detention, injury, or killing of a Lebanese citizen.",
                                            "position": 19,
                                            "article_number": "19-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 399,
                                    "name": "On Personal Jurisdiction",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2955,
                                            "body": "The Lebanese law applies to every Lebanese, whether as a perpetrator, instigator, or accomplice, who commits a felony or misdemeanor outside Lebanese territory that is punishable under Lebanese law. This remains the case even if the defendant loses or acquires Lebanese nationality after committing the felony or misdemeanor.",
                                            "position": 20,
                                            "article_number": "20"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2956,
                                            "body": "Lebanese law applies outside Lebanese territory:\r\n1- To crimes committed by Lebanese officials during or in the course of performing their duties.\r\n2- To crimes committed by Lebanese foreign service officers and consuls as long as they enjoy the immunity granted to them by international public law.",
                                            "position": 21,
                                            "article_number": "21"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2957,
                                            "body": "Lebanese law does not apply within Lebanese territory to crimes committed by foreign service officers and foreign consuls as long as they enjoy the immunity granted to them by international public law.",
                                            "position": 22,
                                            "article_number": "22"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 400,
                                    "name": "On Comprehensive Jurisdiction",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2958,
                                            "body": "Lebanese laws also apply to any foreigner or stateless person residing or found in Lebanon, who has committed abroad, as a perpetrator, accomplice, instigator, or accessory, a felony or misdemeanor not stipulated in Articles 19 (paragraph 1), 20, and 21, if their extradition has not been requested or accepted.\r\nLikewise, if the felony or misdemeanor is committed by anyone against or on board a foreign aircraft chartered without a crew, to a lessee with a principal place of business or permanent residence in Lebanon, if the extradition of the perpetrator has not been requested or accepted.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "Article 23-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 401,
                                    "name": "On the Scope of Foreign Law",
                                    "number": "5",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2959,
                                            "body": "The Lebanese law does not apply to the misdemeanors referred to in Article 20 and punishable by imprisonment not exceeding three years, for any crime referred to in Article 23 if the law of the state where these crimes were committed does not punish them.",
                                            "position": 23,
                                            "article_number": "24"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2960,
                                            "body": "If there is a difference between Lebanese law and the law of the place where the crime occurred, the judge, when applying Lebanese law in accordance with Articles 20 and 23, may consider this difference in favor of the defendant.\r\nThe precautionary or reform measures, loss of capacity, and deprivation of rights stipulated in Lebanese law apply regardless of the law of the place where the crime occurred.",
                                            "position": 24,
                                            "article_number": "25"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2961,
                                            "body": "Regarding crimes committed in Lebanon or abroad, the personal law of the defendant is considered for criminalization:\r\n1- When one of the elements constituting the crime is subject to a special law related to personal status or capacity.\r\n2- When one of the reasons for aggravation or legal excuses, except for juvenile delinquency, arises from a special law related to personal status or capacity.",
                                            "position": 25,
                                            "article_number": "26"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 5
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 402,
                                    "name": "On the Effect of Foreign Judgments",
                                    "number": "6",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2962,
                                            "body": "Except for the felonies stipulated in Article 19 and crimes committed on Lebanese territory, no prosecution shall be initiated in Lebanon against a Lebanese or a foreigner in the following cases:\r\n1 - If prosecuted for fraudulent bankruptcy or negligent bankruptcy or a crime related to these two crimes or one of them due to the bankruptcy or cessation of payment by a company or commercial institution, and the headquarters of this company or institution is located outside Lebanese territory, and the prosecution has taken place in the country where this headquarters is located.\r\n2 - In all other crimes, if a final judgment has been issued abroad and in the case of conviction, if the sentence has been executed or has lapsed due to the passage of time, or by pardon.",
                                            "position": 26,
                                            "article_number": "27-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2963,
                                            "body": "Judgments issued abroad do not prevent the prosecution of any crime in Lebanon as stipulated in Article 19 or committed on Lebanese soil, unless the foreign judicial decision was issued following an official report from the Lebanese authorities.\r\nHowever, the penalty and preventive detention executed abroad shall be deducted to the extent determined by the judge from the original penalty imposed.",
                                            "position": 27,
                                            "article_number": "28"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2964,
                                            "body": "Criminal judgments issued by a foreign judiciary regarding acts described by Lebanese law as felonies or misdemeanors can be relied upon:\r\n1- For the execution of precautionary measures, loss of capacity, and deprivation of rights, as long as they are consistent with Lebanese law and for the execution of restitutions, compensations, and other civil outcomes,\r\n2- For the judgment of precautionary measures, loss of capacity, deprivation of rights, restitutions, compensations, and other civil outcomes as stipulated by Lebanese law,\r\n3- For the application of Lebanese law provisions regarding recidivism, habitual criminality, concurrence of crimes, suspension of execution, and rehabilitation, the Lebanese judge must verify that the foreign judgment complies with the law in form and substance by referring to the case documents.",
                                            "position": 28,
                                            "article_number": "29-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 6
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 403,
                                    "name": "On Recovery",
                                    "number": "7",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2965,
                                            "body": "No one shall be extradited to a foreign state, except in the cases provided for by the provisions of this law, unless it is in application of a treaty with the force of law.",
                                            "position": 29,
                                            "article_number": "30"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2966,
                                            "body": "Extradition is permitted for:\r\n1- Crimes committed on the territory of the requesting state,\r\n2- Crimes that affect its security or financial standing,\r\n3- Crimes committed by one of its nationals",
                                            "position": 30,
                                            "article_number": "31"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2967,
                                            "body": "Extradition is not permitted for crimes within the scope of Lebanese territorial, personal, and subjective jurisdiction as defined by Articles 15 to 17, the end of the first paragraph of Article 18, and Articles 19 to 21.",
                                            "position": 31,
                                            "article_number": "32"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2968,
                                            "body": "Extradition is refused:\r\n1- If Lebanese law does not punish the crime with a criminal or misdemeanor penalty, and the matter is contrary if the circumstances constituting the crime cannot occur in Lebanon due to its geographical situation,\r\n2- If the penalty stipulated in the law of the requesting state or the law of the state where the acts were committed does not reach one year of imprisonment for all the crimes covered by the request.\r\nAnd in the case of a judgment, if the imposed penalty is less than two months of imprisonment.\r\n3- If the crime has been finally adjudicated in Lebanon, or if the public right lawsuit or penalty has lapsed according to Lebanese law, the law of the requesting state, or the law of the state where the crime was committed.",
                                            "position": 32,
                                            "article_number": "33-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2969,
                                            "body": "Extradition is also refused:\r\n1- If the extradition request arises from a crime of a political nature, or appears to be for a political purpose,\r\n2- If the defendant has been enslaved in the territory of the requesting state,\r\n3- If the penalty stipulated in the law of the requesting state is contrary to public order.",
                                            "position": 33,
                                            "article_number": "34"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2970,
                                            "body": "The extradition request is referred to the Public Prosecutor at the Court of Cassation, who investigates the availability or non-availability of legal conditions and the extent of the charge's substantiation. He may issue an arrest warrant for the person sought for extradition after interrogation, then refer the file to the Minister of Justice accompanied by his report.\r\n- The extradition request is decided by a decree issued based on the proposal of the Minister of Justice.",
                                            "position": 34,
                                            "article_number": "35-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2971,
                                            "body": "The defendant who is extradited cannot be prosecuted in person, nor can a penalty be enforced against him, nor can he be extradited to a third state for any crime prior to the extradition other than the crime that was the reason for it, unless the government of the state from which extradition is requested agrees to it under the conditions stated in the previous article.\r\nAnd the consent in this case is not restricted by the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 33.",
                                            "position": 35,
                                            "article_number": "36-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 7
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 1
                },
                {
                    "id": 404,
                    "name": "On Penal Provisions",
                    "number": "Second",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 405,
                            "name": "On Penalties",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 406,
                                    "name": "On General Penalties",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2972,
                                            "body": "The ordinary criminal penalties are:\r\n1- Death penalty.\r\n2- Life hard labor.\r\n3- Life imprisonment.\r\n4- Temporary hard labor.\r\n5- Temporary imprisonment.",
                                            "position": 36,
                                            "article_number": "37"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2973,
                                            "body": "The political criminal penalties are:\r\n1- Life imprisonment.\r\n2- Temporary imprisonment.\r\n3- Exile.\r\n4- House arrest.\r\n5- Civil deprivation.",
                                            "position": 37,
                                            "article_number": "38"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2974,
                                            "body": "The ordinary misdemeanor penalties are:\r\n1- Imprisonment with labor.\r\n2- Simple imprisonment.\r\n3- Fine.",
                                            "position": 38,
                                            "article_number": "39"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2975,
                                            "body": "The political misdemeanor penalties are:\r\n1- Simple imprisonment.\r\n2- House arrest.\r\n3- Fine.",
                                            "position": 39,
                                            "article_number": "40"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2976,
                                            "body": "The penalties for violations are:\r\n1- Disciplinary detention.\r\n2- Fine.",
                                            "position": 40,
                                            "article_number": "41-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2977,
                                            "body": "The subsidiary or additional penalties are:\r\n1- Civil deprivation.\r\n2- Imprisonment accompanying civil deprivation imposed as a principal penalty.\r\n3- Criminal fine.\r\n4- Deprivation of civil rights.\r\n5- Publication of the judgment.\r\n6- Posting of the judgment.\r\n7- Personal confiscation.",
                                            "position": 41,
                                            "article_number": "42"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 407,
                                    "name": "On Criminal Penalties",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2978,
                                            "body": "A death sentence shall not be executed except after consulting the Pardon Committee and obtaining the approval of the Head of State. The person sentenced to death shall be hanged inside the prison building or in any other place designated by the decree ordering the execution of the penalty.\r\nExecution of the death penalty is prohibited on Sundays, Fridays, and national or religious holidays.\r\nExecution of the death penalty for a pregnant woman is postponed until she gives birth.",
                                            "position": 42,
                                            "article_number": "43-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2979,
                                            "body": "If the law does not contain a specific provision, the minimum sentence for temporary hard labor, temporary detention, deportation, house arrest, and civil deprivation is three years, and the maximum is fifteen years.",
                                            "position": 43,
                                            "article_number": "44"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2980,
                                            "body": "Those sentenced to hard labor are compelled to perform strenuous work suitable to their gender and age, whether inside or outside the prison.",
                                            "position": 44,
                                            "article_number": "45"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2981,
                                            "body": "Those sentenced to detention are employed in one of the tasks organized by the prison administration according to their choice at the start of their sentence and cannot be used outside the prison without their consent and are not forced to wear prison uniforms.",
                                            "position": 45,
                                            "article_number": "46"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2982,
                                            "body": "Deportation is the expulsion of the sentenced person from the country.\r\nIf the deported person does not leave the country within fifteen days or returns before the expiration of their sentence, the penalty of detention is substituted for the penalty of deportation for a period not less than the remaining time of the sentence and not more than twice that, provided it does not exceed the maximum limit for temporary detention.\r\nIf the deported person is unable to leave the country or is forced to return due to all countries refusing to allow them to reside on their territory, the penalty of detention or house arrest is substituted for the penalty of deportation for a period not exceeding the remaining time of the sentence.",
                                            "position": 46,
                                            "article_number": "47-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2983,
                                            "body": "House arrest is the designation of a residence for the sentenced person chosen by the judge from a list set by decree, and under no circumstances can the designated residence be a place where the sentenced person had a residence or dwelling, or where the crime was committed, or the residence of the victim or their relatives up to the fourth degree. If the sentenced person leaves the designated residence at any time, the penalty of detention is substituted for house arrest for a period not exceeding the remaining time of the sentence.",
                                            "position": 47,
                                            "article_number": "48"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2984,
                                            "body": "Civil deprivation mandates:\r\n1- Dismissal and exclusion from all public positions and services and deprivation of any pension provided by the state.\r\n2- Dismissal and exclusion from all positions and services in the administration of the sect or union to which the sentenced person belongs and deprivation of any pension or salary provided by this sect or union.\r\n3- Deprivation of the right to be a concessionaire or contractor with the state.\r\n4- Deprivation of the right to be a voter or candidate and from all civil, political, sectarian, and union rights.\r\n5- Ineligibility to be an owner, publisher, or editor of a newspaper or any other periodical publication.\r\n6- Deprivation of the right to run a school and any task in public and private education.\r\n7- Deprivation of the right to carry Lebanese and foreign decorations and honorary titles. Furthermore, a simple imprisonment sentence from three months to three years can be imposed along with civil deprivation, and if the sentenced person is a foreigner, imprisonment is mandatory.",
                                            "position": 48,
                                            "article_number": "49-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2985,
                                            "body": "Anyone sentenced to hard labor or detention is in a state of guardianship during the execution of their sentence, and the exercise of their rights over their property, except for rights inherent to the person, is transferred to a guardian in accordance with the provisions of the Personal Status Law concerning the appointment of guardians for those under guardianship. Any act, management, or disposition carried out by the sentenced person is considered absolutely void, preserving the rights of third parties acting in good faith, and no amount from their income can be delivered to the sentenced person except for amounts permitted by law or prison regulations.\r\nThe sentenced person's property is returned to them upon release, and the guardian must account for their management.",
                                            "position": 49,
                                            "article_number": "50-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 408,
                                    "name": "On Misdemeanor Penalties",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2986,
                                            "body": "The duration of imprisonment ranges between ten days and three years unless the law contains a specific provision.\r\nThe person sentenced to imprisonment with labor is subject to the system specified in Article 46 regarding those sentenced to detention.\r\nThose sentenced to simple imprisonment are not compelled to work, but if they request it, they can be employed in one of the organized jobs in the prison according to their choice. If they choose a job, they are obliged to continue it until the end of their sentence.",
                                            "position": 50,
                                            "article_number": "51"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2987,
                                            "body": "The duration of house arrest in misdemeanors ranges between three months and three years, and it is executed under the same conditions as house arrest in felonies. If the sentenced person leaves the designated place for any period, simple imprisonment is substituted for house arrest for a period not exceeding the remaining time of the sentence.",
                                            "position": 51,
                                            "article_number": "52"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2988,
                                            "body": "The fine in misdemeanors ranges between fifty thousand Lebanese pounds and two million Lebanese pounds unless the law states otherwise.\r\nThe fine can be paid in installments, based on a specific provision in the judgment clause, equal to at least the minimum penalty, provided that the term of the last installment does not exceed one year starting from the day the judgment becomes final.\r\nIf one of the installments is not paid on time, the entire fine becomes due.",
                                            "position": 52,
                                            "article_number": "53-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2989,
                                            "body": "The fine is replaced by simple imprisonment if it is not paid within thirty days starting from the date the judgment becomes final, without prior notice, according to the applicable procedures.\r\nThe judgment imposing the penalty, or otherwise a special decision, specifies the duration of the substituted imprisonment, considering that one day of this penalty equates to a fine ranging between two thousand and ten thousand pounds.\r\nThe substituted imprisonment cannot exceed one year or the maximum original imprisonment penalty required by the crime. If the sentenced person has a known income subject to seizure, compulsory execution can be resorted to before imprisonment.\r\nA deduction from the original penalty is made at the rate specified in the judgment as stated in the second paragraph of this article for any partial payment made before or during imprisonment and for any amount collected.",
                                            "position": 53,
                                            "article_number": "54-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2990,
                                            "body": "The imprisonment penalty is not executed on a pregnant woman who is not detained until six weeks after she gives birth. If both spouses are sentenced to this penalty for a period less than one year and are not detained, they serve it consecutively if they have a child under eighteen years of age in their custody and prove they have a definite place of residence.",
                                            "position": 54,
                                            "article_number": "55-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 409,
                                    "name": "Common Provisions Between Freedom-Depriving Penalties in Felony and Misdemeanor Cases",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2991,
                                            "body": "Detained in different places:\r\n1- Those sentenced to life hard labor, temporary.\r\n2- Those sentenced to life detention, temporary.\r\n3- Those sentenced to imprisonment with labor.\r\n4- Those sentenced to simple imprisonment.",
                                            "position": 55,
                                            "article_number": "56"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2992,
                                            "body": "All proceeds from the convict's work are divided under the supervision of the public prosecutor in charge of execution between the convict, the persons he supports, the personal claimant, and the state for the purpose of collecting fines, legal expenses, and prison administration expenses, in a proportion determined according to the nature of the sentence, provided that the share of both the convict's family and the personal claimant is not less than one-third of the monthly proceeds.\r\nWhen the personal claimant receives the compensation due to him, the shares allocated to the convict and the persons he supports are progressively increased according to his conduct.",
                                            "position": 56,
                                            "article_number": "57-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2993,
                                            "body": "Every convict sentenced to a liberty-depriving penalty of at least three months shall have his treatment in prison improved according to his conduct.\r\nThis improvement includes food, type of work, number of working hours, the necessity of silence, recreation, visits, and correspondence. All of this will be specified by the Penal Execution Law.",
                                            "position": 57,
                                            "article_number": "58"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2994,
                                            "body": "If the convict escapes, every temporary sentence imposed for a felony or misdemeanor is increased by one-third to one-half, except in cases specifically provided for by law.",
                                            "position": 58,
                                            "article_number": "59"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 410,
                                    "name": "On Disciplinary Penalties",
                                    "number": "5",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2995,
                                            "body": "The duration of disciplinary detention ranges between one and ten days and is executed on the convicted individuals in places different from those designated for individuals sentenced to criminal or misdemeanor penalties.\r\nConvicted individuals are not compelled to work during detention.",
                                            "position": 59,
                                            "article_number": "60-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2996,
                                            "body": "The disciplinary fine ranges between six thousand Lebanese pounds and fifty thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 60,
                                            "article_number": "61-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2997,
                                            "body": "The fine is replaced by simple imprisonment if not paid within thirty days from the date the judgment becomes final without prior notice.\r\nThe judgment specifies the substitute detention period, or a special decision does, considering that one day of this penalty equates to a fine ranging between one thousand Lebanese pounds and four thousand Lebanese pounds.\r\nThe substitute penalty cannot exceed ten days and, in any case, the maximum detention period prescribed as the original penalty for the crime.\r\nAny partial payment made before or during detention is deducted from the original penalty at the rate specified by the judgment as stated in the second paragraph of this article.",
                                            "position": 61,
                                            "article_number": "62-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 5
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 411,
                                    "name": "On Secondary and Additional Penalties",
                                    "number": "6",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2998,
                                            "body": "A sentence of life hard labor or life detention entails civil disenfranchisement for life.\r\nA sentence of temporary hard labor, temporary detention, deportation, or house arrest in felonies entails civil disenfranchisement from the day the sentence becomes final until the end of the tenth year following the execution of the original penalty.\r\nExcept in the case of a fugitive convict, it entails civil disenfranchisement even if the in absentia sentence is not final, from the date of issuance until its annulment in accordance with the provisions of Article 346 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.",
                                            "position": 62,
                                            "article_number": "63-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2999,
                                            "body": "The criminal fine ranges between one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and six million Lebanese pounds and is subject to the provisions of Articles 53 and 54 related to the misdemeanor fine.\r\nIn case of non-payment, the fine is replaced by either a hard labor penalty or a detention penalty, depending on whether the original penalty imposed on the convict was hard labor or any other criminal penalty.",
                                            "position": 63,
                                            "article_number": "64-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3000,
                                            "body": "Anyone sentenced to imprisonment or house arrest in misdemeanor cases is deprived throughout the execution of their sentence from exercising the following civil rights:\r\n1- The right to hold public offices and services,\r\n2- The right to hold offices and services in the administration of civil community affairs or the administration of the syndicate to which they belong,\r\n3- The right to be an elector or elected in all state councils,\r\n4- The right to be an elector or elected in all community and syndicate organizations,\r\n5- The right to carry Lebanese or foreign decorations.",
                                            "position": 64,
                                            "article_number": "65"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3001,
                                            "body": "In special cases specified by law, a sentence for any misdemeanor may include a ban on exercising one or more of the rights mentioned in the previous article, with this ban lasting between one and ten years.",
                                            "position": 65,
                                            "article_number": "66"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3002,
                                            "body": "Any decision involving a criminal penalty is posted for one month on the door of the criminal court hall, in the nearest locality to the place of the felony, and in the locality where the convict had a residence or dwelling.\r\nIn cases permitted by a specific legal provision, a sentence involving a misdemeanor penalty may be posted for fifteen days in places designated by the judge. Summaries of the sentences are posted at the expense of the convict. The judge may determine the size of the announcement and the typeface.",
                                            "position": 66,
                                            "article_number": "67"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3003,
                                            "body": "The criminal court may order the publication of any criminal decision in one or two newspapers it designates. Similarly, any sentence involving a misdemeanor penalty may be published in one or two newspapers designated by the judge if the law explicitly provides for it. If the felony or misdemeanor was committed through a newspaper or any other periodic publication, an additional announcement may be published therein.\r\nIf there is no provision for publishing the entire sentence, a summary of it is published.\r\nThe convict is liable for all such expenses and the publication director of the chosen newspaper is fined between twenty thousand and one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if they refuse or delay the publication.",
                                            "position": 67,
                                            "article_number": "68-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3004,
                                            "body": "With the preservation of the rights of third parties acting in good faith, all items resulting from an intentional felony or misdemeanor, or used or intended for their commission, may be confiscated. These items may also be confiscated in unintentional misdemeanors or infractions if the law contains an explicit provision.\r\nIf the items to be confiscated have not been seized, the convict is granted a deadline to deliver them under penalty of paying their value as estimated by the judge.\r\nThe court may, if necessary, seek the assistance of an expert to estimate the value to be paid, and the estimated value is collected in the manner followed for collecting fines.",
                                            "position": 68,
                                            "article_number": "69-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 6
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 412,
                            "name": "On Precautionary Measures",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 413,
                                    "name": "On General Precautionary Measures",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3005,
                                            "body": "Preventive measures depriving freedom are:\r\n1- Detention in a preventive shelter.\r\n2- Isolation.\r\n3- Detention in a workhouse.",
                                            "position": 69,
                                            "article_number": "70"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3006,
                                            "body": "Preventive measures restricting freedom are:\r\n1- Prohibition from visiting taverns,\r\n2- Prohibition of residence,\r\n3- Supervised freedom,\r\n4- Care,\r\n5- Expulsion from the country.",
                                            "position": 70,
                                            "article_number": "71"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3007,
                                            "body": "Preventive measures depriving rights are:\r\n1- Removal from guardianship or trusteeship.\r\n2- Prohibition from practicing a profession.\r\n3- Prohibition from carrying weapons.",
                                            "position": 71,
                                            "article_number": "72"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3008,
                                            "body": "Preventive material measures are:\r\n1- Material confiscation.\r\n2- Preventive bail.\r\n3- Closure of the establishment.\r\n4- Suspension or dissolution of a legal entity.",
                                            "position": 72,
                                            "article_number": "73"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 414,
                                    "name": "On Detention in a Protective Shelter",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3009,
                                            "body": "Anyone sentenced to detention in a precautionary shelter shall be placed in a hospital designated by decree and shall receive the care required by their condition.",
                                            "position": 73,
                                            "article_number": "74"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3010,
                                            "body": "The shelter's doctor must prepare a report on the condition of the sentenced person every six months.\r\nAdditionally, a doctor appointed by the court that ordered the detention must visit at least once a year.",
                                            "position": 74,
                                            "article_number": "75"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3011,
                                            "body": "Anyone sentenced to a penalty that restricts or deprives freedom, isolation, supervised freedom, prohibition of residence, or preventive bail, and is proven to have gone insane during the execution of the sentence, shall be detained in a precautionary shelter where they receive the care required by their condition.\r\nThe duration of the detention cannot exceed the remaining time of the penalty or precautionary measure whose execution was suspended, unless the sentenced person poses a danger to public safety.\r\nWhen the judge orders their release, they shall decide whether the entire or part of the detention period should be deducted from the penalty or precautionary measure.",
                                            "position": 75,
                                            "article_number": "76"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 415,
                                    "name": "On Isolation",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3012,
                                            "body": "The duration of isolation ranges between three years and fifteen years. The isolation is carried out in a work institution or in an agricultural colony designated by a decree. The convicted person is placed in one of these two institutions according to their qualifications and their urban or rural upbringing. Articles 57 and 58 apply to those sentenced to isolation.",
                                            "position": 76,
                                            "article_number": "77"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3013,
                                            "body": "If the convicted person leaves the institution where they are detained for any period, they are subject to imprisonment with labor from one to three years.",
                                            "position": 77,
                                            "article_number": "78"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 416,
                                    "name": "On Detention in a Workhouse",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3014,
                                            "body": "The duration of detention in a workhouse cannot be less than three months or exceed three years. The convicted person is subject to the system specified in Articles 57 and 58. If the convicted person leaves the workhouse for any period, they shall be punished with imprisonment with labor from three months to one year.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "79"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 417,
                                    "name": "On Prohibiting the Frequenting of Taverns",
                                    "number": "5",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3015,
                                            "body": "If a felony or misdemeanor is committed under the influence of alcoholic beverages, the judge may prohibit the convicted person from frequenting bars where these beverages are sold for a period ranging from one to three years, under penalty of imprisonment from ten days to three months. The same punishment applies to the seller and their employees who knowingly serve alcoholic beverages to the convicted person despite the prohibition imposed on them.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "80"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 5
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 418,
                                    "name": "On Prohibition of Residence",
                                    "number": "6",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3016,
                                            "body": "Prohibition of residence is the restriction on the convicted person from being present, after release, in the places specified by the judgment. Residence is prohibited, by law, in the jurisdiction where the felony or misdemeanor was committed and the jurisdiction where the victim or their relatives up to the fourth degree reside, unless the judge decides otherwise.",
                                            "position": 78,
                                            "article_number": "81"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3017,
                                            "body": "The duration of the prohibition of residence ranges between one year and fifteen years. Anyone sentenced to a criminal penalty that restricts or deprives freedom is subject to a prohibition of residence for a period equivalent to the sentence imposed. Anyone sentenced to death, life hard labor, or life detention and pardoned by a general amnesty, or whose sentence was dropped due to the passage of time, reduced, or replaced with another penalty, is subject to a prohibition of residence for fifteen years. A person sentenced to a misdemeanor penalty is not subject to a prohibition of residence unless the law explicitly imposes or permits this prohibition. All of this applies unless the judge decides to increase or decrease the duration of the prohibition within the limits specified in the first paragraph or to exempt the convicted person from it.",
                                            "position": 79,
                                            "article_number": "82"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3018,
                                            "body": "Any violation of the prohibition of residence is punishable by imprisonment from three months to three years. The judge may substitute monitored freedom for the prohibition of residence for a period not less than what remains of the prohibition of residence.",
                                            "position": 80,
                                            "article_number": "83"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 6
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 419,
                                    "name": "On Supervised Freedom",
                                    "number": "7",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3019,
                                            "body": "The purpose of supervised freedom is to verify the rehabilitation of the convicted person and facilitate their reintegration into society. The person under supervision is prohibited from visiting taverns and is subject to residency restrictions.\r\nThey must refrain from visiting places prohibited by laws and regulations and must comply with the conditions imposed by the judge to prevent recidivism. These conditions can be modified during the implementation of the measure.",
                                            "position": 81,
                                            "article_number": "84"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3020,
                                            "body": "The duration of supervised freedom ranges from one to five years unless a specific contrary provision is stated in the law. If there are no special supervisory bodies, the police will undertake the supervision.\r\nA report on the conduct of the convicted person is submitted to the judge at least once every three months.",
                                            "position": 82,
                                            "article_number": "85"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3021,
                                            "body": "Anyone sentenced to supervision who violates the conditions imposed by the law or the judge, or habitually evades supervision, shall be sentenced to imprisonment with labor for a period ranging from three months to three years unless the law specifies another penalty.",
                                            "position": 83,
                                            "article_number": "86"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 7
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 420,
                                    "name": "On Care",
                                    "number": "8",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3022,
                                            "body": "Care is entrusted to institutions recognized by the state.\r\nThe institution must provide work for the convicted person. Its delegates wisely monitor his way of living and offer him advice and assistance.\r\nThe institution may be entrusted with the convict's release fund to use it in his best interest.\r\nA report on the condition and behavior of the convicted person must be submitted to the judicial authority that issued the measure at least once every three months.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "87"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 8
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 421,
                                    "name": "On Deportation from the Country",
                                    "number": "9",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3023,
                                            "body": "Any foreigner sentenced to a criminal penalty may be expelled from Lebanese territory by a special clause in the judgment, and if sentenced to a misdemeanor penalty, they can only be expelled in cases provided by law. The expulsion from the country is either permanent or for a period ranging between three and fifteen years.",
                                            "position": 84,
                                            "article_number": "88"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3024,
                                            "body": "A foreigner who has been ordered to be expelled must leave Lebanese territory by their own means within a period of fifteen days. Any violation of the expulsion order, whether judicial or administrative, is punishable by imprisonment from one month to six months.",
                                            "position": 85,
                                            "article_number": "89"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 9
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 422,
                                    "name": "On the Removal from Guardianship or Custodianship",
                                    "number": "10",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3025,
                                            "body": "The removal from guardianship or trusteeship results in the deprivation of all rights over the child or orphan and their property. The removal can be complete or partial, general or limited to a child or orphan or several children and orphans. The exercise of guardianship or trusteeship is transferred to a guardian in accordance with the provisions of personal status.",
                                            "position": 86,
                                            "article_number": "90"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3026,
                                            "body": "The father, mother, or guardian can be deprived of guardianship or trusteeship if they are sentenced to a criminal penalty and it is proven that they are unworthy of exercising their authority over the child or orphan.",
                                            "position": 87,
                                            "article_number": "91"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3027,
                                            "body": "These individuals are subject to the same measure:\r\n1- If they are sentenced to a criminal or misdemeanor penalty for a crime committed against the child, descendant, or orphan, or in collaboration with them.\r\n2- If the minor under their care commits a felony or misdemeanor resulting from their negligence in disciplining or habitual neglect in supervising them.",
                                            "position": 88,
                                            "article_number": "92"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3028,
                                            "body": "The removal of guardianship or trusteeship can be for life or for a period ranging between three and fifteen years, and in no case can it be decreed for a duration less than the sentence imposed on the father, mother, or guardian from a penalty or preventive measure that restricts freedom.",
                                            "position": 89,
                                            "article_number": "93"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 10
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 423,
                                    "name": "On the Prohibition of Practicing Certain Activities",
                                    "number": "11",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3029,
                                            "body": "Any person can be prohibited from practicing an art, profession, craft, or any work contingent upon the acceptance of the authority or obtaining a certificate if they are convicted of a criminal or misdemeanor penalty for a crime committed in violation of the duties of the profession or the obligations inherent to that work.\r\nIf practicing the work is possible without any condition or license, prohibition from practicing it can only be adjudicated in cases specified by law. The publisher in publication cases is subject to prohibition even if practicing the work is not contingent upon a license.\r\nThe prohibition imposed on them or the owner leads to the suspension of the newspaper for the same duration as the prohibition.",
                                            "position": 90,
                                            "article_number": "94"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3030,
                                            "body": "The duration of the prohibition ranges between one month and two years.\r\nIt can be adjudicated for life if the criminal has been sentenced to temporary prohibition by a final decision that has not been passed for five years or if the law explicitly states so.\r\nPracticing the prohibited work, even if done through an intermediary or on behalf of others, is punishable by imprisonment for up to three months and a fine of up to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 91,
                                            "article_number": "95-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 11
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 424,
                                    "name": "On the Deprivation of the Right to Bear Arms",
                                    "number": "12",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3031,
                                            "body": "A lifetime ban or a ban ranging from three to fifteen years may be imposed on the right to bear arms.\r\nAnyone subject to this measure cannot obtain a license to acquire or carry weapons, and any license previously held is revoked, with no refund of the fee paid.",
                                            "position": 92,
                                            "article_number": "96"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3032,
                                            "body": "Any conviction for a felony or misdemeanor committed using a weapon or with violence entails a three-year ban on the right to bear arms, unless the judgment decision states otherwise.",
                                            "position": 93,
                                            "article_number": "97"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 12
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 425,
                                    "name": "On Real Confiscation",
                                    "number": "13",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3033,
                                            "body": "Items that were manufactured, acquired, sold, or used unlawfully shall be confiscated even if they do not belong to the defendant or the convicted person, or if the prosecution did not lead to a judgment. If the item to be confiscated has not been seized, the convicted person or the defendant is granted a deadline to present it under the penalty of paying double its value as determined by the judge.\r\nThe court may, if necessary, seek the assistance of an expert to estimate the value to be paid, and the estimated value shall be collected in the manner followed for collecting fines.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "Article 98-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 13
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 426,
                                    "name": "On Subsidiary Guarantee",
                                    "number": "14",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3034,
                                            "body": "The precautionary bail is the deposit of a sum of money, public bonds, or the engagement of a solvent guarantor or an insurance contract to ensure the good behavior of the convicted person or to prevent another crime.\r\nThe bail cannot be imposed for less than one year and not more than five years unless the law contains a specific provision.\r\nThe judge shall determine in the judgment the amount to be deposited or the amount that the insurance contract or guarantor must guarantee, and it cannot be less than five thousand liras or more than four hundred thousand liras.",
                                            "position": 94,
                                            "article_number": "99-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3035,
                                            "body": "Supervised freedom is automatically substituted for the precautionary bail for the same period if it is not paid before the date set by the judge within ten days. If the precautionary bail is imposed on a legal entity, it can be collected by seizure. If the available funds do not meet the specified value except by suspending the legal operation of the entity, it may be dissolved by judgment.",
                                            "position": 95,
                                            "article_number": "100"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3036,
                                            "body": "Precautionary bail can be imposed:\r\n1- In the case of a conviction for threat or intimidation.\r\n2- In the case of a conviction for incitement to a felony that did not result in an outcome.\r\n3- If there is a risk that the convicted person may harm the victim or their family members or damage their property.\r\n4- In cases of suspension of execution or suspension of the enforceable judgment.\r\n5- In the case of a conviction of a legal entity for a crime that requires the imposition of supervised freedom.",
                                            "position": 96,
                                            "article_number": "101"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3037,
                                            "body": "The bail is returned, the insurance is canceled, and the guarantor is released if the act intended to be prevented is not committed during the probation period.\r\nIn the opposite case, the bail is collected and preferentially allocated to personal compensation, then to fees, then to fines, and any remaining amount is confiscated for the benefit of the state.",
                                            "position": 97,
                                            "article_number": "102"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 14
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 427,
                                    "name": "On Closing the Establishment",
                                    "number": "15",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3038,
                                            "body": "The closure of the establishment where a crime was committed by its owner or with his consent can be ordered for a period of at least one month and at most two years if the law explicitly permits it, and the closure is mandatory by judgment, regardless of its cause, prohibiting the convicted person from engaging in the same work as stated in Article 94.",
                                            "position": 98,
                                            "article_number": "103"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3039,
                                            "body": "The closure of the establishment ordered due to criminal acts or acts violating public morals requires prohibiting the convicted person or any member of his family or any person who owns or rents the establishment with knowledge of its situation from engaging in the same work there. The prohibition does not affect the property owner or those who have a lien or mortgage or debt on the establishment if they remained uninvolved in the crime.",
                                            "position": 99,
                                            "article_number": "104"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3040,
                                            "body": "If the closure of the establishment is ordered because the investor started his business at his residence without a license, he is required to vacate the premises, while preserving the good faith landlord's right to terminate the lease and claim any damages.",
                                            "position": 100,
                                            "article_number": "105"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3041,
                                            "body": "If this measure is ordered due to the investor's incompetence, its effects are limited to him.",
                                            "position": 101,
                                            "article_number": "106"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3042,
                                            "body": "The penalties stipulated in Article 95 apply to the convicted person and any third party if they violate the provisions of the preceding articles.",
                                            "position": 102,
                                            "article_number": "107"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 15
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 428,
                                    "name": "On the Suspension or Dissolution of a Legal Entity",
                                    "number": "16",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3043,
                                            "body": "Any syndicate, company, association, or legal entity, except for public administrations, may be suspended if its directors, board members, representatives, or workers commit a felony or intentional misdemeanor punishable by at least two years of imprisonment in its name or by one of its means.",
                                            "position": 103,
                                            "article_number": "108"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3044,
                                            "body": "The aforementioned entities may be dissolved in the cases referred to in the previous article:\r\n1- If they do not comply with the legal requirements for establishment,\r\n2- If their purpose of establishment is contrary to the laws or if they actually aim for such a purpose,\r\n3- If they violate the legal provisions stipulated under penalty of dissolution,\r\n4- If they have been suspended by a final decision that has not exceeded five years.",
                                            "position": 104,
                                            "article_number": "109"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3045,
                                            "body": "The suspension is for a minimum of one month and a maximum of two years, and it requires the cessation of all activities of the entity, even if the name is changed and the directors or board members are different. It prevents the transfer of the premises, provided that the rights of third parties acting in good faith are preserved. Dissolution requires the liquidation of the legal entity's assets, and the directors or board members and anyone personally responsible for the crime lose the eligibility to establish or manage a similar entity.",
                                            "position": 105,
                                            "article_number": "110"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3046,
                                            "body": "Any violation of the previous provisions is punishable by imprisonment from one month to six months and a fine ranging between one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and two million Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 106,
                                            "article_number": "111-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 16
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 429,
                                    "name": "On the Calculation of Penalties and Preventive Measures",
                                    "number": "17",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3047,
                                            "body": "Contrary to any other provision, and except for the imprisonment penalty substituted for a fine, a day of punishment or precautionary measure is calculated as 24 hours, and a month as 30 days unless the imposed sentence is less than a year of imprisonment, in which case the month is calculated as 20 days.\r\nHowever, if the imposed sentence is imprisonment for a year or more, this year is calculated as nine months from day to day according to the Western calendar.\r\nThose sentenced to indefinite penalties do not benefit from the provisions of this text, nor do habitual criminals and repeat offenders defined according to the provisions of Article 258 and subsequent articles of the Penal Code benefit from the provisions of this text after the law comes into effect, provided that the judgment or decision being executed specifies this description.",
                                            "position": 107,
                                            "article_number": "112-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3048,
                                            "body": "Every penalty that prohibits or restricts freedom is calculated from the day it began to be executed under the judgment that has become final.\r\nIf penalties prohibiting freedom and penalties restricting freedom are combined, the former are executed first.",
                                            "position": 108,
                                            "article_number": "113"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3049,
                                            "body": "The duration of civil deprivation runs from the day the judgment becomes final, and if the decision was issued in absentia, it is calculated from the date of the last posting report completed in accordance with Article 67. The prohibition from certain civil rights imposed additionally according to Article 66 is executed after the expiration of the original penalty prohibiting or restricting freedom.",
                                            "position": 109,
                                            "article_number": "114"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3050,
                                            "body": "The effects of the judgment ordering detention in a precautionary shelter are executed immediately without regard to any other penalty or precautionary measure that prohibits or restricts freedom. Precautionary measures prohibiting or restricting freedom, except for detention in a precautionary shelter, are executed after penalties prohibiting freedom. Penalties restricting freedom are executed after precautionary measures prohibiting freedom. If precautionary measures prohibiting freedom and precautionary measures restricting freedom are combined, the former are executed first in the following order:\r\n- Detention in a precautionary shelter, isolation, detention in a workhouse, provided that the effects of deportation from the country are executed without regard to any other precautionary measure or any penalty prohibiting rights.",
                                            "position": 110,
                                            "article_number": "115"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3051,
                                            "body": "The prohibition from practicing a profession, the prohibition from carrying weapons, and the precautionary bail are executed after the expiration of the penalties and precautionary measures prohibiting freedom.\r\nAs for other precautionary and real measures or those prohibiting rights, their effects are executed from the day the judgment becomes final.",
                                            "position": 111,
                                            "article_number": "116"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3052,
                                            "body": "Preventive detention is always calculated in the duration of penalties prohibiting or restricting freedom and is deducted from the fine as determined by the judge according to the provisions of Articles 54, 62, and 64, and is deducted from the duration of precautionary measures prohibiting freedom if the judge explicitly states so in the judgment.",
                                            "position": 112,
                                            "article_number": "117"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 17
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 430,
                            "name": "On Reform Measures (Articles 118 to 128 were repealed by Legislative Decree No. 119 dated 16\/9\/1983, which was subsequently repealed by Law No. 422 dated 6\/6\/2002).",
                            "number": "Third",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 3
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 431,
                            "name": "On Civil Obligations",
                            "number": "Fourth",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 432,
                                    "name": "On Types of Civil Obligations",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3053,
                                            "body": "The civil obligations that the criminal judge can rule on are:\r\n1- Restitution.\r\n2- Compensation for damages.\r\n3- Publication of the judgment.\r\n4- Expenses.",
                                            "position": 113,
                                            "article_number": "129"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3054,
                                            "body": "Restitution consists of restoring the situation to what it was before the crime whenever restitution is possible, it must be ruled ex officio.\r\nThe provisions of civil law apply to the restitution of what was in the possession of others.",
                                            "position": 114,
                                            "article_number": "130"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3055,
                                            "body": "The criminal court examining one of the crimes stipulated in Articles 689, 692, and from 695 to 697 must rule ex officio, even if it acquits, to return all embezzled money, rights, or shares to the creditors' mass.",
                                            "position": 115,
                                            "article_number": "131"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3056,
                                            "body": "The provisions of Articles 134 to 136 inclusively of the Code of Obligations and Contracts apply to compensation for damages, and it is ruled upon based on the request of the personal plaintiff.\r\nIn the case of acquittal, it can be ruled upon based on the request of the defendant or the party summoned as a civilly responsible party if it is found that the personal plaintiff exceeded in their claim.\r\nThe judge may decide that the compensation for damages granted, for a felony or misdemeanor that led to death or permanent disability from work, be paid as income for life to the victim or their heirs if they request it.",
                                            "position": 116,
                                            "article_number": "132-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3057,
                                            "body": "The public right is extinguished, following the extinguishment of the personal right, if this extinguishment occurs before the final judgment in the case and if it is explicit, unconditional, and issued by all personal plaintiffs in case of their plurality in the following crimes:\r\n1- In offenses against individuals or their property.\r\n2- In crimes of defamation and slander against individuals who are not employees of public administrations, institutions, municipalities, the army, organized bodies, judges due to their functions, deputies, ministers, and the President of the State in all cases.\r\n3- In crimes of assault, injury, and harm against individuals if the act did not lead to disability or led to disability from work not exceeding ten days.\r\n4- In all misdemeanors occurring between spouses before their legal separation or occurring between ascendants and descendants, or between the father, mother, and adopted child.\r\n5- In the misdemeanors stipulated in Articles 650, 651, 658, 666, the first paragraph of Article 667, 670, 671, and 673.\r\nIn the crimes mentioned in the previous paragraph, and when there are multiple defendants, the extinguishment of the personal right for one of them leads to the extinguishment of the public right for all defendants in the same crime.\r\nAs for other crimes, the personal plaintiff may limit the extinguishment of their personal rights to one or more of the defendants without affecting the public right case, but the legal consequences stipulated in Article 32 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts apply.",
                                            "position": 117,
                                            "article_number": "133-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3058,
                                            "body": "The items subject to confiscation under Article 69 can be awarded to the personal plaintiff based on their request, from the original amount owed to them as compensation for damages and to the extent thereof.\r\nIf the item decided to be confiscated was not seized, the judge may rule, based on the personal plaintiff's request, for its delivery under the penalty of coercive fine stipulated in Article 251 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts or may rule for the criminal to pay its equivalent value.",
                                            "position": 118,
                                            "article_number": "134-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3059,
                                            "body": "The judge may, if requested by the personal plaintiff and if their interest requires it, order the publication of the entire judgment or a summary thereof in one or several newspapers at the expense of the convicted person. The judge may, if requested by the accused and if their interest requires it, order the publication of the acquittal judgment under the same conditions at the expense of the personal plaintiff if it is found that they exceeded in their claim.",
                                            "position": 119,
                                            "article_number": "135"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3060,
                                            "body": "The expenses are borne by the losing party. If there are multiple convicted persons, the fees are divided equally unless the judge decides otherwise. All expenses that do not benefit the case remain the responsibility of the one who caused them, even if they are not the loser. This does not affect the provisions of the Trade Law concerning bankruptcy cases.\r\nThe Public Prosecution applies the installment rule mentioned in Article 53 to judicial fees and expenses. The complainant or plaintiff is exempted from fees and expenses if the crime that caused the investigation actually occurred but the investigation could not identify the perpetrator. In the event of the convicted person's death, absence, or incapacity, the fees and expenses are collected by the Ministry of Finance according to the rule of collecting state funds.",
                                            "position": 120,
                                            "article_number": "136-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3061,
                                            "body": "The personal plaintiff who withdraws their case within twenty-four hours is not liable for the expenses incurred since the notification of the Public Prosecution and the defendant of this withdrawal. The expenses incurred by a personal right case that was decided to be inadmissible remain the responsibility of the personal plaintiff unless they benefited the case.",
                                            "position": 121,
                                            "article_number": "137"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 433,
                                    "name": "Common Provisions",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3062,
                                            "body": "Every crime that causes material or moral damage to others obliges the perpetrator to compensate. Civil obligations are imposed on the perpetrator of the crime who benefited from one of the reasons for exemption.",
                                            "position": 122,
                                            "article_number": "138"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3063,
                                            "body": "According to Legislative Decree 119 dated 16\/9\/1983\r\nA mad person who commits a crime without discernment is not liable for damages unless there is no person upon whom the responsibility for his act falls, or if this person is insolvent, the judge estimates the damages considering the condition of both parties as stated in the last paragraph of Article 122 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts.",
                                            "position": 123,
                                            "article_number": "139-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3064,
                                            "body": "A crime committed in a state of necessity obliges, civilly, the person who benefited from it to the extent of the damage caused.",
                                            "position": 124,
                                            "article_number": "140"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3065,
                                            "body": "The obligation to return is indivisible. All persons convicted for a single crime bear other civil obligations jointly, but the solidarity does not include expenses unless those convicted for a single crime were tried in the same case, and the judge may, in any case, exempt those convicted from solidarity regarding expenses.",
                                            "position": 125,
                                            "article_number": "141"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3066,
                                            "body": "Civilly responsible parties are summoned to trial and are jointly liable with the perpetrator of the crime for the restitution and expenses owed to the state. They are judged for all civil obligations if the personal plaintiff requests it.",
                                            "position": 126,
                                            "article_number": "142"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3067,
                                            "body": "The Misdemeanor Court and the Criminal Appeal Court, when considering one of the misdemeanors stipulated in the chapters on counterfeiting and bankruptcy, and the Criminal Court considering any crime, may rule on the defendant or accused, upon acquittal, for all civil obligations requested by the injured party if the act constitutes a civil or quasi-civil offense.",
                                            "position": 127,
                                            "article_number": "143"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3068,
                                            "body": "If fines and civil obligations coincide and the convicted person's assets are insufficient, the collected money is distributed according to the following order:\r\n1- Civil obligations adjudged in favor of the injured party.\r\n2- Expenses owed to the state.\r\n3- Fine.",
                                            "position": 128,
                                            "article_number": "144"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3069,
                                            "body": "Damages and expenses can be paid in installments according to the provisions of Article 300 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts.",
                                            "position": 129,
                                            "article_number": "145"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3070,
                                            "body": "Coercive imprisonment can be resorted to in accordance with the Civil Procedure Law and for the execution of civil obligations, excluding publication in newspapers and restitution of what was adjudged to be returned. In the case of a solidarity judgment, the convicted person may only be imprisoned for the part that pertains to him.\r\nCoercively imprisoned individuals are detained in special places.",
                                            "position": 130,
                                            "article_number": "146-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 4
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 434,
                            "name": "On the Expiration of Criminal Judgments",
                            "number": "Fifth",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 435,
                                    "name": "General Provisions",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3071,
                                            "body": "The reasons that nullify criminal judgments or prevent or suspend their execution are as follows:\r\n1- Death of the convicted person.\r\n2 - General amnesty.\r\n3 - Special pardon.\r\n4 - (Repealed)\r\n5 - Rehabilitation.\r\n6 - Statute of limitations.\r\n7 - Suspension of execution.\r\n8 - (Repealed).\r\n- Except for rehabilitation, the appellate public prosecutor decides on the nullification of judgments issued within his jurisdiction.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "Article 147-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3072,
                                            "body": "The reasons that nullify criminal judgments or prevent or suspend their execution have no effect on civil obligations, which remain subject to the provisions of the Code of Obligations and Contracts.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "148"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 436,
                                    "name": "On the Death of the Convicted Person",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3073,
                                            "body": "All consequences of the criminal judgment are nullified by the death of the convicted person.\r\nIt prevents the collection of fines and the publication and posting of the judgment as stipulated in Articles 67 and 68, and it has no effect on personal confiscation if the confiscated items have been awarded to the personal claimant, nor on real confiscation, nor on the closure of the establishment in accordance with Article 104.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "149"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 437,
                                    "name": "On General Amnesty",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3074,
                                            "body": "General amnesty is issued by the legislative authority and nullifies all principal, subsidiary, or additional penalties. It does not include precautionary and reformative measures unless the amnesty law explicitly states so. Fines collected and items confiscated pursuant to Article 69 are not returned.",
                                            "position": 131,
                                            "article_number": "150"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3075,
                                            "body": "If the amnesty law does not contain an explicit provision, the pardoned penalties are considered for the application of provisions related to suspension of execution, suspension of enforceable judgment, rehabilitation, recidivism, and habitual criminality. General amnesty does not prevent the request for retrial.",
                                            "position": 132,
                                            "article_number": "151-Amended-Cancelled-by-Law-5-February-1948"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 438,
                                    "name": "On Special Pardon",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3076,
                                            "body": "The special pardon is granted by the Head of State after consulting the Pardon Committee. The convicted person cannot refuse to benefit from the pardon. The pardon can be conditional and may be subject to one or more of the obligations specified in Article 70. If the act committed is a felony, compensation must be made to the personal plaintiff according to the third paragraph of Article 170 within a maximum period of three years.",
                                            "position": 133,
                                            "article_number": "152"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3077,
                                            "body": "The special pardon is personal and can involve substituting the penalty, dropping the duration of the penalty or precautionary measure, or reducing it wholly or partially. The pardon does not include subsidiary or additional penalties and precautionary measures imposed in addition to the original penalty unless explicitly stated in the decree granting it.",
                                            "position": 134,
                                            "article_number": "153"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3078,
                                            "body": "A pardon cannot be granted to someone who has not been sentenced by a final judgment. The suspension of execution and the suspension of the enforceable judgment do not prevent obtaining a pardon.",
                                            "position": 135,
                                            "article_number": "154"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3079,
                                            "body": "Dropping the penalty or precautionary measure is equivalent to their execution. The effect of the dropped or substituted penalty continues for the application of provisions related to suspension of execution, suspension of the enforceable judgment, rehabilitation, recidivism, and habitual criminality.",
                                            "position": 136,
                                            "article_number": "155"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3080,
                                            "body": "Anyone who has been granted a pardon loses it if they commit another crime that exposes them to recidivism penalties or if it is proven by a judicial ruling that they have violated one of the obligations imposed by Article 152.",
                                            "position": 137,
                                            "article_number": "156"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 439,
                                    "name": "On the Rights of the Injured Party",
                                    "number": "5",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3081,
                                            "body": "In the crimes specified in this article, the waiver of personal rights occurring within two days from the date of the claim results in the waiver of public rights without anyone being required to pay fees.\r\nHowever, the waiver occurring after this period and before the case is finally adjudicated results in the waiver of public rights, but the claimant remains obligated to pay the fees.\r\nPublic rights are waived following personal rights and according to the conditions outlined in the first paragraph in the following crimes:\r\n1- In offenses against individuals or their property.\r\n2- In crimes of insult, slander, and defamation against individuals who are not state employees, military personnel, organized bodies, public administrations, or judges due to their functions or positions, and against the head of state in all cases.\r\n3- In crimes of assault and injury against individuals not mentioned in the second clause above if the act did not lead to disability or led to a disability from work not exceeding ten days.\r\n4- In all misdemeanors occurring between spouses before their legal separation or occurring between ascendants and descendants or between the father and mother and the adopted child, and the misdemeanors stipulated in articles 650, 651, 658, 670, 671, 673, and 674.",
                                            "position": 138,
                                            "article_number": "157-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3082,
                                            "body": "Forgiveness can be inferred from any act that implies the victim's pardon or reconciliation between the litigants. Forgiveness is irrevocable and cannot be conditional. Forgiveness of one of the convicted includes the others. Forgiveness does not apply to the penalty if there are multiple personal claimants unless it is issued by all of them.",
                                            "position": 139,
                                            "article_number": "158-ملغى"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 5
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 440,
                                    "name": "On Rehabilitation",
                                    "number": "6",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3083,
                                            "body": "Any person convicted of a felony or misdemeanor can be granted rehabilitation by a judicial decision if they meet the following conditions:\r\n1- Seven years must have passed for a felony and three years for a misdemeanor since the execution of the sentence and any accompanying preventive measure restricting freedom, or since it was nullified by the passage of time.\r\nIf the sentence imposed is civil deprivation, the period runs from the day the decision becomes final, and in the case of additional imprisonment, from the expiration of this sentence. If the sentence imposed is a fine, the period runs from the day of payment or the expiration of the substitute imprisonment. If the convicted person is a repeat offender in the legal sense or has previously been granted rehabilitation, the period is doubled.\r\n2- No subsequent judgment of a felony or misdemeanor has been issued against them. Any subsequent judgment with one of these penalties interrupts the period.\r\n3- The civil obligations entailed by the judgment have been executed, nullified, or have expired, or the convicted person proves that they were in a situation where they could not fulfill these obligations. A bankrupt person must prove that they have settled the debt principal, interest, and expenses, or have been exempted from it.\r\n4- It is evident from prison records and an investigation into the conduct of the convicted person after release that they have truly reformed.",
                                            "position": 140,
                                            "article_number": "159"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3084,
                                            "body": "Any person convicted of a misdemeanor that restricts or deprives freedom is automatically rehabilitated if they have not been sentenced to another imprisonment, house arrest, or a more severe penalty within seven years since the expiration of their sentence. Any person convicted of a misdemeanor fine is automatically rehabilitated if they have not been sentenced to another misdemeanor fine or a more severe penalty within five years since payment or the end of the substitute imprisonment period.",
                                            "position": 141,
                                            "article_number": "160"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3085,
                                            "body": "Rehabilitation nullifies for the future the effects of all issued judgments and annuls the subsidiary or additional penalties and preventive measures, as well as the resulting loss of eligibility. The mentioned judgments cannot be counted thereafter for repetition or habitual criminality, nor can they prevent the suspension of execution.",
                                            "position": 142,
                                            "article_number": "161"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 6
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 441,
                                    "name": "On Prescription",
                                    "number": "7",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3086,
                                            "body": "The passage of time prevents the execution of penalties and precautionary measures, provided that the passage of time does not apply to penalties and precautionary measures that prevent rights or to residence bans and real confiscation.\r\nThe mere issuance of a judgment in the case, even if at the first instance, halts the passage of time on the public right claim and it only resumes according to the provisions of Article 163 and subsequent articles of the Penal Code.",
                                            "position": 143,
                                            "article_number": "162-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3087,
                                            "body": "The statute of limitations for the death penalty and life imprisonment is twenty-five years.\r\nThe statute of limitations for temporary criminal penalties is double the duration of the penalty imposed by the court and cannot exceed twenty years or be less than ten years.\r\nThe statute of limitations for any other criminal penalty is ten years, and this period also applies to any misdemeanor penalty imposed for a felony.\r\nThe statute of limitations runs from the date of the judgment if issued in absentia and from the date it becomes final if issued in presence and the convicted is not detained, otherwise from the day of evasion from execution.\r\nIf the convicted evades the execution of a prohibitive or restrictive penalty, half of the duration of the penalty executed is deducted from the statute of limitations.",
                                            "position": 144,
                                            "article_number": "163-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3088,
                                            "body": "The statute of limitations for misdemeanor penalties is double the duration of the penalty imposed by the court and cannot exceed ten years or be less than five years.\r\nThe statute of limitations for any other misdemeanor penalty is five years.\r\nThe statute of limitations runs:\r\n- In a judgment in presence from the date of issuance if it is at the final instance, and from the date it becomes final if it is at the first instance.\r\n- And in a judgment in absentia from the notification to the convicted personally or at their residence.\r\nIf the convicted is detained, from the day of evasion from execution, and in this case, half of the duration of the penalty executed is deducted from the statute of limitations.",
                                            "position": 145,
                                            "article_number": "164-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3089,
                                            "body": "The statute of limitations for contraventions is two years, starting as mentioned in the previous article.",
                                            "position": 146,
                                            "article_number": "165"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3090,
                                            "body": "The statute of limitations for precautionary measures is three years and does not begin until the day the precautionary measure becomes effective in accordance with Articles 115 and 116 or after the statute of limitations on the penalty that this measure was associated with, all provided that no decision is issued by the judge before the lapse of seven years, as previously, confirming that the convicted remains a danger to public safety, in which case the execution of the precautionary measure is ordered.",
                                            "position": 147,
                                            "article_number": "166"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3091,
                                            "body": "No reformative measure that was neglected for a full year shall be executed except by a decision issued by the Juvenile Court upon the request of the Public Prosecution.",
                                            "position": 148,
                                            "article_number": "167-Cancelled-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3092,
                                            "body": "The statute of limitations is calculated from day to day excluding the first day. The statute of limitations is suspended by any legal or material obstacle that prevents the execution of the penalty or measure and is not caused by the will of the convicted, and it is interrupted by:\r\n1- The presence of the convicted or any action taken by the authority for the purpose of execution.\r\n2- The commission by the convicted of another crime equivalent to the crime that necessitated the penalty or measure or a more serious crime.\r\nHowever, the duration of the statute of limitations cannot in any case exceed double its length.",
                                            "position": 149,
                                            "article_number": "168"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 7
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 442,
                                    "name": "On Suspension of Execution",
                                    "number": "8",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3093,
                                            "body": "The judge, when ruling on a misdemeanor or petty offense penalty, may order its suspension if the convicted person has not previously been sentenced to a penalty of the same type or more severe. The convicted person is not granted suspension of execution if they do not have a real place of residence in Lebanon or if it has been decided to deport them judicially or administratively. The suspension of execution does not suspend the execution of additional or subsidiary penalties or precautionary measures.",
                                            "position": 150,
                                            "article_number": "169"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3094,
                                            "body": "The judge may condition the suspension of execution on one or more of the following obligations:\r\n1- The convicted person provides a precautionary guarantee.\r\n2- The convicted person submits to supervision.\r\n3- The personal plaintiff receives full or partial compensation within a period not exceeding two years for a misdemeanor or six months for a violation.",
                                            "position": 151,
                                            "article_number": "170"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3095,
                                            "body": "A person loses the benefit of suspension of execution if, within five years or two years depending on whether they were sentenced for a misdemeanor or petty offense, they commit another crime for which they are sentenced to a penalty of the same type or a more severe penalty, or it is established by a judgment that they violated the obligations imposed by the judge under the previous article.",
                                            "position": 152,
                                            "article_number": "171-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3096,
                                            "body": "If the execution period does not lapse, the judgment is considered null upon the expiration of the probation period, and the additional penalties and precautionary measures no longer have effect, except for detention in a precautionary shelter, confiscation in rem, and closure of the premises as stipulated in Article 104.\r\nHowever, the suspension of execution can be revoked even after the expiration of the probation period if an appeal or prosecution of the new crime was initiated before the expiration of the mentioned period.",
                                            "position": 153,
                                            "article_number": "172"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 8
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 443,
                                    "name": "On the Suspension of the Enforceable Judgment",
                                    "number": "9",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3097,
                                            "body": "The judge may release any person sentenced to a prohibitive or restrictive penalty of freedom, whether criminal or misdemeanor, after serving three-quarters of their sentence if it is proven that they have truly reformed. However, the executed sentence cannot be less than nine months. If the sentence is life imprisonment, the convict may be released after twenty years of imprisonment.",
                                            "position": 154,
                                            "article_number": "173-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3098,
                                            "body": "The suspension of the enforceable sentence cannot be granted if there is a preventive measure restricting freedom that must be executed on the convict after the expiration of their sentence, and it has no effect on subsidiary and additional penalties. The convict sentenced to hard labor and detention remains in custody until the expiration of their sentence unless the judge decides otherwise.",
                                            "position": 155,
                                            "article_number": "174"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3099,
                                            "body": "If the convict shows definite signs of reintegration into society, the judge may suspend the execution of isolation, placement in a workhouse, prohibition from residence, and supervised freedom after a trial period equal to half the duration of the prescribed measure, provided that this period does not fall below the minimum measure stipulated by law.",
                                            "position": 156,
                                            "article_number": "175-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3100,
                                            "body": "The suspension of the enforceable sentence or the preventive measure restricting freedom may be conditioned on subjecting the convict to supervised freedom throughout the trial period if the sentence did not include this measure. It may also require the fulfillment of one or more of the obligations stipulated in Article 170.\r\nThe maximum period within which compensation must be made to the personal plaintiff is three years in felony cases, and the period must not exceed, in any case, the remaining duration of the suspended sentence or preventive measure.",
                                            "position": 157,
                                            "article_number": "176-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3101,
                                            "body": "The execution of the penalty or preventive measure is resumed if the convict commits another crime before their expiration, which necessitates a sentence of a criminal or misdemeanor penalty, or if it is proven by judgment that they violated supervised freedom or breached one of the obligations imposed under the previous article, or if they have gained a bad reputation.",
                                            "position": 158,
                                            "article_number": "177-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3102,
                                            "body": "If the time of the enforceable sentence has not expired, neither the penalty nor the preventive measure is executed upon their expiration.\r\nHowever, it is possible to rule for its annulment after the expiration of the penalty or preventive measure if the prosecution of the new crime or the annulment lawsuit was initiated before the expiration of the mentioned period.",
                                            "position": 159,
                                            "article_number": "178-ملغى"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 9
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 5
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 2
                },
                {
                    "id": 444,
                    "name": "On the Crime",
                    "number": "Third",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 445,
                            "name": "On the Legal Element of the Crime",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 446,
                                    "name": "On the Legal Description",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3103,
                                            "body": "The crime is a felony, misdemeanor, or infraction depending on whether it is punishable by a criminal, misdemeanor, or disciplinary penalty. The legal description considers the maximum of the most severe penalty prescribed by law.",
                                            "position": 160,
                                            "article_number": "179"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3104,
                                            "body": "The legal description does not change if the prescribed penalty is replaced with a lighter penalty when considering mitigating circumstances or excuses.",
                                            "position": 161,
                                            "article_number": "180"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 447,
                                    "name": "On the Concurrence of Intentional Crimes",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3105,
                                            "body": "If an act has several descriptions, all shall be mentioned in the judgment, and the judge shall impose the harsher penalty. However, if the act falls under both a general provision of the penal code and a specific provision, the specific provision shall be applied.",
                                            "position": 162,
                                            "article_number": "181"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3106,
                                            "body": "An act shall not be prosecuted more than once. However, if the criminal consequences of the act worsen after the first prosecution, making it subject to a harsher description, it shall be prosecuted under this description, and the harsher penalty shall be enforced exclusively. If the previously imposed penalty has been executed, it shall be deducted from the new penalty.",
                                            "position": 163,
                                            "article_number": "182"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 448,
                                    "name": "On Justification Reasons",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3107,
                                            "body": "An act committed in the exercise of a right without exceeding it is not considered a crime.",
                                            "position": 164,
                                            "article_number": "183"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3108,
                                            "body": "After exercising a right, any act dictated by an immediate necessity to repel an unjust and unprovoked attack on oneself, one's property, or the person or property of another is justified. Both natural and legal persons are equally protected. If there is an excess in defense, the perpetrator of the crime may be exempted from punishment under the conditions mentioned in Article 228.",
                                            "position": 165,
                                            "article_number": "184-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3109,
                                            "body": "An act committed in execution of a legal provision or a legitimate order issued by the authority is not considered a crime.\r\nIf the order issued is illegitimate, the perpetrator is justified if the law does not allow them to verify its legitimacy.\r\nThe following paragraph was added by the law enacted by Decree No. 15739 dated 11\/3\/1964:\r\nA written order given by:\r\n1 - The President of the Judicial Inspection Authority.\r\n2 - The President of the Central Inspection Authority.\r\n3 - The Director General of the Internal Security Forces.\r\n4 - The Director General of General Security.\r\nEach within their scope of authority.\r\nTo an employee to simulate involvement in a bribery crime punishable under Articles 351 to 356 of the Penal Code, with the aim of discovering the perpetrators of these crimes, provided that the justification for this involvement is to control this type of crime, and that the activity of the person assigned with this order does not exceed the intended purpose.\r\n\r\nSpecial Provisions Regarding Illegitimate Orders\r\n\"Anyone prosecuted for one of the crimes specified in Article 401 of this law may not invoke any excuse to justify their act, such as necessity, national security requirements, orders from higher authority, or any other excuse.\r\nOrders for torture issued by an employee of any rank, corps, or authority are not considered legitimate orders under any circumstances.\"",
                                            "position": 166,
                                            "article_number": "185-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3110,
                                            "body": "An act authorized by law is not considered a crime. The law authorizes:\r\n1) Non-violent disciplinary measures exercised by parents on their children, provided they do not leave any marks on the children's bodies or cause harm to their physical or mental health.\r\n2) Surgical operations and medical treatments that comply with the principles of the art, provided they are performed with the consent of the patient or their legal representatives, or in cases of urgent necessity.\r\n3) Acts of violence that occur during sports games if the rules of the game are observed.",
                                            "position": 167,
                                            "article_number": "186-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3111,
                                            "body": "An act punishable for infringing on another's will is not considered a crime if committed with their prior or concurrent consent.",
                                            "position": 168,
                                            "article_number": "187"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 449,
                            "name": "On the Mental Element of the Crime",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 450,
                                    "name": "On Intent",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3112,
                                            "body": "Intent is the will to commit the crime as defined by law.",
                                            "position": 169,
                                            "article_number": "188"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3113,
                                            "body": "A crime is considered intentional even if the criminal result arising from the act or omission exceeds the perpetrator's intent, if he had foreseen its occurrence and accepted the risk.",
                                            "position": 170,
                                            "article_number": "189"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3114,
                                            "body": "Fault occurs if the harmful act results from negligence, lack of caution, or failure to observe laws and regulations.",
                                            "position": 171,
                                            "article_number": "190"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3115,
                                            "body": "A crime is unintentional whether the perpetrator did not foresee the result of his wrongful act or omission, and it was within his ability or duty to foresee it, or whether he foresaw it but believed he could avoid it.",
                                            "position": 172,
                                            "article_number": "191"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 451,
                                    "name": "On the Motive",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3116,
                                            "body": "The motive is the reason that drives the perpetrator to act or the ultimate goal they seek. It is not considered an element of criminalization except in cases specified by law.",
                                            "position": 173,
                                            "article_number": "192-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3117,
                                            "body": "If the judge determines that the motive was honorable, the following penalties are imposed:\r\n- Life detention instead of the death penalty,\r\n- Life detention or fifteen years instead of life hard labor,\r\n- Temporary detention instead of temporary hard labor,\r\n- Simple imprisonment instead of imprisonment with labor,\r\nAdditionally, the judge may exempt the convicted person from the posting and publication of the judgment imposed as a penalty.\r\nThe motive is considered honorable if it is characterized by chivalry and nobility, devoid of selfishness, personal considerations, and material benefit.",
                                            "position": 174,
                                            "article_number": "193-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3118,
                                            "body": "If the crime punishable by life or temporary detention or simple imprisonment was inspired by a disgraceful motive, the judge shall substitute: life detention with life hard labor, temporary detention with temporary hard labor, simple imprisonment with imprisonment with labor.",
                                            "position": 175,
                                            "article_number": "194"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3119,
                                            "body": "If a crime committed for the purpose of gain is not punishable by a fine, this penalty and the penalty provided by law shall both be imposed.",
                                            "position": 176,
                                            "article_number": "195"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 452,
                                    "name": "On Political Crimes",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3120,
                                            "body": "Political crimes are intentional crimes committed by the perpetrator with a political motive.\r\nThey are also crimes against general and individual political rights unless the perpetrator was driven by a vile selfish motive.",
                                            "position": 177,
                                            "article_number": "196"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3121,
                                            "body": "Crimes are considered political if they are compound or associated with political crimes unless they are among the most serious felonies in terms of morality and public rights, such as murder, serious injury, assault on property by burning, blowing up, or drowning, and serious thefts, especially those committed with weapons and violence, as well as attempts at such felonies.\r\nHowever, in civil war or rebellion, compound or associated crimes are not considered political unless the customs of war do not prohibit them and they are not acts of barbarism or sabotage.",
                                            "position": 178,
                                            "article_number": "197"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3122,
                                            "body": "If the judge determines that the crime has a political character, the following penalties are imposed:\r\n- Life detention instead of the death penalty or life hard labor.\r\n- Temporary detention, deportation, criminal house arrest, or civil stripping instead of temporary hard labor.\r\n- Simple imprisonment or misdemeanor house arrest instead of imprisonment with labor.\r\nThese provisions do not apply to crimes against the external security of the state.",
                                            "position": 179,
                                            "article_number": "198"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3123,
                                            "body": "If the judge determines that the crime punishable by a political penalty was committed with a vile selfish motive, the penalty prescribed by law is replaced with the corresponding penalty in the previous article. However, life detention cannot be converted to anything other than life hard labor.",
                                            "position": 180,
                                            "article_number": "199"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 453,
                            "name": "On the Material Element of the Crime",
                            "number": "Third",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 454,
                                    "name": "On Attempt",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3124,
                                            "body": "Any attempt to commit a felony that begins with acts directly aimed at its commission is considered the same as the felony itself if only circumstances beyond the perpetrator's control prevent its completion.\r\nHowever, the penalties specified in the law may be reduced as follows:\r\n- The death penalty may be replaced with life hard labor or temporary hard labor from seven to twenty years.\r\n- Life hard labor may be replaced with temporary hard labor for at least five years.\r\n- Life imprisonment may be replaced with temporary imprisonment for at least five years.\r\n- Any other penalty may be reduced from half to two-thirds, and anyone who begins an act and voluntarily refrains from it is only punished for the acts committed that constitute crimes in themselves.",
                                            "position": 181,
                                            "article_number": "200-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3125,
                                            "body": "If all acts aimed at committing a felony have been completed but did not lead to an effect due to circumstances unrelated to the perpetrator's will, the penalties may be reduced as follows:\r\n- The death penalty may be replaced with life hard labor or temporary hard labor from ten to twenty years.\r\n- Life hard labor may be replaced with temporary hard labor from seven to twenty years.\r\n- Life imprisonment may be replaced with temporary imprisonment from seven to twenty years.\r\n- Any other penalty may be reduced by up to half.\r\nThe penalties mentioned in this article may be reduced by up to two-thirds if the perpetrator, by his own will, prevents the result of his act.",
                                            "position": 182,
                                            "article_number": "201-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3126,
                                            "body": "An attempt in a misdemeanor and an incomplete misdemeanor is not punishable except in cases explicitly provided by law.\r\nThe penalty imposed for a complete misdemeanor may be reduced by up to half in an attempted misdemeanor and up to a third in a failed misdemeanor.",
                                            "position": 183,
                                            "article_number": "202-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3127,
                                            "body": "An attempt is punishable even if it is impossible to achieve the goal due to a material circumstance unknown to the perpetrator, provided that the perpetrator is not punished in this case if his act was done without understanding. Likewise, one who commits an act mistakenly believing it to be a crime is not punished.",
                                            "position": 184,
                                            "article_number": "203"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 455,
                                    "name": "On the Meeting of Reasons",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3128,
                                            "body": "The causal link between the act or omission on one hand and the criminal result on the other is not negated by the presence of other causes, whether prior, concurrent, or subsequent, regardless of whether the perpetrator was unaware of them or they were independent of his act.\r\nThe matter differs if the subsequent cause is independent and sufficient by itself to produce the criminal result.\r\nIn this case, the perpetrator is only subject to the penalty for the act he committed.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "204"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 456,
                                    "name": "On the Material Concurrence of Crimes",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3129,
                                            "body": "If multiple felonies or misdemeanors are proven, a penalty is imposed for each crime, and the most severe penalty is executed exclusively.\r\nHowever, it is possible to combine the penalties imposed so that the total of the temporary penalties does not exceed the maximum penalty specified for the most severe crime by more than half.\r\nIf there has been no decision to merge or combine the penalties imposed, the matter is referred to the judge for resolution.",
                                            "position": 185,
                                            "article_number": "205"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3130,
                                            "body": "If the crime is committed against a person other than the intended target, the perpetrator is punished as if the act was committed against the intended person.\r\nIf both are harmed, the penalty mentioned in the previous paragraph may be increased by half.",
                                            "position": 186,
                                            "article_number": "206"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3131,
                                            "body": "Disciplinary penalties are mandatorily combined.",
                                            "position": 187,
                                            "article_number": "207"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3132,
                                            "body": "Additional penalties and precautionary measures are combined even if the original penalties are merged, unless the judge decides otherwise.\r\nIf the original penalties are combined, the subsidiary penalties associated with them are also combined by law.",
                                            "position": 188,
                                            "article_number": "208"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 457,
                                    "name": "On Publication",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3133,
                                            "body": "The following are considered means of publication:\r\n1) Acts and gestures if they occur in a public place or a location accessible to the public or visible to others, or if they are witnessed by someone not involved in the act due to the perpetrator's mistake,\r\n2) Speech or shouting, whether spoken aloud or transmitted by mechanical means, so that in both cases they are heard by someone not involved in the act,\r\n3) Writing, drawings, manual and photographic images, films, signs, and various depictions if displayed in a public place or a location accessible to the public or visible to others, or if sold, offered for sale, or distributed to one or more persons.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "209"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 3
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 3
                },
                {
                    "id": 458,
                    "name": "On Liability",
                    "number": "Fourth",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 459,
                            "name": "On Responsible Persons",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Section",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 460,
                            "name": "On the Perpetrator of the Crime",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 3134,
                                    "body": "No one shall be sentenced to a penalty unless they have committed the act with awareness and intent.\r\nLegal entities are criminally responsible for the actions of their directors, board members, representatives, and employees when they perform these actions in the name of the mentioned entities or by one of their means.\r\nThey can only be sentenced to fines, confiscation, and publication of the judgment.\r\nIf the law stipulates a principal penalty other than a fine, the fine shall replace the mentioned penalty and be imposed on the legal entity within the limits specified in Articles 53, 60, and 63.",
                                    "position": 1,
                                    "article_number": "210"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3135,
                                    "body": "No precautionary measure shall be imposed on anyone unless they are a danger to public safety.\r\nPrecautionary measures are decided upon after verifying the state of danger, except in cases where the law presumes the existence of danger.\r\nAnyone or any legal entity that has committed a crime is considered a danger to society if it is feared they may commit other acts punishable by law.\r\nLegal entities are only subject to precautionary measures of a material nature.",
                                    "position": 1,
                                    "article_number": "211"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 461,
                            "name": "On Criminal Participation",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 462,
                                    "name": "Regarding the Perpetrator",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3136,
                                            "body": "The perpetrator of the crime is the one who brought into existence the elements that constitute the crime or directly participated in its execution.",
                                            "position": 189,
                                            "article_number": "212"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3137,
                                            "body": "Every accomplice in the crime is subject to the penalty specified for it in the law, which is aggravated according to the conditions stated in Article 257, for the penalty of the one who organized the contribution to the crime or managed the work of those who participated in it.",
                                            "position": 190,
                                            "article_number": "213"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3138,
                                            "body": "The accomplices in the crime committed by spoken words transmitted by mechanical means, as stated in the second paragraph of Article 209, or in the crime committed by one of the means mentioned in the second paragraph of the same article, are the author of the words or writing and the publisher, unless the former proves that the publication was done without his consent.",
                                            "position": 191,
                                            "article_number": "214"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3139,
                                            "body": "When the crime is committed through newspapers, the publisher is considered to be the publication director, and if there is no director, then the editor or the editor-in-chief of the newspaper.",
                                            "position": 192,
                                            "article_number": "215"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3140,
                                            "body": "The effects of material reasons that may aggravate, reduce, or exempt from the penalty apply to all accomplices in the crime and those involved in it.\r\nThey also apply to them the effects of personal or dual aggravating circumstances that facilitated the commission of the crime.\r\nAs for other circumstances, their effect applies only to the person to whom they relate.",
                                            "position": 193,
                                            "article_number": "216"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 463,
                                    "name": "On the Instigator",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3141,
                                            "body": "A person is considered an instigator if they induce or attempt to induce another person by any means to commit a crime.\r\nThe liability of the instigator is independent of the liability of the person instigated to commit the crime.",
                                            "position": 194,
                                            "article_number": "217"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3142,
                                            "body": "The instigator is subject to the penalty of the crime they intended or committed, whether the crime was completed, attempted, or incomplete.\r\nIf the instigation to commit a felony or misdemeanor does not result in an outcome, the penalty is reduced according to the percentages specified in Article 220, paragraphs 2, 3, and 4.\r\nInstigation to commit a violation is not punishable if it is not accepted.\r\nPreventive measures are imposed on the instigator as if they were the perpetrator of the crime.",
                                            "position": 195,
                                            "article_number": "218"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 464,
                                    "name": "On Accomplices and Concealers",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3143,
                                            "body": "Considered an accomplice in a felony or misdemeanor:\r\n1- Anyone who provided instructions for its commission, even if these instructions did not assist in the act.\r\n2- Anyone who strengthened the perpetrator's resolve by any means.\r\n3- Anyone who, for material or moral benefit, accepted the perpetrator's offer to commit the crime.\r\n4- Anyone who assisted or aided the perpetrator in acts that prepared or facilitated the crime.\r\n5- Anyone who agreed with the perpetrator or one of the accomplices before committing the crime and contributed to concealing its traces, hiding or disposing of items resulting from it, or hiding one or more persons involved from justice.\r\n6- Anyone who, knowing the criminal conduct of evildoers who habitually commit highway robbery or acts of violence against state security or public safety, or against persons or property, provided them with food, shelter, a hideout, or a meeting place.",
                                            "position": 196,
                                            "article_number": "219-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3144,
                                            "body": "An accomplice without whose assistance the crime would not have been committed is punished as if he himself were the perpetrator. Other accomplices are punished with hard labor for life or temporary hard labor from ten to twenty years if the perpetrator is punished with death. If the perpetrator's punishment is life hard labor or life detention, the accomplices are sentenced to the same punishment from seven to fifteen years. In other cases, they receive the perpetrator's punishment after reducing its duration by one-sixth to one-third.\r\nPreventive measures can be imposed on them as if they themselves were the perpetrators of the crime.",
                                            "position": 197,
                                            "article_number": "220"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3145,
                                            "body": "Anyone who, except in the case specified in paragraph five of Article 219, knowingly concealed or disposed of items belonging to others, which were taken, embezzled, or obtained through a felony or misdemeanor, is punished with imprisonment from three months to two years and a fine from twenty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.\r\nHowever, if the concealed or disposed items resulted from a misdemeanor, the punishment cannot exceed two-thirds of the maximum penalty for the said misdemeanor.",
                                            "position": 198,
                                            "article_number": "221-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3146,
                                            "body": "Anyone who, except in the cases specified in paragraphs 5 and 6 of Article 219, concealed a person known to have committed a felony, or assisted him in evading justice, is punished with imprisonment from three months to two years.\r\nThe ascendants or descendants of the hidden offenders, their spouses or ex-spouses, their brothers or sisters, or their in-laws of the same degrees are exempt from punishment.",
                                            "position": 199,
                                            "article_number": "222"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 3
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 465,
                            "name": "On Impediments to Punishment",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Section",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 466,
                                    "name": "On Mistake",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [],
                                    "category": "Chapter",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 467,
                                            "name": "On Legal Error",
                                            "number": "1",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3148,
                                                    "body": "No one can plead ignorance of the penal law or its misinterpretation. However, it is considered a bar to punishment:\r\n1- Ignorance or mistake regarding a civil or administrative law upon which the imposition of the penalty depends,\r\n2- Ignorance of a new law if the crime was committed within the three days following its publication,\r\n3- Ignorance by a foreigner who arrived in Lebanon no more than three days ago of the existence of a crime contrary to statutory laws not punishable under the laws of his country or the laws of the country where he was residing.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "223"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Overview",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 468,
                                            "name": "On Material Error",
                                            "number": "2",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3149,
                                                    "body": "A person is not punished as a perpetrator, instigator, or accomplice in an intentional crime if they committed the act due to a material mistake regarding one of the elements constituting the crime.\r\nIf the mistake concerns one of the aggravating circumstances, the criminal is not held responsible for it; on the contrary, they benefit from the excuse of being unaware of its existence.\r\nThese provisions apply in the case of a mistake regarding the identity of the victim.",
                                                    "position": 200,
                                                    "article_number": "224"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3150,
                                                    "body": "A mistake concerning an act constituting an unintentional crime does not prevent punishment unless it did not result from the perpetrator's error.",
                                                    "position": 201,
                                                    "article_number": "225"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3151,
                                                    "body": "A public employee, worker, or government employee who ordered or committed an act punishable by law is not punished if they believed, due to a material mistake, that they were obeying the lawful order of their superiors in matters within their jurisdiction and which they were obliged to obey.",
                                                    "position": 202,
                                                    "article_number": "226"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Overview",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 2
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 469,
                                    "name": "On Force Majeure",
                                    "number": "Two",
                                    "articles": [],
                                    "category": "Chapter",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 470,
                                            "name": "On Force Majeure and Moral Coercion",
                                            "number": "1",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3152,
                                                    "body": "There is no punishment for someone who is coerced by a physical or moral force that they could not resist.\r\nIf someone finds themselves in such a situation due to their own fault, they shall be punished, if necessary, as the perpetrator of an unintentional crime.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "227"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3153,
                                                    "body": "Fear, states of agitation, and passion do not prevent punishment.\r\nHowever, if the perpetrator of the crime excessively exercises the right of legitimate defense, they shall not be punished if they committed the act in a state of intense agitation that nullified their awareness or will.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "228"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Overview",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 471,
                                            "name": "In Case of Necessity",
                                            "number": "2",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3154,
                                                    "body": "The perpetrator is not punished for an act compelled by necessity to protect himself or others or his property or the property of others from an imminent serious danger that he did not intentionally cause, provided that the act is proportionate to the danger.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "229"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3155,
                                                    "body": "A person is not considered to be in a state of necessity if the law requires him to face the danger.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "230"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Overview",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 2
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 5
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 472,
                                    "name": "On the Absence of Liability and Reduced Liability",
                                    "number": "Third",
                                    "articles": [],
                                    "category": "Chapter",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 473,
                                            "name": "On Insanity",
                                            "number": "1",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3156,
                                                    "body": "Exempt from punishment is anyone who was in a state of insanity that deprived them of consciousness or will.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "231"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3157,
                                                    "body": "Anyone proven to have committed a felony or intentional misdemeanor punishable by two years of imprisonment and found not responsible due to insanity shall be detained under a special provision of the acquittal judgment in a precautionary facility.\r\nIf the misdemeanor was unintentional or its punishment is less than two years of imprisonment, the perpetrator shall be detained in the precautionary facility if proven to be a danger to public safety. The detention continues until the court that ordered the detention issues a decision proving the recovery of the insane person, and supervised freedom may be imposed on the detainee upon their release.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "232"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Overview",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 474,
                                            "name": "On Dementia",
                                            "number": "2",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3158,
                                                    "body": "Anyone who, at the time of committing the act, was suffering from a hereditary or acquired mental defect that diminished the power of awareness or choice in their actions shall legally benefit from the substitution or reduction of their penalty in accordance with the provisions of Article 251.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "233"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3159,
                                                    "body": "Anyone sentenced to a criminal or misdemeanor penalty that prevents or restricts freedom and benefits from the legal substitution or reduction of the penalty due to insanity, and anyone sentenced to such a penalty and proven to be insane or addicted to drugs or alcohol and poses a danger to public safety, shall be ordered in the judgment to be detained in a precautionary shelter to be treated during the term of the penalty.\r\nThe sentenced person who is released from the precautionary shelter after recovery, as confirmed by a decision from the court that ordered the detention, shall serve the remaining term of their penalty.\r\nIf the sentenced person remains a danger to public safety after the end of their penalty term, they shall be detained in the precautionary shelter by a decision from the same court for a period not exceeding five years if sentenced for a felony and two years if sentenced for a misdemeanor, and the detained person shall be released before the expiration of the specified period if a subsequent decision is issued proving they are no longer a danger, and supervised freedom may be imposed on the detained person after their release.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "234"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Overview",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 2
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 475,
                                            "name": "On Intoxication and Drug Poisoning",
                                            "number": "3",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3160,
                                                    "body": "Exempt from punishment is anyone who, at the time of committing the act, due to an unforeseen event or force majeure, was in a state of intoxication caused by alcohol or drugs that deprived them of consciousness or will. If the state of intoxication resulted from the actor's mistake, they are responsible for any unintentional crime committed, and they are responsible for the intentional crime if they anticipated, when placing themselves in that state due to their mistake, the possibility of committing criminal acts.\r\nIf they intentionally placed themselves in that state with the intent to commit the crime, their punishment is aggravated according to Article 257.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "235"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3161,
                                                    "body": "If the state of intoxication resulting from force majeure or an unforeseen event significantly weakened the actor's consciousness or will, the punishment may be substituted or reduced according to the provisions of Article 251.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "236"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Overview",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 3
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 6
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 476,
                                    "name": "On Minors",
                                    "number": "Fourth",
                                    "articles": [],
                                    "category": "Chapter",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 477,
                                            "name": "General Provisions",
                                            "number": "1",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3162,
                                                    "body": "A person who has not reached the age of seven at the time of committing the act shall not be prosecuted criminally.",
                                                    "position": 203,
                                                    "article_number": "237-ملغى"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3163,
                                                    "body": "Repealed",
                                                    "position": 204,
                                                    "article_number": "238-ملغى"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3164,
                                                    "body": "The penalty of life hard labor shall replace the death penalty imposed on a person who has not reached the age of twenty-one at the time of committing the felony.",
                                                    "position": 205,
                                                    "article_number": "239-ملغى"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3165,
                                                    "body": "This law defines a child as someone who has reached the age of seven but not yet eighteen, an adolescent as someone who has reached the age of twelve but not yet fifteen, and a youth as someone who has reached the age of fifteen but not yet eighteen.",
                                                    "position": 206,
                                                    "article_number": "240"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Overview",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 478,
                                            "name": "On Children",
                                            "number": "2",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3166,
                                                    "body": "Measures of protection stipulated in Article 119 are imposed on a child who has committed a felony or misdemeanor.",
                                                    "position": 207,
                                                    "article_number": "241-ملغى"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3167,
                                                    "body": "A measure can be extended, canceled, or replaced with another protection measure at any time.\nIts term ends definitively when the minor reaches eighteen years of age, and it also ends upon the marriage of a minor female, even if she has not reached eighteen.",
                                                    "position": 208,
                                                    "article_number": "242-ملغى"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3168,
                                                    "body": "A child who rebels against protection measures can be placed in a reformatory for at least one year and until they reach eighteen at most. Upon the expiration of the mentioned year, the juvenile court can at any time revoke the measure that ordered their placement in the reformatory.",
                                                    "position": 209,
                                                    "article_number": "243-ملغى"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3169,
                                                    "body": "An appropriate protection measure is imposed on an adolescent who has committed an act punishable by law, according to the conditions stated in Articles 242 and 243. If the act committed is a felony or misdemeanor, disciplinary measures stipulated in Article 120 can also be imposed on them.",
                                                    "position": 210,
                                                    "article_number": "244-ملغى"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3170,
                                                    "body": "An adolescent placed in a disciplinary institute can be transferred to a reformatory after at least one year, and an adolescent placed in a reformatory can be transferred to a disciplinary institute at any time.\nAfter one year of residence in a reformatory, the adolescent can be released and a protection measure imposed on them. They can be returned to the reformatory at any time.\nDisciplinary measures imposed on an adolescent cannot be extended beyond the age of twenty-one.",
                                                    "position": 211,
                                                    "article_number": "245-ملغى"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3171,
                                                    "body": "If a boy commits a misdemeanor or infraction, protection measures can be imposed on him according to Articles 242 and 243. If the act committed is a misdemeanor, disciplinary measures can also be imposed on him under the conditions specified in the previous article.",
                                                    "position": 212,
                                                    "article_number": "246-ملغى"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3172,
                                                    "body": "If a boy commits a felony, disciplinary measures are imposed on him for no less than three years.\nIf he has been placed in a disciplinary institute, he can be transferred to a reformatory after one year, and if he is in a reformatory, he can be transferred to a disciplinary institute at any time.",
                                                    "position": 213,
                                                    "article_number": "247-ملغى"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3173,
                                                    "body": "If a boy commits a felony without a legal excuse and reaches the age of twenty-one while in a disciplinary institute, and the juvenile court deems he is not yet sufficiently reformed, it orders his transfer to places designated for those sentenced to simple imprisonment or imprisonment with labor according to the rule stated in Articles 193 and 194.\nIn any case, it can order his placement in places of imprisonment for those sentenced to simple imprisonment if he demonstrates good conduct during his stay in the disciplinary institute.\nThe term of the measure imposed according to the previous provisions ends when the sentenced person provides conclusive evidence of his reform, and at most after serving ten years in prison or in the disciplinary institute.",
                                                    "position": 214,
                                                    "article_number": "248-ملغى"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Overview",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 2
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 7
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 4
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 479,
                            "name": "On the Reasons for Exemption from Punishment, Reduction, or Aggravation",
                            "number": "Third",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Section",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 5
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 480,
                            "name": "On Excuses",
                            "number": "One",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 481,
                                    "name": "On Legitimate Excuses",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3174,
                                            "body": "There is no excuse for a crime except in the cases specified by law.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "249"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3175,
                                            "body": "An exculpatory excuse exempts the criminal from all punishment.\r\nHowever, reformative and precautionary measures may be imposed if necessary, except for isolation.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "250"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 482,
                                    "name": "On Mitigating Excuses",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3176,
                                            "body": "When the law provides for a mitigating excuse:\r\n- If the act is a felony requiring the death penalty, life hard labor, or life detention, the penalty is converted to imprisonment for at least one year and at most seven years.\r\n- If the act constitutes one of the other felonies, the imprisonment is from six months to five years.\r\n- If the act is a misdemeanor, the penalty does not exceed six months.\r\n- If the act is a violation, the judge may reduce the penalty to half of the disciplinary fine.\r\nThe beneficiary of the mitigating excuse may be subject to precautionary measures they would have faced, except for isolation, if they had been sentenced to the penalty prescribed by law.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "Article 251-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3177,
                                            "body": "The perpetrator of the crime benefits from the mitigating excuse if they committed it in a state of intense anger resulting from an unjust and serious act committed by the victim.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "252"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 8
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 483,
                            "name": "On Mitigating Circumstances",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 3178,
                                    "body": "If mitigating circumstances are found in a case, the court shall rule:\r\n- Instead of the death penalty, life hard labor or temporary hard labor from seven to twenty years.\r\n- And instead of life hard labor, temporary hard labor for not less than five years.\r\n- And instead of life detention, temporary detention for not less than five years, and it may reduce any other criminal penalty to three years if its minimum exceeds that.\r\nIt may reduce the penalty to half if its minimum does not exceed three years or replace it with a reasoned decision of imprisonment for at least one year, except in the case of recidivism.",
                                    "position": 1,
                                    "article_number": "Article 253-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3179,
                                    "body": "If the court considers mitigating circumstances in favor of someone who committed a misdemeanor, it may reduce the penalty to its minimum as specified in Articles 51, 52, and 53, and it may substitute a fine for imprisonment and house arrest, or convert the misdemeanor penalty to a disciplinary penalty with a reasoned decision, except in the case of recidivism.",
                                    "position": 215,
                                    "article_number": "254"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3180,
                                    "body": "The minimum penalty specified in Articles 60 and 61 or a fine may be imposed on someone who committed an infraction where mitigating circumstances are evident.",
                                    "position": 216,
                                    "article_number": "255"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3181,
                                    "body": "In the case of recidivism, the decision granting mitigating circumstances must be specially reasoned, whether in felonies, misdemeanors, or infractions.",
                                    "position": 217,
                                    "article_number": "256"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 9
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 484,
                            "name": "On Aggravating Circumstances",
                            "number": "Third",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 485,
                                    "name": "On General Aggravating Circumstances",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3182,
                                            "body": "If the law does not specify the effect of an aggravating cause, the mentioned cause requires the penalty to be increased as follows:\nThe death penalty is replaced with life hard labor, and every temporary penalty is increased by one-third to one-half, and the fine is doubled.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "257"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 486,
                                    "name": "On Recurrence",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3183,
                                            "body": "Anyone who has been sentenced to life hard labor by a final judgment and commits another felony requiring the same penalty shall be sentenced to death.\r\nAnyone who has been sentenced by a final judgment to temporary hard labor or temporary detention and commits another felony requiring the same penalty before fifteen years have passed since the execution of the penalty or its prescription shall be sentenced to the penalty they deserve with an addition of the same.\r\nWhen necessary, the maximum of this penalty can be increased to double, i.e., thirty years.\r\nIf the second crime requires a sentence of deportation, house arrest, or civil deprivation, the perpetrator shall be sentenced to a penalty one degree higher according to the order mentioned in Article 38.",
                                            "position": 218,
                                            "article_number": "258-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3184,
                                            "body": "Anyone who has been sentenced for a felony by a final judgment to a criminal or misdemeanor penalty and commits, before seven years have passed since the execution of the penalty or its prescription, a felony or misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment, shall be subject to the maximum penalty prescribed up to double.\r\nThe same applies if the first sentence was at least one year of imprisonment and was issued for a misdemeanor of the second category.\r\nIf the previously imposed penalty was less than a year, the repeat offender shall be sentenced to imprisonment for at least double the previous penalty, provided that the minimum increase does not exceed double the penalty prescribed by law.\r\nSimple imprisonment replaces house arrest if the first sentence was a criminal or misdemeanor penalty other than a fine.\r\nThe fine is doubled if it was preceded by a sentence of any misdemeanor penalty.\r\nIf repetition occurs again, imprisonment for up to three months and a fine can be imposed together.",
                                            "position": 219,
                                            "article_number": "259"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3185,
                                            "body": "The misdemeanors listed in each of the following items are considered of the same category for the application of repeat penalties mentioned in the previous article, whether the perpetrator is the principal, instigator, or accomplice:\r\n1- Intentional misdemeanors stipulated in one chapter of this law.\r\n2- Immoral misdemeanors (Chapter Seven).\r\n3- Intentional misdemeanors against persons (Chapter Eight).\r\n4- Acts of violence, both physical and verbal, against individuals or authorities or public forces.\r\n5- Unintentional killing and injury.\r\n6- Misdemeanors mentioned in the chapter on dangerous persons.\r\n7- Intentional misdemeanors against property.\r\n8- Concealment of items resulting from a misdemeanor or concealment of the persons who committed them and the misdemeanor itself.\r\n9- Political misdemeanors or those considered political according to Articles 196 and 197.\r\n10- Misdemeanors committed with a single dishonorable motive.",
                                            "position": 220,
                                            "article_number": "260"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3186,
                                            "body": "An offender who has been sentenced by a final judgment for a period not exceeding one year for the same offense or for any other violation of the provisions of one system shall be punished with double the penalty prescribed by law. If repetition occurs again within the same period, detention and a fine can be imposed together in all cases where only a fine is prescribed.",
                                            "position": 221,
                                            "article_number": "261"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 487,
                                    "name": "On Habitual Criminality",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3187,
                                            "body": "A habitual criminal is one whose criminal knowledge indicates a permanent psychological readiness, whether innate or acquired, to commit felonies or misdemeanors.",
                                            "position": 222,
                                            "article_number": "262"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3188,
                                            "body": "Anyone sentenced to a penalty other than a fine for a felony or intentional misdemeanor and sentenced again, before five years have passed since the end of their sentence or its expiration, to a liberty-depriving penalty of at least one year for another intentional felony or misdemeanor, shall be sentenced to isolation if it is proven that they are habitual in crime and pose a danger to public safety.",
                                            "position": 223,
                                            "article_number": "263"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3189,
                                            "body": "Every habitual criminal sentenced to a penalty other than a fine pursuant to Articles 258 and 259 is deemed by judgment to be a danger to public safety and shall be sentenced to isolation if sentenced to a liberty-depriving penalty for another legal recurrence.\nThe same applies to any habitual criminal sentenced within fifteen years, excluding the time spent serving penalties and precautionary measures:\nEither four imprisonment sentences for felonies committed with an excuse or for intentional misdemeanors, provided that each of the last three crimes was committed after the previous crime's judgment became final, or two sentences as described in the previous paragraph and a sentence for a criminal penalty, whether the felony occurred before or after the misdemeanor.",
                                            "position": 224,
                                            "article_number": "264"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3190,
                                            "body": "Anyone sentenced to isolation who commits a felony or intentional misdemeanor during their stay in prison or within five years following their release, for which they are sentenced to one year of imprisonment or a harsher penalty, is subject to isolation for at least seven years.",
                                            "position": 225,
                                            "article_number": "265"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 1086,
                                            "name": "Provisions Covering the Previous Sections",
                                            "number": "First",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3191,
                                                    "body": "A person who is proven to be habitually criminal or who has been convicted as a repeat offender with a misdemeanor punishment involving deprivation of liberty may be sentenced to deprivation of civil rights, prohibition of residence, and expulsion from the country.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "266"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3192,
                                                    "body": "A habitual criminal or repeat offender sentenced to house arrest, imprisonment, or a more severe penalty shall be subject to supervised freedom for five years upon release, unless the judge decides to extend, reduce, replace it with house arrest, or exempt the convict from it.\nThe prohibition of residence sentenced in accordance with Article 82, paragraphs 2 and 3, is merged with the supervised freedom for the duration sentenced.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "267"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Paragraph",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1087,
                                            "name": "Provisions Including the Previous Chapters",
                                            "number": "Second",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3193,
                                                    "body": "The provisions of the aggravating or mitigating circumstances for the penalty apply in the following order:\r\nMaterial aggravating circumstances.\r\nExcuses.\r\nPersonal aggravating circumstances.\r\nMitigating circumstances.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "268"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3194,
                                                    "body": "The judge shall specify in the judgment the effect of each of the aggravating or mitigating circumstances on the imposed penalty.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "269"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Paragraph",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 3
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 10
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 4
                }
            ],
            "position": 1
        },
        {
            "id": 488,
            "name": "On Crimes",
            "number": "Second",
            "articles": [],
            "category": "Book",
            "children": [
                {
                    "id": 489,
                    "name": "On Crimes Against State Security",
                    "number": "First",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 490,
                            "name": "On Felonies Against the External Security of the State",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 491,
                                    "name": "On Treason",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3195,
                                            "body": "Every Lebanese who takes up arms against Lebanon in the ranks of the enemy shall be punished by death. Every Lebanese, even if not belonging to a hostile army, who commits acts of aggression against Lebanon during wartime shall be punished with life imprisonment with hard labor. Every Lebanese who enlists in any capacity in a hostile army and does not separate from it before any act of aggression against Lebanon shall be punished with temporary hard labor, even if he has acquired foreign nationality through his enlistment.",
                                            "position": 226,
                                            "article_number": "273"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3196,
                                            "body": "Every Lebanese who conspires with a foreign state or contacts it to incite it to initiate aggression against Lebanon or to provide it with means to do so shall be punished with life imprisonment with hard labor. If his act results in a consequence, he shall be punished by death.",
                                            "position": 227,
                                            "article_number": "274"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3197,
                                            "body": "Every Lebanese who conspires with the enemy or contacts it to assist its forces in any way shall be punished by death.",
                                            "position": 228,
                                            "article_number": "275"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3198,
                                            "body": "Every Lebanese who, by any means, with the intent to paralyze national defense, damages installations, factories, ships, aircraft, tools, munitions, supplies, means of communication, and generally all things of a military nature or prepared for use by the army or its forces, shall be punished with life imprisonment with hard labor. The death penalty shall be imposed if the act occurs during wartime or when war is anticipated or results in the loss of life.",
                                            "position": 229,
                                            "article_number": "276"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3199,
                                            "body": "Every Lebanese who attempts by actions, speeches, writings, or otherwise to detach a part of Lebanese territory to annex it to a foreign state or to grant it a right or privilege specific to the Lebanese state shall be punished with temporary detention for at least five years. If the perpetrator, at the time of committing the act, belongs to one of the associations or organizations referred to in Articles 298 and 318, he shall be punished with life detention.",
                                            "position": 230,
                                            "article_number": "277"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3200,
                                            "body": "Every Lebanese who provides shelter, food, or clothing to a spy, an enemy soldier working for reconnaissance, or an agent of the enemy, or assists him in escaping, or makes contact with any of these spies, soldiers, or agents knowingly, shall be punished with temporary hard labor.\r\nEvery Lebanese who facilitates the escape of a prisoner of war or a detained enemy national shall be punished with temporary detention.",
                                            "position": 231,
                                            "article_number": "278-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3201,
                                            "body": "The penalties stipulated in this section shall also be imposed if the act is committed against a state bound to Lebanon by a treaty of alliance or an international document equivalent to it.",
                                            "position": 232,
                                            "article_number": "279"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3202,
                                            "body": "Foreigners who have a place of residence or actual dwelling in Lebanon are considered equivalent to Lebanese in the sense intended in Articles 274 to 278.",
                                            "position": 233,
                                            "article_number": "280"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 492,
                                    "name": "On Espionage",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3203,
                                            "body": "Whoever enters or attempts to enter a prohibited place with the intent to obtain items, documents, or information that must remain confidential for the safety of the state shall be punished with imprisonment for at least one year. If the intent was for espionage, the punishment shall be temporary hard labor.",
                                            "position": 234,
                                            "article_number": "281"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3204,
                                            "body": "Whoever steals items, documents, or information as mentioned in the previous article or obtains them shall be punished with temporary hard labor. If the felony is committed for the benefit of a foreign state, the punishment shall be life hard labor.",
                                            "position": 235,
                                            "article_number": "282"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3205,
                                            "body": "Whoever possesses some of the documents or information as mentioned in Article 281 and communicates or discloses them without a legitimate reason shall be punished with imprisonment from two months to two years.\r\nThe punishment shall be temporary hard labor for at least five years if communicated for the benefit of a foreign state. If the criminal retains the mentioned information and items by virtue of being an employee, worker, or servant of the state, the punishment shall be temporary detention in the case mentioned in the first paragraph and life hard labor in the case mentioned in the second paragraph. If any of the aforementioned persons is found guilty of only unintentional error, the punishment shall be imprisonment from two months to two years.",
                                            "position": 236,
                                            "article_number": "283"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3206,
                                            "body": "If the crimes mentioned in this section are committed for the benefit of a hostile state, the punishment shall be aggravated in accordance with the provisions of Article 257.",
                                            "position": 237,
                                            "article_number": "284"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 493,
                                    "name": "On Illicit Relations with the Enemy",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3207,
                                            "body": "Shall be punished by imprisonment for at least one year and a fine not less than two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, every Lebanese and every person residing in Lebanon who undertakes or attempts to undertake directly or through an intermediary a commercial transaction or any transaction of purchase, sale, or barter with a national of the enemy or with a person residing in enemy territory.\r\n \"The same penalty shall apply to every Lebanese and every person in Lebanon from the nationals of Arab countries who enters directly or indirectly and without prior approval of the Lebanese government into enemy territory, even if the purpose of their entry is not one of the acts mentioned in the previous paragraph of this article.\"",
                                            "position": 238,
                                            "article_number": "285-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3208,
                                            "body": "The punishment mentioned in the previous article shall apply to the persons mentioned therein if they participate in a loan or subscription for the benefit of a hostile state or facilitate its financial operations by any means.",
                                            "position": 239,
                                            "article_number": "286"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3209,
                                            "body": "Whoever conceals or embezzles the funds of a hostile state or the funds of one of its nationals entrusted to a guardian shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine of not less than two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 240,
                                            "article_number": "287-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 494,
                                    "name": "On Crimes Against International Law",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3210,
                                            "body": "Punishable by temporary detention:\r\nAnyone who violates the measures taken by the state to maintain its neutrality in war.\r\nAnyone who engages in acts, writings, or speeches not authorized by the government, thereby exposing Lebanon to the danger of hostile acts, severing its relations with a foreign state, or exposing Lebanese citizens to retaliatory acts against them or their property.",
                                            "position": 241,
                                            "article_number": "288"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3211,
                                            "body": "Any assault occurring on Lebanese soil or committed by a Lebanese national with the intent to violently change the constitution of a foreign state or its government, or to annex part of its territory, is punishable by temporary detention.\r\nA conspiracy aimed at committing any of the aforementioned felonies warrants imprisonment for at least one year.",
                                            "position": 242,
                                            "article_number": "289"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3212,
                                            "body": "Anyone who recruits soldiers on Lebanese soil without government approval to fight for a foreign state shall be punished by temporary detention or deportation.",
                                            "position": 243,
                                            "article_number": "290"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3213,
                                            "body": "Punishable by imprisonment from six months to two years and a fine not exceeding four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds for any incitement occurring in Lebanon or carried out by a Lebanese by any of the means mentioned in Article 288 to induce soldiers of a foreign state, whether land, sea, or air forces, to desert or disobey.",
                                            "position": 244,
                                            "article_number": "291-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3214,
                                            "body": "Punishable by the same penalties based on a complaint from the aggrieved party for the following crimes:\r\n- Publicly insulting a foreign state, its army, flag, or national emblem.\r\n- Insulting the head of a foreign state, its ministers, or its political representative in Lebanon.\r\n- Publicly slandering or defaming the head of a foreign state, its ministers, or its political representative in Lebanon.\r\nIt is not permissible to prove the act that was the subject of the defamation.",
                                            "position": 245,
                                            "article_number": "292"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3215,
                                            "body": "If the crime committed on Lebanese soil or by a Lebanese against the head of a foreign state, one of its ministers, or its political representative in Lebanon does not fall under a specific penalty, the legal penalty is aggravated as mentioned in Article 257.",
                                            "position": 246,
                                            "article_number": "293"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3216,
                                            "body": "The provisions of Articles 289 to 293 shall not apply unless there are similar provisions in the laws of the concerned state or in the agreement concluded with it.",
                                            "position": 247,
                                            "article_number": "294"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 495,
                                    "name": "On Undermining the Prestige of the State and National Sentiment",
                                    "number": "5",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3217,
                                            "body": "Whoever, in Lebanon, during wartime or when war is anticipated, engages in propaganda aimed at weakening national sentiment or inciting racial or sectarian strife shall be punished with temporary detention.",
                                            "position": 248,
                                            "article_number": "295"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3218,
                                            "body": "The same penalty applies to anyone who, in Lebanon under the same circumstances, disseminates news known to be false or exaggerated that could weaken the nation's morale. If the perpetrator believes this news to be true, the penalty is imprisonment for at least three months.",
                                            "position": 249,
                                            "article_number": "296"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3219,
                                            "body": "Any Lebanese who, while being aware of the matter, broadcasts false or exaggerated news abroad that could undermine the state's prestige or financial standing shall be punished with imprisonment for at least six months and a fine ranging from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds. The court may also order the publication of the judgment.",
                                            "position": 250,
                                            "article_number": "297-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3220,
                                            "body": "Anyone who, in Lebanon, without government permission, joins an international political or social association or organization of this type shall be punished with imprisonment or house arrest from three months to three years and a fine ranging from fifty thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.\r\nThe penalty for anyone who assumes an operational role in the aforementioned association or organization cannot be less than one year of imprisonment or house arrest and a fine of two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 251,
                                            "article_number": "298-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 5
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 496,
                                    "name": "On Contractors' Crimes",
                                    "number": "6",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3221,
                                            "body": "Whoever fails to execute, during wartime or when war is anticipated, all obligations imposed on them by a contract of commitment, procurement, or provision of services related to national defense, public state interests, or civilian supply, shall be punished with temporary detention and a fine ranging between the value of the unfulfilled obligation and twice its value, provided it is not less than one million Lebanese pounds.\r\nIf the non-execution is due to unintentional error, the perpetrator shall be punished with imprisonment in addition to the fine specified in the previous paragraph.\r\nThe penalties stipulated in this article shall be reduced by half if the execution was merely delayed.\r\nThese penalties, with their previous differences, shall be imposed on any other person who was the cause of the non-execution of the contract or its delay.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "299"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3222,
                                            "body": "Any fraud committed under the same circumstances regarding the contracts mentioned in the previous article shall be punished with temporary hard labor and a fine ranging between twice the illicit profit gained by the criminal and three times its amount, provided it is not less than one million Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "300"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 6
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 497,
                            "name": "On Crimes Against Internal State Security",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 498,
                                    "name": "On Felonies Against the Constitution",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3223,
                                            "body": "An assault aimed at changing the state's constitution by unlawful means is punishable by temporary detention for at least five years, and the punishment shall be life detention if the perpetrator resorts to violence.",
                                            "position": 252,
                                            "article_number": "301"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3224,
                                            "body": "Anyone who attempts to detach a part of Lebanese territory from the sovereignty of the state shall be punished by temporary detention or deportation, and the punishment shall be life detention if the perpetrator resorts to violence.",
                                            "position": 253,
                                            "article_number": "302"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3225,
                                            "body": "Any act committed with the intent to incite armed rebellion against the authorities established under the constitution is punishable by temporary detention. If the rebellion breaks out, the instigator shall be punished by life detention and all other rebels by temporary detention for at least five years.",
                                            "position": 254,
                                            "article_number": "303"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3226,
                                            "body": "An assault intended to prevent the established authorities from exercising their functions derived from the constitution is punishable by temporary detention or deportation.",
                                            "position": 255,
                                            "article_number": "304"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3227,
                                            "body": "Conspiracy aimed at committing one of the crimes mentioned in this section is punishable by deportation or criminal house arrest.",
                                            "position": 256,
                                            "article_number": "305"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 499,
                                    "name": "On Usurpation of Political or Civil Authority or Military Command",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3228,
                                            "body": "Shall be punished with temporary detention for at least seven years whoever usurps political or civil authority or military leadership, or whoever retains civil authority or military leadership contrary to the order of the government.\r\nEvery military commander who keeps his troops assembled after the order for their discharge or dispersal has been issued.",
                                            "position": 257,
                                            "article_number": "306"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3229,
                                            "body": "Temporary detention is deserved by anyone who, without the consent of the authority, undertakes the formation of armed factions from soldiers, or enlists or recruits them, or equips them or supplies them with weapons and ammunition.",
                                            "position": 258,
                                            "article_number": "307"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 500,
                                    "name": "On Sedition",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3230,
                                            "body": "Punishable by life imprisonment with hard labor for an assault aimed at either inciting civil war or sectarian strife by arming the Lebanese or urging them to arm against each other, or by inciting killing and looting in one or more places, and the death penalty is imposed if the assault is carried out.",
                                            "position": 259,
                                            "article_number": "308"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3231,
                                            "body": "Punishable by life imprisonment with hard labor for leading armed gangs or assuming a position or leadership of any kind, either with the intent to invade a city or place or some state properties or properties of a group of citizens, or with the intent to attack or resist the public force working against the perpetrators of these felonies.",
                                            "position": 260,
                                            "article_number": "309"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3232,
                                            "body": "Punishable by life imprisonment with hard labor for participants in armed gangs formed with the intent to commit one of the felonies stipulated in Articles 308 and 309. However, those who did not assume a position or service in the gang, were not arrested in places of sedition, surrendered with their weapons without resistance, and before any judgment was issued, are exempt from punishment.",
                                            "position": 261,
                                            "article_number": "310"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3233,
                                            "body": "According to Article 257, the penalty is aggravated for those who committed one of the felonies stipulated in Articles 309 and 310: if they were carrying a visible or hidden weapon, if they were wearing a uniform or carrying another emblem, whether civilian or military, if they committed acts of sabotage or defacement in buildings designated for public interest or in means of communication, transportation, or transport.",
                                            "position": 262,
                                            "article_number": "311"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3234,
                                            "body": "Anyone who, with the intent to commit or facilitate one of the felonies mentioned in this section or any other felony against the state, manufactures, acquires, or possesses explosive or flammable materials, toxic or incendiary products, or parts used in their assembly or manufacture, is punishable by temporary hard labor in addition to the harsher penalties deserved by those involved in those felonies if committed, attempted, or remained incomplete.",
                                            "position": 263,
                                            "article_number": "312"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3235,
                                            "body": "Punishable by temporary hard labor for conspiracy with the intent to commit one of the felonies mentioned in this section.",
                                            "position": 264,
                                            "article_number": "313"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 501,
                                    "name": "On Terrorism",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3236,
                                            "body": "Terrorist acts refer to all actions aimed at creating a state of panic and are committed using means such as explosive devices, incendiary materials, toxic or burning products, and epidemic or microbial agents that may cause a general danger.",
                                            "position": 265,
                                            "article_number": "314"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3237,
                                            "body": "A conspiracy intended to commit an act or acts of terrorism is punishable by temporary hard labor. Every terrorist act requires hard labor for at least five years, and it requires life hard labor if it results in partial destruction of a public building, industrial facility, ship, or other installations, or disruption of communication, transportation, and transport routes. The death penalty is imposed if the act leads to the death of a person or the partial or complete destruction of a building with one or more persons inside.",
                                            "position": 266,
                                            "article_number": "315"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3238,
                                            "body": "Any association established with the intent to change the state's economic or social structure or the fundamental conditions of society by one of the means mentioned in Article 314 shall be dissolved, and its members shall be sentenced to temporary hard labor. The penalty for founders and directors shall not be less than seven years. The exonerating or mitigating excuse granted to conspirators under Article 272 applies to the perpetrators of the felony specified above.",
                                            "position": 267,
                                            "article_number": "316"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3239,
                                            "body": "Anyone who intentionally engages in, attempts to engage in, directs, or participates in, directly or indirectly, the financing, in whole or in part, or contributes to the financing of terrorism or terrorist acts, or finances a terrorist person or terrorist organizations, or related acts, including providing, offering, or collecting movable or immovable funds, from legitimate or illegitimate sources, in Lebanon or abroad, whether the funds are used or not, and whether the terrorist act is carried out or not in Lebanon or abroad.\r\nThe crime of financing terrorism includes travel, attempted travel, recruitment, planning, preparation, organization, facilitation, participation, providing or receiving training, and any other act related to it with the intent to carry out terrorist acts without those acts being linked to a specific terrorist act.\r\nPerpetrators of the acts specified above are punished with temporary hard labor for not less than three years and not more than seven years and a fine not less than the amount paid and not more than three times that amount, without prejudice to the application of the penalties stipulated in Articles 212 to 222 inclusive of the Penal Code.",
                                            "position": 268,
                                            "article_number": "316-معدلة-مكرر"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 502,
                                    "name": "On Crimes Affecting National Unity or Disturbing Harmony Among Elements of the Nation",
                                    "number": "5",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3240,
                                            "body": "Any act, writing, or speech intended to incite sectarian or racial strife or to provoke conflict between sects and different elements of the nation shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years and a fine from one hundred thousand to eight hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, as well as being prohibited from exercising the rights mentioned in the second and fourth paragraphs of Article 65. The court may also order the publication of the judgment.",
                                            "position": 269,
                                            "article_number": "317-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3241,
                                            "body": "The same penalties apply to any person who belongs to an association established for the purpose mentioned in the previous article.\r\nImprisonment shall not be less than one year and the fine not less than two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if the said person holds an operational position in the association, in addition to the judgment of dissolving the association and confiscating its properties in accordance with Articles 109 and 69.",
                                            "position": 270,
                                            "article_number": "318-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 5
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 503,
                                    "name": "On Undermining the Financial Standing of the State",
                                    "number": "6",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3242,
                                            "body": "Whoever disseminates, by any of the means mentioned in the second and third paragraphs of Article 209, fabricated events or false allegations to cause a decline in national currency notes or to undermine confidence in the strength of the state's currency and bonds, and all securities related to public financial confidence, shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years and a fine from five hundred thousand lira to two million lira.\r\nIn addition, the judgment may be ordered to be published.",
                                            "position": 271,
                                            "article_number": "319-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3243,
                                            "body": "The same penalties apply to any person who uses the same means to urge the public: either to withdraw funds deposited in banks and public funds,\r\nor to sell state bonds and other public bonds, or to refrain from purchasing them.",
                                            "position": 272,
                                            "article_number": "320"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3244,
                                            "body": "The court may, when ruling on one of the misdemeanors stipulated in this chapter, order the deprivation of civil rights, prohibition of residence, or expulsion from the country in accordance with Articles 65, 82, and 88.",
                                            "position": 273,
                                            "article_number": "321"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 6
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 504,
                            "name": "On Weapons and Ammunition",
                            "number": "One",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 505,
                                    "name": "Definitions",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3332,
                                            "body": "Gangs, gatherings, and meetings are considered armed within the meaning of this law if one or more of the persons composing them are carrying visible, concealed, or hidden weapons. However, if some of them carry non-visible weapons, this matter is not attributed to the other persons if they are unaware of it.",
                                            "position": 355,
                                            "article_number": "322"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3333,
                                            "body": "For the application of the previous article, a weapon is considered to be any cutting, piercing, or blunt instrument and any tool dangerous to public safety. Ordinary pocket knives and light sticks that are not carried for use when needed are not included in this definition unless they are used in the commission of a felony or misdemeanor.",
                                            "position": 356,
                                            "article_number": "323"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 506,
                                    "name": "On Carrying and Possessing Weapons and Ammunition Without a Permit",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3334,
                                            "body": "Punishable by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months and a fine not exceeding twenty-five liras for carrying or possessing without a permit:\r\n1- A weapon or ammunition whose carrying or possession is subject to authorization by law,\r\n2- A complete separate part that is used only in assembling the aforementioned weapons or repairing them or as a replacement for some of their parts.\r\nThe same punishment applies to anyone who trades without the permission of the Ministry of Interior in the weapons, ammunition, and parts mentioned in this article.",
                                            "position": 357,
                                            "article_number": "324-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3335,
                                            "body": "If the act involves weapons, ammunition, military equipment, or parts separated from such weapons, the punishment is imprisonment from one month to two years and a fine from ten to one hundred liras.\r\nMilitary weapons are those specifically designed for land, sea, and air warfare and prepared for it. Weapons that can be used in war and are classified by law in this category are also called military weapons.",
                                            "position": 358,
                                            "article_number": "325-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3336,
                                            "body": "If the purpose of carrying or possessing weapons or ammunition is to commit a felony, the punishment, except in cases where the law imposes a harsher penalty, is imprisonment with labor from one to three years and a fine from one hundred thousand liras to six hundred thousand liras.",
                                            "position": 359,
                                            "article_number": "326-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 507,
                                    "name": "On Carrying Prohibited Weapons",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3337,
                                            "body": "No license shall be granted for carrying a prohibited weapon. Prohibited weapons include daggers, knives, spears, bayonets, American fists, and generally all concealed or hidden weapons.",
                                            "position": 360,
                                            "article_number": "327-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3338,
                                            "body": "Anyone found outside their home carrying a prohibited weapon without a legitimate reason shall be punished with the penalties stipulated in Article 324.",
                                            "position": 361,
                                            "article_number": "328-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 3
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 1
                },
                {
                    "id": 508,
                    "name": "On Crimes Against Public Safety",
                    "number": "Second",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 509,
                            "name": "On the Infringement of Civil Rights and Obligations",
                            "number": "Two",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 3339,
                                    "body": "Any act that hinders a Lebanese citizen from exercising their civil rights or duties is punishable by imprisonment from one month to one year if committed through threats, force, or any other means of physical or moral coercion.\r\nIf the crime is committed by an armed group consisting of three or more persons, the punishment is imprisonment from six months to three years, and if the crime is committed without weapons, the punishment is imprisonment from two months to two years.",
                                    "position": 362,
                                    "article_number": "329"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3340,
                                    "body": "If any of the acts specified in the previous article are committed as part of a premeditated plan intended to be executed throughout the entire territory of the state or in one or more of its localities, each of the criminals shall be punished with temporary detention or deportation.",
                                    "position": 363,
                                    "article_number": "330"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3341,
                                    "body": "Anyone who attempts to influence the vote of a Lebanese citizen with the intent to corrupt the outcome of a general election, either by threatening harm to their person, family, position, or property, or through offers, gifts, promises, or by promising an administrative grant to a legal entity or group of people, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds.\r\nThe same punishment applies to anyone who accepts such gifts or promises or solicits them.",
                                    "position": 364,
                                    "article_number": "331-معدلة"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3342,
                                    "body": "Any public official, worker, or employee of the state who uses their authority to influence the vote of a Lebanese citizen shall be punished with civil deprivation.",
                                    "position": 365,
                                    "article_number": "332"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3343,
                                    "body": "Anyone who alters or attempts to alter the outcome of an election through fraud shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years.\r\nIf the criminal is responsible for collecting votes, ballots, preserving them, counting them, or performing any other task related to a general election, they shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years.",
                                    "position": 366,
                                    "article_number": "333"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3344,
                                    "body": "The annulment of an election has no bearing on crimes committed during or because of it.",
                                    "position": 367,
                                    "article_number": "334"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 510,
                            "name": "On Unlawful Associations",
                            "number": "Third",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 511,
                                    "name": "On Associations of Malefactors",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3245,
                                            "body": "If two or more persons form an association or enter into an agreement, whether written or verbal, with the intent to commit felonies against people or property, undermine the authority or prestige of the state, or target its civil, military, financial, or economic institutions, they shall be punished with temporary hard labor. This punishment shall not be less than ten years if the criminals' intent is to attack the lives of others or the lives of employees in public institutions and administrations.\r\nHowever, anyone who discloses the matter of the association or agreement and provides information about the other criminals shall be exempt from punishment.",
                                            "position": 274,
                                            "article_number": "335-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3246,
                                            "body": "Any group of three or more persons who roam public roads and rural areas as armed gangs with the intent to rob, assault people or property, or commit any other act of banditry shall be sentenced to temporary hard labor for a minimum of seven years. They shall be sentenced to life hard labor if they commit any of the aforementioned acts, and the death penalty shall be imposed on those who commit murder, attempt murder, or inflict torture and barbaric acts on the victims in execution of the felony.",
                                            "position": 275,
                                            "article_number": "336"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 512,
                                    "name": "On Secret Societies",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3247,
                                            "body": "Every association or group that in reality has the status of an association is considered secret if its purpose is contrary to the law and it conducts its activities or some of them in secret. Similarly, associations and groups themselves are considered secret if it is proven that their purpose is contrary to the law and they did not inform the authority, after being requested to do so, of their basic regulations, the names of their members and their functions, the subject of their meetings, a statement of their properties, and the source of their resources, or if they provided false or incomplete information about these matters.",
                                            "position": 276,
                                            "article_number": "337"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3248,
                                            "body": "Every secret association is dissolved and its funds are confiscated. Anyone holding an administrative or executive position in it is punished with imprisonment from six months to two years and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds, while the other members receive half of these penalties.",
                                            "position": 277,
                                            "article_number": "338-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3249,
                                            "body": "If a member of a secret association commits a crime in execution of the purpose of this association, the member who attended the meeting where the crime was decided is considered an instigator and is punished as imposed by Article 218, and the member who was found at the crime scene during its commission is considered an accomplice and is punished according to Article 220.",
                                            "position": 278,
                                            "article_number": "339"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 513,
                            "name": "On Crimes of Rape and Infringement on Freedom of Work",
                            "number": "Fourth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 3250,
                                    "body": "Civil deprivation is due to employees who are bound to the state by a public contract if they agree to stop their work or agree to stop it or to submit their resignation in situations that hinder the functioning of one of the public interests.",
                                    "position": 279,
                                    "article_number": "340"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3251,
                                    "body": "If an employer, project manager, employees, or workers stop working either to pressure public authorities or in protest against a decision or measure issued by them, each of the offenders shall be punished with imprisonment or house arrest for a period of not less than three months.",
                                    "position": 280,
                                    "article_number": "341"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3252,
                                    "body": "Imprisonment and a fine shall be imposed for any sit-in conducted by more than twenty people followed by an attempt or commencement of execution with the intent to stop:\r\n1- Means of transportation between parts of Lebanon or between it and other countries,\r\n2- Postal, telegraphic, and telephone communications,\r\n3- One of the public interests specialized in the distribution of water or electricity.\r\nThe same penalty applies to the contractor of one of the aforementioned interests if its work is stopped without a legitimate reason. If the crime is committed by acts of violence against persons or property, or by threats or other means of intimidation, or by fraud or false claims that could have an effect on the mind, or by gathering in public roads and squares, or by occupying workplaces, the perpetrators of these acts shall be punished with imprisonment for at least six months.",
                                    "position": 281,
                                    "article_number": "342"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3253,
                                    "body": "Whoever uses one of the means mentioned in the last paragraph of the previous article to persuade others or attempts to persuade them to stop their work by agreement among themselves or stabilizes or attempts to stabilize them in stopping this work shall be punished with imprisonment for up to one year and a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                    "position": 282,
                                    "article_number": "343-معدلة"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3254,
                                    "body": "Any employer, project manager, employee, or worker who refuses or postpones the implementation of an arbitration decision or any other decision issued by one of the labor courts shall be punished with imprisonment from two months to one year.",
                                    "position": 283,
                                    "article_number": "344"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 3
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 514,
                            "name": "On Riots and Gatherings",
                            "number": "Fifth",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 515,
                                    "name": "On Riot Demonstrations",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3255,
                                            "body": "Whoever is in a gathering that does not have the character of a private meeting, whether due to its purpose, intent, the number of invitees, or those who comprise it, or due to the place of its convening, or if it is in a public place or a place open to the public or exposed to its view, and shouts or sings riotous chants or displays a sign in situations that disturb public security, or engages in any other riotous demonstration, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "345-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 516,
                                    "name": "On Riot Gatherings",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3256,
                                            "body": "Any crowd or procession on public roads or in a place open to the public is considered a riotous assembly and is punishable by imprisonment from one month to one year:\r\nIf it consists of three or more persons with the intent to commit a felony or misdemeanor and at least one of them is armed.\r\nIf it consists of at least seven persons with the intent to protest a decision or measure taken by the public authorities with the intent to pressure them.\r\nIf the number of persons exceeds twenty and they appear in a manner likely to disturb public tranquility.",
                                            "position": 284,
                                            "article_number": "346"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3257,
                                            "body": "If people gather in this manner, they are warned to disperse by a representative of the administrative authority or a judicial police officer who announces their arrival, if necessary, by beating a drum, blowing a horn, a whistle, or any other similar method. Those who disperse before the authority's warning or immediately comply with the warning without using their weapons or committing any other misdemeanor are exempt from the aforementioned penalty.",
                                            "position": 285,
                                            "article_number": "347"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3258,
                                            "body": "If the assembly does not disperse without force, the penalty is imprisonment from two months to two years, and whoever uses a weapon is punished with imprisonment from one to three years in addition to any more severe penalty that may be deserved.",
                                            "position": 286,
                                            "article_number": "348"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 1088,
                                            "name": "Comprehensive Provisions",
                                            "number": "First",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3259,
                                                    "body": "A judgment may be rendered for the deprivation of civil rights, prohibition of residence, and expulsion from the country in accordance with Articles 65, 82, and 88 in the misdemeanors stipulated in Chapters 2 to 5 of this section.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "349"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Paragraph",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 4
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 2
                },
                {
                    "id": 517,
                    "name": "On Crimes Against Public Administration",
                    "number": "Third",
                    "articles": [
                        {
                            "id": 3260,
                            "body": "General Provisions:\r\nA person is considered an employee in the sense intended in this section if they are an employee in the administrations, public institutions, municipalities, the army, the judiciary, or any worker or user in the state, and any person appointed or elected to perform a public service for compensation or without compensation.",
                            "position": 1,
                            "article_number": "350-Amended"
                        }
                    ],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 518,
                            "name": "On Crimes Violating Job Duties",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 519,
                                    "name": "On Bribery",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3261,
                                            "body": "Every employee and every person appointed to public service, whether by election or appointment, and anyone assigned an official task such as a judge, expert, or syndic, who solicits or accepts for themselves or others a gift, promise, or any other benefit to perform a lawful act of their duties shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years and a fine of at least double the value of what was taken or accepted.",
                                            "position": 287,
                                            "article_number": "351-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3262,
                                            "body": "Any of the aforementioned persons who solicits or accepts for themselves or others a gift, promise, or any other benefit to perform an act contrary to their duties, or claims it is within their duties, or to neglect or delay what was their duty to perform, shall be punished by temporary hard labor and a fine not less than three times the value of what was taken or accepted. The same penalty applies to a lawyer if they commit these acts.",
                                            "position": 288,
                                            "article_number": "352-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3263,
                                            "body": "The penalties stipulated in Articles 351 and 352 also apply to the briber. \"The briber or intermediary is exempt from these penalties if they disclose the matter to the competent authorities or confess before the case is referred to the court.\"",
                                            "position": 289,
                                            "article_number": "353-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3264,
                                            "body": "- Every worker in the private sector, whether an employee, expert, or consultant, and anyone who is bound to an employer by an employment contract for a wage, who solicits or accepts for themselves or others a gift, promise, or any other benefit to disclose secrets or information harmful to the work, or to perform or refrain from an act with the intent to cause material or moral harm to the employer or the interest of the work, shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine from one hundred thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.\n- The same penalty applies to the briber.",
                                            "position": 290,
                                            "article_number": "354-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3265,
                                            "body": "Anyone who offers to a person mentioned in Article 351 a gift or any other benefit or promises it as an undue reward to perform or not perform an act of their duties or to delay its execution shall be punished, if the offer or promise is not accepted, by imprisonment of at least three months and a fine not less than double the value of the offered or promised item.",
                                            "position": 291,
                                            "article_number": "355"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3266,
                                            "body": "Any person mentioned in Article 351 who accepts an undue reward for an act previously performed as part of their duties or mission shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine of at least double the value of what was accepted.",
                                            "position": 292,
                                            "article_number": "356"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 520,
                                    "name": "On Abuse of Power",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3267,
                                            "body": "Whoever takes or solicits an undue fee or accepts a promise thereof, whether for himself or for another, with the intent to grant others or to seek to grant them a position, work, contracts, projects, other profits, or grants from the state or one of the public administrations, or with the intent to influence the conduct of the authorities in any way, shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine of at least double the value of what was taken or accepted.",
                                            "position": 293,
                                            "article_number": "357"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3268,
                                            "body": "If the act is committed by a lawyer under the pretext of obtaining the favor of a judge, a ruling, a syndic, or an expert in a case, he shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years and prohibited from practicing his profession for life.",
                                            "position": 294,
                                            "article_number": "358-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 521,
                                    "name": "On Embezzlement and Abuse of Office",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3269,
                                            "body": "Any employee who embezzles money or other items entrusted to him for administration, collection, or maintenance by virtue of his position, whether belonging to the state or to an individual, shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years and a fine not less than the value of the embezzled items.",
                                            "position": 295,
                                            "article_number": "359"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3270,
                                            "body": "If the embezzlement occurs by inserting false writings in invoices or ledgers, or by altering or destroying accounts and documents or other instruments, or generally by any trick aimed at preventing the discovery of the embezzlement, the punishment shall be temporary hard labor in addition to the fine imposed by the previous article.",
                                            "position": 296,
                                            "article_number": "360"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3271,
                                            "body": "Any employee who coerces a person or compels him to pay or promise to pay what he knows is not due or exceeds what is due in taxes, fees, or other dues shall be punished by imprisonment for at least one year and a fine not less than twice the value of the embezzled items.",
                                            "position": 297,
                                            "article_number": "361"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3272,
                                            "body": "The same punishment shall apply to any employee who grants exemptions from taxes, fees, fines, and other dues without legal authorization.",
                                            "position": 298,
                                            "article_number": "362"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3273,
                                            "body": "Shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years and a fine from two hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds:\r\n1- Anyone entrusted with selling, buying, or managing movable or immovable property on behalf of the state or a public administration, institution, municipality, public authority, or an institution of public benefit, or in which the state owns shares, who commits fraud in any of these activities or violates the applicable rules, either for personal gain or to favor one party to the detriment of another or to the detriment of public interest or public funds, or who commits gross and serious error.\r\n2- Anyone who, in peacetime, enters into a contract for undertaking works or public works, transportation, manufacturing, maintenance, repairs, or providing services, supplies, or provisions with any of the entities mentioned in the previous paragraph, whether the contract results from a tender based on a specification book or through deliberate procrastination or trickery to delay execution or prolong the duration with the intent to harm state projects or for personal gain or otherwise, or who commits fraud in the type of materials used or provided or in their composition, manufacture, or essential specifications.\r\n3- Contractors who conspire among themselves to corrupt the bidding process or to monopolize the commitment to one of them to the detriment of the contracting official entity.\r\n4- The employee responsible for supervising the tender or direct assignment or by any other means or monitoring the stages of execution or receiving the works after completion, if he performs actions that favor one party over another in the tender or assignment or if he overlooks the violation or neglects monitoring or fails to take measures against the violator as stipulated by the relevant laws.\r\n5- The contractor, intermediary, or any other person who, as a result of a tender or direct assignment or by any other means, provides corrupt or unsuitable materials to public administrations, institutions, and municipalities, and the employee or user who accepted or received these materials is considered an accomplice in the crime.\r\nThis is in addition to the penalties for bribery if it occurs.",
                                            "position": 299,
                                            "article_number": "363-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3274,
                                            "body": "Any employee who obtains a personal benefit from one of the transactions of the administration to which he belongs, whether he does so directly or through a borrowed person or by resorting to apparent instruments, shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to two years and a fine not less than two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 300,
                                            "article_number": "364-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3275,
                                            "body": "The penalties of the previous article shall be imposed on judges, tax collectors, representatives of the administration, state or police officers, and all public authority officials who receive a state salary if they openly or by resorting to apparent instruments directly or through a borrowed person engage in trade in the area where they exercise authority in grains, foodstuffs, and other essential needs other than what their properties produce.",
                                            "position": 301,
                                            "article_number": "365"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3276,
                                            "body": "Half of the penalties stipulated in Articles 359 to 362 shall be reduced if the damage caused and the benefit sought by the criminal are negligible or if full compensation for the damage is made before the case is referred to the court, and if restitution or compensation is made during the trial and before any judgment on the merits, even if not final, the penalty shall be reduced by a quarter.",
                                            "position": 302,
                                            "article_number": "366-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 522,
                                    "name": "On the Infringement of Freedoms",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3277,
                                            "body": "Any employee who arrests or imprisons a person in cases not stipulated by law shall be punished with temporary hard labor.",
                                            "position": 303,
                                            "article_number": "367"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3278,
                                            "body": "Directors and guards of prisons or disciplinary or reform institutions, and any employees who assume their powers, if they accept a person without a judicial warrant or decision or detain them beyond the specified period, shall be punished with imprisonment from one to three years.",
                                            "position": 304,
                                            "article_number": "368"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3279,
                                            "body": "The aforementioned persons, and in general all officers and members of the public force and all administrative employees who refuse or delay bringing a detained person or prisoner before the competent judge who requests them to do so, shall be punished with imprisonment from one month to one year. Those who do not immediately comply with the judge's request to present the prison register and all records of the detention places to which they are attached shall be punished with the same penalty.",
                                            "position": 305,
                                            "article_number": "369"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3280,
                                            "body": "Any employee who, in their capacity as an employee, enters a person's home or its annexes in cases not stipulated by law and without observing the procedures it imposes, shall be punished with imprisonment from three months to three years. The penalty shall not be less than six months if the act is accompanied by a search of the place or any other act of authority committed by the perpetrator.",
                                            "position": 306,
                                            "article_number": "370"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 523,
                                    "name": "On Abuse of Power and Breach of Duty",
                                    "number": "5",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3281,
                                            "body": "Any employee who uses their authority or influence, directly or indirectly, to obstruct or delay the application of laws or regulations, the collection of fees or taxes, or the execution of a judicial decision, judicial warrant, or any order issued by the competent authority, shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to two years.\r\nIf the person who used their authority or influence is not a public employee, the penalty shall not exceed one year.",
                                            "position": 307,
                                            "article_number": "371"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3282,
                                            "body": "Shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from fifty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds any employee who incites contempt for national conditions or the laws of the state or praises acts that contradict these laws or conditions. This provision also applies to clergy or members of public or private educational institutions.",
                                            "position": 308,
                                            "article_number": "372-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3283,
                                            "body": "If an employee in public administrations, institutions, or municipalities, without a legitimate reason, neglects to perform their duty or fails to execute the legal orders issued to them by their superior, they shall be punished by imprisonment up to two years and a fine from two hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds, or by one of these penalties.\r\nIf this act results in damage to the interests of the concerned administrations, institutions, and municipalities, the penalty shall be increased in accordance with the provisions of Article 257, and they may be fined an amount equivalent to the value of the damage.",
                                            "position": 309,
                                            "article_number": "373-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3284,
                                            "body": "Shall also be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year any officer or member of the public force and any site or platoon commander who refuses to comply with a legal request issued by the judicial or administrative authority.",
                                            "position": 310,
                                            "article_number": "374"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3285,
                                            "body": "Any employee not mentioned in Article 306 who is dismissed or suspended, and any person appointed to public service by election or appointment whose term has ended, shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years if they continue to perform their duties contrary to the law.",
                                            "position": 311,
                                            "article_number": "375"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3286,
                                            "body": "Any employee who, with the intent of obtaining a benefit for themselves or others, or with the intent of harming others, commits an act not specified by law that contradicts the duties of their profession, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to three years and a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 312,
                                            "article_number": "376-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3287,
                                            "body": "Except in cases where the law imposes specific penalties for crimes committed by employees, those who, in their mentioned capacity or by abusing the authority or influence derived from their positions, commit any crime, whether as instigators, accomplices, or accessories, shall be subject to the aggravated penalties imposed by Article 257.",
                                            "position": 313,
                                            "article_number": "377"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 1089,
                                            "name": "Comprehensive Provisions",
                                            "number": "First",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3288,
                                                    "body": "The judge, when ruling on one of the misdemeanors stipulated in this chapter, may order the deprivation of civil rights.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "378"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Paragraph",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 5
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 524,
                            "name": "On Crimes Against Public Authority",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 525,
                                    "name": "On Rebellion",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3289,
                                            "body": "Whoever attacks or resists with violence an employee working on the application of laws or regulations, the collection of fees and taxes, or the execution of a judicial decision, judicial warrant, or any order issued by the competent authority shall be punished as follows:\r\n1- If the act is committed by an armed group of more than twenty persons, they shall be punished with imprisonment from three months to three years, and if they are unarmed, the imprisonment shall be from two months to two years.\r\n2- If the act is committed by persons numbering less than twenty, the punishment shall be imprisonment from two months to two years if they are armed, and imprisonment from ten days to three months \"and a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if they are unarmed.",
                                            "position": 314,
                                            "article_number": "379-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3290,
                                            "body": "Any actual or passive resistance that stops a lawful act being carried out by one of the persons described in the previous article shall be punished with imprisonment for up to one month and a fine of up to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 315,
                                            "article_number": "380-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 526,
                                    "name": "On Acts of Violence",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3291,
                                            "body": "Whoever strikes an employee or worker with violence and severity during the exercise of their duties, or in the course of or because of their duties, shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years.\r\nIf the act is committed against a judge at any time, the penalty shall be from one to three years. The penalties imposed in the previous two paragraphs shall be increased as specified in Article 257 if the acts of violence are committed intentionally, or if they are committed by a group of at least three persons, or if they result in injury or illness.\r\nIf the acts of violence are of such severity that they require a harsher penalty than those stipulated in the article, the penalty deserved by the perpetrator shall be increased accordingly in accordance with Article 257 of the Penal Code.",
                                            "position": 316,
                                            "article_number": "381-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3292,
                                            "body": "Whoever threatens, by any means, a judge, or any person performing a judicial task or fulfilling a legal duty before the court, such as a judge, lawyer, expert, syndic, or witness, with the intent to influence their immunity, opinion, or judgment, or to prevent them from performing their duty or task, shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years and a fine from two hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds.\r\nIf the threat involves a promise to use weapons or assault persons or property, or if it is accompanied by any of these acts, the perpetrator shall be punished with temporary hard labor.",
                                            "position": 317,
                                            "article_number": "382-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 527,
                                    "name": "On Contempt",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3293,
                                            "body": "Insult by words, gestures, or threats directed at an employee during the performance of their duties or in the context of performing them, or communicated to them by the will of the perpetrator, and insult by writing, drawing, telegram, or telephone communication directed at an employee during the performance of their duties or in the context of performing them, is punishable by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months.\r\nIf the insulted employee is one who exercises public authority, the penalty is from two months to one year.\r\nAnd if the insult by words, gestures, or threats is directed at a judge on the bench, the penalty is imprisonment from six months to two years.\r\n \"An employee is defined as any person appointed or elected to perform a public function or service, with or without compensation.\"",
                                            "position": 318,
                                            "article_number": "383-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3294,
                                            "body": "Whoever insults the Head of State shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to two years, and the same penalty is imposed on anyone who insults the flag or the national emblem publicly by any of the means mentioned in Article 196.",
                                            "position": 319,
                                            "article_number": "384"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 528,
                                    "name": "On Defamation and Slander",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3295,
                                            "body": "Defamation is attributing something to a person, even in the context of doubt or inquiry, that harms their honor or dignity. Any word of contempt or insult and any expression or drawing that reveals contempt is considered slander if it does not involve attributing something, without prejudice to the provisions of Article 383, which includes the definition of contempt.",
                                            "position": 320,
                                            "article_number": "385"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3296,
                                            "body": "Defamation by one of the means specified in Article 209 is punishable by:\r\nImprisonment from two months to two years if it is against the head of state.\r\nImprisonment for up to one year if directed at the courts, organized bodies, the army, or public administrations, or directed at an official exercising public authority because of their function or status.\r\nImprisonment for up to three months or a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if it is against any other employee because of their function or status.",
                                            "position": 321,
                                            "article_number": "386-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3297,
                                            "body": "Except for defamation against the head of state, the accused is acquitted if the subject of the defamation is related to the function and its truth is proven.",
                                            "position": 322,
                                            "article_number": "387"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3298,
                                            "body": "Slander by one of the means specified in Article 209 is punishable by:\r\n- Imprisonment from one month to one year if it is against the head of state,\r\n- Imprisonment for up to one month if directed at the courts, organized bodies, the army, or public administrations, or directed at an official exercising public authority because of their function or status.\r\n- A fine from twenty thousand to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or disciplinary detention if it is against any other employee because of their function or status.",
                                            "position": 323,
                                            "article_number": "388-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3299,
                                            "body": "Contempt, slander, or defamation directed at a judge without it being related to their function is punishable by imprisonment for up to six months. The courts may order the publication of any judgment for the crime of contempt, defamation, or slander mentioned above in the first paragraph of the second chapter.",
                                            "position": 324,
                                            "article_number": "389-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 529,
                                    "name": "On Tearing Down Official Announcements",
                                    "number": "5",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3300,
                                            "body": "Whoever tears, removes, or destroys an official announcement, even partially, shall be punished with a fine ranging from twenty thousand Lebanese pounds to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. If the act is committed out of contempt for the authority or in protest against one of its actions, the punishment shall be imprisonment for a period not exceeding three months.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "390"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 5
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 530,
                                    "name": "On Impersonation of Titles or Functions",
                                    "number": "6",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3301,
                                            "body": "Whoever publicly and without right wears an official uniform or carries a medal or insignia of the Lebanese state or a foreign state, or wears clothing designated by Lebanese law for a specific group of people, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to six months or a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.\r\nThis provision is applied based on a complaint from the competent religious authorities against any person who unlawfully wears clothing specific to a religious function.",
                                            "position": 325,
                                            "article_number": "391-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3302,
                                            "body": "Whoever impersonates a public military or civil function or exercises its powers shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years. If the perpetrator is wearing during the act a uniform or insignia specific to employees, the imprisonment shall not be less than four months. If the act is accompanied by another crime, the penalty shall be increased in accordance with the provisions of Article 257.",
                                            "position": 326,
                                            "article_number": "392"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3303,
                                            "body": "Whoever unlawfully practices a profession subject to legal regulation shall be punished by imprisonment for up to six months and a fine ranging from fifty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 327,
                                            "article_number": "393-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3304,
                                            "body": "The judgment can be published in the misdemeanors stipulated in this section.",
                                            "position": 328,
                                            "article_number": "394"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 6
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 531,
                                    "name": "On Breaking Seals and Removing Official Papers or Documents",
                                    "number": "7",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3305,
                                            "body": "Whoever intentionally breaks the seals placed by order of the public authority or at the request of spiritual or consular authorities operating within their legal jurisdiction in Lebanon shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year. If violence against persons is used, the punishment shall be from one to three years.",
                                            "position": 329,
                                            "article_number": "395"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3306,
                                            "body": "Whoever takes, removes, or completely or partially destroys papers or documents deposited in archives, court offices, public warehouses, or entrusted to a general secretary in this capacity, shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years. If the act is committed by breaking seals, breaking in, climbing, or by using violence against persons, the punishment shall be temporary hard labor.",
                                            "position": 330,
                                            "article_number": "396"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3307,
                                            "body": "The penalties of the previous article, including its variations, apply to whoever burns or destroys, even partially, records, drafts, or originals of documents belonging to the public authority.",
                                            "position": 331,
                                            "article_number": "397"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 7
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 3
                },
                {
                    "id": 532,
                    "name": "On Crimes Disrupting the Course of Justice",
                    "number": "Fourth",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 533,
                            "name": "On Crimes Disrupting the Course of Justice",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 534,
                                    "name": "On Concealment of Felonies and Misdemeanors",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3308,
                                            "body": "Every Lebanese who becomes aware of a felony against state security and does not immediately inform the public authority shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years and by deprivation of civil rights.",
                                            "position": 332,
                                            "article_number": "398"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3309,
                                            "body": "Any employee tasked with investigating or prosecuting crimes who neglects or delays reporting a crime related to their work shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to three years and by a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.\r\nAny employee who neglects or delays informing the competent authority about a felony or misdemeanor they become aware of during or in the course of their duties shall be punished by the fine specified above.\r\nThis is all unless the prosecution of the crime that was not reported is dependent on a complaint from an individual.",
                                            "position": 333,
                                            "article_number": "399-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3310,
                                            "body": "Anyone practicing a health profession who assists a person who appears to have been the victim of a felony or misdemeanor that can be prosecuted without a complaint and does not inform the authority shall be punished by the fine stipulated in the previous article.",
                                            "position": 334,
                                            "article_number": "400"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 535,
                                    "name": "On Extracting Confessions and Information",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3311,
                                            "body": "Criminalization of Torture\r\n\"A - In this law, torture means any act committed, instigated, or approved explicitly or implicitly by an official or any person acting in an official capacity during investigation, preliminary investigation, judicial investigation, trials, and execution of penalties,\r\nresulting in severe pain or severe suffering, whether physical or mental, intentionally inflicted on a person, especially:\r\n- To obtain from him or a third person, information or a confession.\r\n- To punish any person for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed.\r\n- To intimidate any person or coerce him or a third person to do or refrain from doing any act.\r\n- To subject any person to such severe pain or severe suffering for any reason based on discrimination of any kind.\r\nThe above definition does not include severe pain or severe suffering arising from, inherent in, or incidental to lawful sanctions.\r\nB - Anyone who commits torture shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years if the torture does not result in death or permanent or temporary physical or mental impairment.\r\n- If the torture results in temporary physical or mental impairment or harm, the punishment is imprisonment from three to seven years.\r\n- If the torture results in permanent physical or mental impairment, the punishment is imprisonment from five to ten years.\r\n- If the torture results in death, the punishment is imprisonment from ten to twenty years.\r\nC - The court may decide to rehabilitate victims of torture crimes in addition to personal compensation.\"",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "401"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 536,
                                    "name": "On Fabricating Crimes and Defamation",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3312,
                                            "body": "Whoever informs the judicial authority or an authority that must inform the judicial authority about a crime they know has not been committed, and whoever causes a preliminary or judicial investigation by fabricating material evidence of such a crime, shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months and a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or by one of these penalties.",
                                            "position": 335,
                                            "article_number": "402-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3313,
                                            "body": "Whoever submits a complaint or report to the judicial authority or to an authority that must inform the judicial authority, accusing someone of a misdemeanor or violation they know the person is innocent of, or fabricates material evidence of the occurrence of such an offense, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to three years. If the accusation constitutes a felony, the slanderer shall be punished with temporary hard labor for up to ten years. If the slander leads to a death sentence or a life sentence, the punishment of hard labor shall not be less than ten years and can be extended to fifteen years.",
                                            "position": 336,
                                            "article_number": "403"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3314,
                                            "body": "If the slanderer retracts their slander before any prosecution, the penalties stipulated in this section shall be mitigated in accordance with Article 251.",
                                            "position": 337,
                                            "article_number": "404"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 537,
                                    "name": "On False Identity",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3315,
                                            "body": "Whoever is asked by a judge or an officer of the judicial police or one of its men to state his name or status and gives a name or status that is not his own, or provides false information about his place of residence or dwelling, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to six months or a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 338,
                                            "article_number": "405-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3316,
                                            "body": "Whoever impersonates another person's name in a judicial investigation or judicial trial shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years.",
                                            "position": 339,
                                            "article_number": "406"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 538,
                                    "name": "On Perjury",
                                    "number": "5",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3317,
                                            "body": "A witness who presents a false excuse is liable to imprisonment for up to three months, in addition to the fine imposed on them for failing to appear.",
                                            "position": 340,
                                            "article_number": "407"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3318,
                                            "body": "Anyone who testifies before a judicial authority, military, or administrative court and asserts falsehood, denies the truth, or conceals some or all of the facts of the case they are questioned about, shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years.\r\nIf false testimony is given during a criminal investigation or trial, the penalty shall be hard labor for up to ten years.\r\nIf the false testimony results in a death sentence or a life sentence, the hard labor shall not be less than ten years and may be extended to fifteen years.\r\nIf the offender was heard without taking an oath, the penalty is reduced by half.",
                                            "position": 341,
                                            "article_number": "408"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3319,
                                            "body": "Exempt from punishment:\r\n1- A witness who gave testimony during a criminal investigation if they retract the false statement before the investigation is concluded and a report is filed against them.\r\n2- A witness who testified in any trial if they retract their statement before any judgment on the merits of the case, even if not final.",
                                            "position": 342,
                                            "article_number": "409"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3320,
                                            "body": "Also exempt from punishment:\r\n1- A witness who would inevitably face a serious threat to their freedom or honor if they told the truth, or if it would expose their spouse, even if divorced, or any of their ascendants, descendants, siblings, or in-laws of the same degrees.\r\n2- A person who disclosed their name, surname, and status before the judge and was not required to be heard as a witness or should have been informed that they could refrain from testifying if they wished.\r\nHowever, if the false testimony exposes another person to legal prosecution or judgment, the penalty is reduced from half to two-thirds.",
                                            "position": 343,
                                            "article_number": "410"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3321,
                                            "body": "The penalty is reduced by half for a person who induced false testimony if the witness would inevitably expose them or one of their relatives to a serious threat as explained in the first paragraph of the previous article if they told the truth.",
                                            "position": 344,
                                            "article_number": "411"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 5
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 539,
                                    "name": "On False Reporting and False Translation",
                                    "number": "6",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3322,
                                            "body": "The expert appointed by the judicial authority who asserts something contrary to the truth or interprets it incorrectly, knowing its truth, shall be punished by imprisonment for at least three months and a fine not less than one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, and shall also be prohibited from being an expert.\r\nThe penalty shall be hard labor if the expert's task relates to a criminal case.",
                                            "position": 345,
                                            "article_number": "412-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3323,
                                            "body": "The translator who intentionally provides an incorrect translation in a judicial case shall be subject to the penalties of the previous article, including its differences, and shall also be prohibited from practicing translation forever.",
                                            "position": 346,
                                            "article_number": "413"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3324,
                                            "body": "The provisions of Article 409 shall apply to the expert and the translator.",
                                            "position": 347,
                                            "article_number": "414"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 6
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 540,
                                    "name": "On False Oaths",
                                    "number": "7",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3325,
                                            "body": "Whoever swears a false oath in a civil case shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years and a fine from one hundred thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, and shall be exempt from punishment if they retract their oath before the case, which was the subject of the oath, is decided by a judgment, even if not final.",
                                            "position": 348,
                                            "article_number": "415-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 7
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 541,
                                    "name": "On the Disposition of Items Presented Before the Court",
                                    "number": "8",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3326,
                                            "body": "Whoever disposes of a document or another item, or conceals, destroys, or defaces it after presenting it to the court, shall be punished with a fine from fifty thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. This provision applies if the document or item presented was left to be submitted upon every request.",
                                            "position": 349,
                                            "article_number": "416-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 8
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 542,
                                    "name": "On Judicial Immunity and Acts that Obstruct the Course of Justice",
                                    "number": "9",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3327,
                                            "body": "No defamation or slander lawsuit shall arise from speeches and writings uttered or presented before the courts in good faith and within the limits of the legitimate right of defense.",
                                            "position": 350,
                                            "article_number": "417"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3328,
                                            "body": "Anyone found in a place where a judicial investigation is taking place and who disobeys the removal order issued by the judge managing the session shall be detained by the judge and sentenced to disciplinary detention for twenty-four hours.",
                                            "position": 351,
                                            "article_number": "418-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3329,
                                            "body": "Anyone who solicits from a judge, arbitrator, or a person performing a judicial or arbitration task, by any means, any request related to a lawsuit or judicial review, shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years and a fine ranging from ten times the minimum wage to one hundred times it.\r\nThis penalty is increased according to the provisions of Article 257 of the Penal Code if the perpetrator, accomplice, accessory, or instigator is an employee as defined in Article 350 of this law.",
                                            "position": 352,
                                            "article_number": "419-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 9
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 543,
                                    "name": "On Prohibited Publications",
                                    "number": "10",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3330,
                                            "body": "A fine ranging from fifty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds shall be imposed on anyone who publishes:\r\n1- A document from the criminal or misdemeanor investigation before it is read in a public session.\r\n2- Court deliberations.\r\n3- Trials of secret sessions.\r\n4- Trials in cases of lineage.\r\n5- Trials in cases of divorce or separation.\r\n6- Any trial whose publication is prohibited by the courts.\r\nThe previous provisions do not apply to judgments published in good faith without the use of advertisements or billboards.",
                                            "position": 353,
                                            "article_number": "420-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3331,
                                            "body": "Imprisonment for up to six months and a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or one of these penalties, shall be imposed on those who publicly initiate or announce subscriptions to compensate for fines, fees, or damages awarded by a criminal court.",
                                            "position": 354,
                                            "article_number": "421-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 10
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 544,
                            "name": "On What Obstructs the Enforcement of Judicial Decisions",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 545,
                                    "name": "On Crimes Affecting the Force of Judicial Decisions",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3345,
                                            "body": "A judicial custodian who intentionally causes damage or disposes of all or part of the items entrusted to them shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.\r\nThey shall be fined only if the item is damaged due to their negligence.\r\nAny other person, whether the owner of the items placed under judicial custody or claiming ownership, who intentionally takes them, causes damage, hides what was taken, or disposes of them knowingly, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from twenty thousand to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 368,
                                            "article_number": "422-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3346,
                                            "body": "Shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds:\r\n1- Anyone who remains in a property despite an eviction decision or reoccupies a property from which they were removed.\r\n2- Anyone who violates the measures taken by the judge to protect ownership or possession.\r\nIf the act is accompanied by violence, the punishment is from six months to two years.",
                                            "position": 369,
                                            "article_number": "423-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3347,
                                            "body": "Anyone who hides or tears, even partially, a notice posted in execution of a conviction judgment shall be punished by a fine from fifty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.\r\nIf the person sentenced to post the judgment commits the aforementioned offense themselves, or incites or intervenes in it, they shall be liable, in addition to the fine, to imprisonment for up to six months.",
                                            "position": 370,
                                            "article_number": "424-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 546,
                                    "name": "On the Escape of Prisoners",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3348,
                                            "body": "Whoever facilitated or enabled the escape of a person detained or imprisoned according to the law for a misdemeanor or infraction shall be punished by imprisonment for up to six months.\r\nIf the escapee was detained or imprisoned for a felony punishable by a temporary criminal penalty, the offender shall be sentenced to imprisonment from one to three years, and if the penalty for the felony is more severe, the offender shall be subject to hard labor from three to seven years.",
                                            "position": 371,
                                            "article_number": "425"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3349,
                                            "body": "Whoever was entrusted with guarding or escorting the prisoner and enabled or facilitated their escape shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years in the first case mentioned in the previous article, and by hard labor from three to seven years in the second case, and by hard labor from five to fifteen years in the third case.\r\nIf the escape occurred due to the negligence of the guard or escort, the penalty shall be imprisonment from one month to one year in the first case mentioned above, imprisonment from six months to two years in the second case, and from one to three years in the third case.",
                                            "position": 372,
                                            "article_number": "426"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3350,
                                            "body": "Those entrusted with guarding prisoners or escorting them and who provided them with weapons or other tools to facilitate their escape through breaking or violence shall be punished for this act alone with temporary hard labor for not less than five years.\r\nAny other person who committed this act shall be punished with temporary hard labor.",
                                            "position": 373,
                                            "article_number": "427"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3351,
                                            "body": "The penalty is reduced by half if the offender ensures the capture of the escapee or persuades them to surrender within three months of their escape, provided that they have not committed another crime classified as a felony or misdemeanor.",
                                            "position": 374,
                                            "article_number": "428"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 547,
                            "name": "On the Enforcement of Rights by Arbitration",
                            "number": "Third",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 548,
                                    "name": "On Prohibiting Self-Help in Rightful Claims",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3352,
                                            "body": "Whoever takes the law into their own hands to claim a right, while being able to refer to the competent authority, by seizing property in the possession of others or using violence against objects causing damage, shall be punished with a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 375,
                                            "article_number": "429-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3353,
                                            "body": "If the act mentioned in the previous article is committed with violence against persons or by resorting to moral coercion, the perpetrator shall be punished with imprisonment for up to six months in addition to the fine specified above.\r\nThe punishment shall be imprisonment from three months to two years if the violence or coercion is used by an armed person or a group of three or more persons, even if unarmed.",
                                            "position": 376,
                                            "article_number": "430"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3354,
                                            "body": "Prosecution depends on a complaint from the injured party if the aforementioned misdemeanor is not accompanied by another crime that can be prosecuted without a complaint.",
                                            "position": 377,
                                            "article_number": "431"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 549,
                                    "name": "On Dueling",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3355,
                                            "body": "The penalty for dueling is from one month to one year.",
                                            "position": 378,
                                            "article_number": "432"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3356,
                                            "body": "Any invitation to duel, even if refused, is punishable by a fine from fifty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 379,
                                            "article_number": "433-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3357,
                                            "body": "The same penalty applies to anyone who publicly insults another or subjects them to public contempt for not challenging someone to a duel or for not accepting a challenge.",
                                            "position": 380,
                                            "article_number": "434"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3358,
                                            "body": "If the duel results in death or permanent disability, the penalty in the first case is detention from three to seven years, and in the second case, imprisonment from one to three years.",
                                            "position": 381,
                                            "article_number": "435"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3359,
                                            "body": "The doctor or surgeon who assists the duelists is exempt from punishment.",
                                            "position": 382,
                                            "article_number": "436"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 3
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 4
                },
                {
                    "id": 550,
                    "name": "On Crimes Against Public Trust",
                    "number": "Fifth",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 551,
                            "name": "On the Counterfeiting of the State Seal, Official Currencies, Currency, and Public Financial Instruments",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 552,
                                    "name": "On the Imitation of the State Seal and Official Marks",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3360,
                                            "body": "Whoever forges the seal of the Lebanese state or the seal of a foreign state, or uses the forged seal while being aware of the matter, shall be punished with hard labor for at least seven years.\r\nWhoever uses the seal of the Lebanese state without right or forges its stamp or the stamp of a foreign state's seal shall be punished with temporary hard labor.\r\nIn both cases, the criminal shall be liable to a fine of no less than five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 383,
                                            "article_number": "437-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3361,
                                            "body": "Whoever forges a seal, brand, stamp, or hammer specific to a Lebanese or foreign public administration, or forges the stamp of those tools.\r\nAnd whoever uses for an unlawful purpose any of the official marks mentioned in the previous paragraph, whether genuine or forged, shall be punished with imprisonment from one to three years and a fine from one hundred thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 384,
                                            "article_number": "438-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3362,
                                            "body": "Whoever commits the forgery punishable under this section shall be exempt from punishment if they destroy the criminal material before any use or prosecution.",
                                            "position": 385,
                                            "article_number": "439"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 553,
                                    "name": "On Counterfeiting Currency and Public Securities",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3363,
                                            "body": "Whoever counterfeits gold or silver currency legally or customarily circulated in Lebanon or in another country with the intent to circulate it, or participates knowingly in issuing, circulating, or introducing the counterfeit currency into Lebanese territory or a foreign country, shall be punished with hard labor for a period not less than five years and a fine of at least five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 386,
                                            "article_number": "440-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3364,
                                            "body": "If one of the crimes mentioned in the previous article relates to a metal currency other than gold and silver, the penalty shall be temporary hard labor and a fine ranging from two hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 387,
                                            "article_number": "441-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3365,
                                            "body": "The penalties stipulated in the previous article shall apply to anyone who, with the intent to circulate legally or customarily circulated currency in Lebanon or a foreign country, falsifies it either by reducing its weight or by coating it in a way that makes it appear more valuable, or participates knowingly in issuing, circulating, or introducing counterfeit currency into Lebanese territory or a foreign country.",
                                            "position": 388,
                                            "article_number": "442"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3366,
                                            "body": "Whoever counterfeits banknotes or Lebanese or foreign banknotes issued with state authorization with the intent to circulate them, or participates in issuing or circulating them, shall be punished with the penalties stipulated in Article 440.",
                                            "position": 389,
                                            "article_number": "443-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3367,
                                            "body": "Whoever forges documents as mentioned above or knowingly participates in issuing, circulating, or introducing counterfeit documents into Lebanese territory or another country shall be punished with the penalties stipulated in Article 441.",
                                            "position": 390,
                                            "article_number": "444"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3368,
                                            "body": "Imprisonment and a fine shall be imposed on anyone who manufactures, offers, transports with the intent to trade, or circulates counterfeit coins imitating legally or customarily circulated currency in Lebanon or other countries, or printed papers that may be confused with banknotes or Lebanese or foreign banknotes issued with state authorization.",
                                            "position": 391,
                                            "article_number": "445-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3369,
                                            "body": "Whoever, in good faith, receives counterfeit or forged currency or banknotes or Lebanese or foreign banknotes issued with state authorization and circulates them after realizing their defects shall be punished with a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 392,
                                            "article_number": "446-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3370,
                                            "body": "The same penalty applies to anyone who reintroduces into circulation, knowingly, currency or banknotes or Lebanese or foreign banknotes issued with state authorization or documents that have been withdrawn from circulation.",
                                            "position": 393,
                                            "article_number": "447-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3371,
                                            "body": "Whoever manufactures machines or tools intended for counterfeiting or forging currency or Lebanese or foreign banknotes issued with state authorization, or acquires them with the intent to use them unlawfully, shall be punished with temporary hard labor and a fine of at least two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. Anyone who possesses such machines or tools knowing their purpose shall be punished with imprisonment for at least one year.",
                                            "position": 394,
                                            "article_number": "448-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3372,
                                            "body": "The criminal penalties stipulated in the previous article shall apply to anyone found in possession of machines or tools intended for manufacturing currency or banknotes or banknotes and uses them lawfully.",
                                            "position": 395,
                                            "article_number": "449-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 554,
                                    "name": "On Forgery of Stamps and Revenue Stamps",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3373,
                                            "body": "Whoever counterfeits or forges stamp papers, official stamps, receipt stamps, or postal stamps with the intent to use them unlawfully or circulates them knowing their nature shall be punished with temporary hard labor for up to five years and a fine of not less than one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 396,
                                            "article_number": "450-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3374,
                                            "body": "Shall be punished with imprisonment from three months to one year and a fine from fifty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds whoever uses, knowing the matter, one of the counterfeited or forged stamps or a stamp that has been previously used.",
                                            "position": 397,
                                            "article_number": "451-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 1090,
                                            "name": "Comprehensive Provisions",
                                            "number": "First",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3375,
                                                    "body": "Exempted from punishment is anyone who participated in one of the felonies mentioned in the second and third clauses of this chapter and informed the authorities about this felony before its completion. However, the defendant who enables the arrest, even after prosecutions, of other criminals or those whose hiding places he knows, shall have his punishment reduced only as stipulated in Article 251.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "452"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Paragraph",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 3
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 555,
                            "name": "On Forgery",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 3376,
                                    "body": "Forgery is a deliberate distortion of the truth, in the facts or data established by a document or manuscript that constitutes a record, with the intent to cause material, moral, or social harm.",
                                    "position": 1,
                                    "article_number": "453"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3377,
                                    "body": "The same penalty as the perpetrator of forgery shall be imposed on anyone who uses the forged document knowing its nature.",
                                    "position": 1,
                                    "article_number": "454"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3378,
                                    "body": "If forgery is committed or the forged document is used with the intent to prove a true matter, the penalty shall be reduced in accordance with Article 251.",
                                    "position": 1,
                                    "article_number": "455"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 556,
                                    "name": "On Criminal Forgery",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3379,
                                            "body": "The employee who commits material forgery during the performance of their duties shall be punished with temporary hard labor for at least five years:\r\nEither by misusing a signature, seal, or fingerprint, and generally by signing a forged signature, or by creating a document or manuscript, or by committing deletion, addition, or alteration in the content of a document or manuscript. The penalty shall not be less than seven years if the forged document is one that is acted upon until its forgery is claimed. The provisions of this article apply in the case of total or partial destruction of the document.",
                                            "position": 398,
                                            "article_number": "456"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3380,
                                            "body": "The employee who drafts a document within their jurisdiction and causes distortion in its subject or circumstances shall be punished with the penalties stipulated in the previous article with the difference specified therein:\r\nEither by misusing a blank signature entrusted to them.\r\nOr by recording contracts or statements other than those issued by the contracting parties or dictated by them.\r\nOr by proving false facts as true or unrecognized facts as recognized, or by distorting any other fact by omitting a matter or presenting it incorrectly.",
                                            "position": 399,
                                            "article_number": "457-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3381,
                                            "body": "For the application of the previous articles, religious figures are considered equivalent to public employees in the transactions they conduct by law related to personal status and endowments, as well as anyone authorized by laws and regulations to give official status to a document, signature, or seal.",
                                            "position": 400,
                                            "article_number": "458-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3382,
                                            "body": "All other persons who commit forgery in official documents by any of the means mentioned in the previous articles shall be punished with temporary hard labor in cases where the law does not provide otherwise.",
                                            "position": 401,
                                            "article_number": "459"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3383,
                                            "body": "For the application of the previous articles, the following are considered as official documents:\r\n1- Shares, bonds, certificates of deposit, and other securities mentioned in Article 453 and subsequent articles of the Commercial Code, whether nominal, bearer, or order, which the law allows companies or institutions to issue in Lebanon or another country.\r\n2- The records, entries, documents, and financial bonds of the Central Bank of Lebanon.\r\n3- Lebanese or foreign academic certificates issued by official authorities, higher institutes, or universities, required for practicing a profession, work, or job, or for joining another academic institution.\r\n4- Lottery tickets issued by official administrations and bodies.",
                                            "position": 402,
                                            "article_number": "460-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 557,
                                    "name": "On Forgery of Official Records and Data",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3384,
                                            "body": "Whoever is legally required to keep records subject to the supervision of the authority and records false matters in them or omits to record true matters shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and by a fine of at least one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if the act is likely to mislead the authority.",
                                            "position": 403,
                                            "article_number": "461-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3385,
                                            "body": "The same penalty shall apply to anyone who knowingly presents a forged or altered document, or one organized in a manner contrary to the truth, prepared to serve as a basis either for tax or fee calculations or other dues owed to the state or one of the public administrations, or for legal supervision of the criminal's professional activities.",
                                            "position": 404,
                                            "article_number": "462"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 558,
                                    "name": "On False Testimonies",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3386,
                                            "body": "Whoever, by any material or moral means as stipulated in Articles 456 and 457 of the Penal Code, forges an identity card, a civil status certificate, a passport, or an entry visa shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years.",
                                            "position": 405,
                                            "article_number": "463-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3387,
                                            "body": "Shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years whoever commits forgery by fabrication, alteration, or conversion of a transit pass, hunting license, weapon carrying license, driver's license, voter card, transport document, or a copy of the criminal record.\r\nAnd shall be punished with the same penalty:\r\n1- Whoever obtains one of these documents by stating a false identity, assuming a name other than his own, or by any other misleading means.\r\n2- Whoever uses one of these documents issued in a name other than his own or with an identity other than his own.\r\n3- The employee who issues one of these documents knowing the name or identity is assumed.",
                                            "position": 406,
                                            "article_number": "464-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3388,
                                            "body": "-Amended-Cancelled\r\nWhoever commits forgery by fabrication or alteration in one of the documents referred to in Article 463 shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years.",
                                            "position": 407,
                                            "article_number": "465"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3389,
                                            "body": "Whoever, while practicing a public function, public service, or medical or health profession, gives a false certificate intended to be presented to the public authority or which may result in unlawful benefit to others or cause harm to the interest of any person.\r\nAnd whoever fabricates by assuming the name of one of the persons mentioned in the previous paragraph or forges by alteration a certificate as referred to in the mentioned article, shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years.\r\nIf the false certificate was intended to be presented before the judiciary or to justify exemption from public service, the imprisonment shall not be less than six months.",
                                            "position": 408,
                                            "article_number": "466-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3390,
                                            "body": "The notification papers prepared by executors and other state and public administration employees, as well as the reports and records prepared by judicial police officers, are considered equivalent to the documents mentioned in Article 463, and are punished with the penalty mentioned in this article.",
                                            "position": 409,
                                            "article_number": "467-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3391,
                                            "body": "Whoever, under an assumed name, forges a certificate of good conduct or a certificate of poverty shall be punished by imprisonment up to six months, and the penalty shall be from one month to one year if the certificate is issued under the name of an employee or if the forgery involves a certificate issued by an employee.",
                                            "position": 410,
                                            "article_number": "468"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 559,
                                    "name": "On Identity Impersonation",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3392,
                                            "body": "Whoever presents to a public authority with a false identity with the intent to gain benefit for himself or others, or with the intent to harm the rights of any person, shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years, in addition to any criminal penalties he may face if he colludes with a public official.",
                                            "position": 411,
                                            "article_number": "469"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3393,
                                            "body": "The same penalty is imposed on any person who knowingly confirms the false identity of any person in the aforementioned circumstances before public authorities.",
                                            "position": 412,
                                            "article_number": "470"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 560,
                                    "name": "On Forgery of Private Documents",
                                    "number": "5",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3394,
                                            "body": "Whoever commits forgery in private documents by any of the means specified in Articles 456 and 457 shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years and a fine of not less than one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 413,
                                            "article_number": "471-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3395,
                                            "body": "If the criminal admits to the criminal act before use and prosecution, they are exempt from punishment. However, if the admission of the crime occurs after the use of the forgery and before the complaint or prosecution, the penalty is reduced as provided in Article 251.",
                                            "position": 414,
                                            "article_number": "472"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 5
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 5
                },
                {
                    "id": 561,
                    "name": "On Crimes Affecting Religion and Family",
                    "number": "Sixth",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 562,
                            "name": "On Misdemeanors Affecting Religion",
                            "number": "One",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 563,
                                    "name": "Concerning Religious Sentiment",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3396,
                                            "body": "Whoever blasphemes the name of God publicly shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year.",
                                            "position": 415,
                                            "article_number": "473"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3397,
                                            "body": "Whoever, by one of the methods specified in Article 209, insults religious rituals (1) that are practiced publicly or incites contempt for any of those rituals shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years.",
                                            "position": 416,
                                            "article_number": "474-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3398,
                                            "body": "Shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years:\r\n1- Whoever causes a disturbance during the performance of any religious rites, ceremonies, or rituals, or obstructs them by acts of violence or threats.\r\n2- Whoever destroys, damages, defaces, desecrates, or pollutes buildings dedicated to worship or their symbols and other items revered by the faithful or a group of people.",
                                            "position": 417,
                                            "article_number": "475-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 564,
                                    "name": "On Changing the Sect",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3399,
                                            "body": "If a clergyman violates the legal provisions related to changing religion or sect, or conducts a religious marriage without ensuring, when necessary, that the mentioned provisions have been observed, he shall be punished with a fine ranging from fifty thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 418,
                                            "article_number": "476-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 1091,
                                            "name": "Comprehensive Provisions",
                                            "number": "First",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3400,
                                                    "body": "The criminal may be deprived of the rights mentioned in the second and fourth paragraphs of Article 65 if they commit one of the crimes listed in Articles 474 to 476, if they commit one of the crimes listed in Articles 474 to 476.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "477"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Paragraph",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 565,
                                    "name": "On the Violation of the Sanctity of the Dead and Crimes Disrupting Their Burial System",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3401,
                                            "body": "Whoever causes a disturbance at funerals or memorial services or obstructs them through acts of violence or threats shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to one year.",
                                            "position": 419,
                                            "article_number": "478"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3402,
                                            "body": "Whoever steals or destroys a corpse, in whole or in part, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year. If the theft is committed with the intent to conceal death or birth, the punishment shall be from two months to two years.",
                                            "position": 420,
                                            "article_number": "479"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3403,
                                            "body": "A fine from fifty thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months, or one of these penalties, shall be imposed on anyone who, for scientific or educational purposes, takes a corpse or dissects it or uses it in any other way without the consent of the rightful person.",
                                            "position": 421,
                                            "article_number": "480-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3404,
                                            "body": "Shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years:\r\n1- Whoever desecrates or defiles the sanctity of graves or memorials of the dead or intentionally demolishes, destroys, or disfigures them.\r\n2- Whoever defiles, demolishes, destroys, or disfigures any other thing dedicated to the rites of the dead or the maintenance or decoration of cemeteries.",
                                            "position": 422,
                                            "article_number": "481"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3405,
                                            "body": "Shall be punished by disciplinary detention and a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds:\r\nThose who proceed to bury a dead person or cremate them without observing the legal procedures or violate in any way the laws and regulations related to burial or cremation.\r\nIf the act is committed with the intent to conceal death or birth, the punishment shall be from two months to two years.",
                                            "position": 423,
                                            "article_number": "482-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 566,
                            "name": "On Crimes Affecting the Family",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 567,
                                    "name": "On Crimes Related to Marriage",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3406,
                                            "body": "If a clergyman conducts the marriage of a minor who has not reached the age of eighteen without recording in the contract the consent of the person who has guardianship over the minor or without substituting it with the judge's permission, he shall be punished with a fine ranging from fifty thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 424,
                                            "article_number": "483-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3407,
                                            "body": "The same penalty applies to a clergyman who conducts a marriage before the announcements and all other procedures required by law or personal status are completed, or who conducts the marriage of a woman before the expiration of her waiting period.",
                                            "position": 425,
                                            "article_number": "484"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3408,
                                            "body": "Anyone who marries legally knowing that their marriage is void due to a previous marriage shall be punished with imprisonment from one month to one year. The same penalty applies to the clergyman who conducts the mentioned marriage knowing of the previous marital bond.\r\n- Any Lebanese who marries a foreign woman with the intent of granting her Lebanese nationality shall be punished with temporary hard labor, and the acquired nationality of the wife through this marriage shall be revoked, and she shall be subject to the same penalty.",
                                            "position": 426,
                                            "article_number": "485-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3409,
                                            "body": "For the application of the previous provisions, representatives of the contracting parties and witnesses who attended the marriage in this capacity are considered equivalent to clergymen.",
                                            "position": 427,
                                            "article_number": "486"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 568,
                                    "name": "On Misdemeanors Against Public Morality",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3410,
                                            "body": "Adultery committed by either spouse is punishable by imprisonment from three months to two years. The same penalty applies to the partner in adultery if they are married; otherwise, imprisonment from one month to one year.\r\nExcept for judicial confession and flagrante delicto, evidence against the partner is only accepted if it arises from letters and written documents they have authored.\r\nThe penalty for the offending spouse is doubled if the adultery occurs in the marital home.",
                                            "position": 428,
                                            "article_number": "487-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3411,
                                            "body": "Either spouse is punishable by imprisonment from one month to one year if they openly take a lover in any place. The same penalty applies to the partner.",
                                            "position": 429,
                                            "article_number": "488-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3412,
                                            "body": "- Adultery can only be prosecuted upon a complaint by one of the spouses and the complainant assuming the status of a personal plaintiff.\r\n- The partner or accomplice is not prosecuted unless the adulterer is also prosecuted.\r\n- A complaint is not accepted from a spouse who consented to the adultery.\r\n- A complaint is not accepted after three months from the day the complainant became aware of the crime.\r\n- Dropping the right by the husband or wife dismisses the public right lawsuit and personal lawsuits against all offenders.\r\n- If the plaintiff agrees to resume cohabitation, the complaint is dismissed.\r\n7 - A -\r\nAnyone who, with the intent of fulfilling marital rights in intercourse or because of it, strikes or harms their spouse is punished with one of the penalties stipulated in Articles 554 to 559 of the Penal Code.\r\nIn case of repeated striking and harm, the penalty is increased according to the provisions of Article 257 of the Penal Code.\r\nThe complainant's waiver drops the public right lawsuit in cases to which Articles 554 and 555 of the Penal Code apply.\r\nThe provisions governing cases of recidivism and habitual criminality remain in effect if their conditions are met.\r\n7 - B -\r\nAnyone who, with the intent of fulfilling marital rights in intercourse or because of it, threatens their spouse is punished with one of the penalties stipulated in Articles 573 to 578 of the Penal Code.\r\nIn case of repeated threats, the penalty is increased according to the provisions of Article 257 of the Penal Code.\r\nThe complainant's waiver drops the public right lawsuit in cases to which Articles 577 and 578 of the Penal Code apply.\r\nThe provisions governing cases of recidivism and habitual criminality remain in effect if their conditions are met.",
                                            "position": 430,
                                            "article_number": "489-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3413,
                                            "body": "Incest between ascendants and descendants, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or between siblings, half-siblings, or those in equivalent positions by marriage, is punishable by imprisonment from two months to two years. If one of the offenders has legal or actual authority over the other, the penalty is from one to three years. The offender may be deprived of guardianship rights.",
                                            "position": 431,
                                            "article_number": "490"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3414,
                                            "body": "The incest described in the previous article is prosecuted based on a complaint by a relative, in-law, or one of the offenders up to the fourth degree. Prosecution proceeds without a complaint if the matter leads to scandal.",
                                            "position": 432,
                                            "article_number": "491"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 569,
                                    "name": "On Crimes Related to the Child and His Parentage",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3415,
                                            "body": "Whoever kidnaps or hides a child under the age of seven, or substitutes one child for another, or attributes to a woman a child she did not give birth to, shall be punished with temporary hard labor. The penalty shall not be less than five years if the purpose of the crime or its result is to remove or distort the evidence related to the child's personal status or to record fictitious personal status in the official records.",
                                            "position": 433,
                                            "article_number": "492-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3416,
                                            "body": "Whoever deposits a child in a foundling home and conceals their identity while being registered in the civil records as a legitimate or recognized illegitimate child shall be punished with temporary hard labor.",
                                            "position": 434,
                                            "article_number": "493-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3417,
                                            "body": "Any act other than those mentioned in the previous articles aimed at removing or distorting the evidence related to a person's personal status shall be punished with temporary hard labor.",
                                            "position": 435,
                                            "article_number": "494-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 570,
                                    "name": "On the Violation of the Right to Guardianship of a Minor",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3418,
                                            "body": "Whoever kidnaps or removes a minor under eighteen years of age, even with their consent, with the intent of removing them from the authority of their guardian or custodian, shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years and a fine from fifty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. If the minor has not completed twelve years of age or was kidnapped or removed by deceit or force, the penalty shall be temporary hard labor.",
                                            "position": 436,
                                            "article_number": "495-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3419,
                                            "body": "The father, mother, or any other person who does not comply with the judge's order and refuses or delays bringing a minor who has not completed eighteen years of age shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to two years and a fine from fifty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 437,
                                            "article_number": "496-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3420,
                                            "body": "The penalties stipulated in the previous articles are reduced by the amount specified in Article 251 for the offender who returns the minor or presents them before any judgment is issued. This provision does not apply in the case of repetition.",
                                            "position": 438,
                                            "article_number": "497"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 571,
                                    "name": "On Abandonment of a Child or Incapacitated Person",
                                    "number": "5",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3421,
                                            "body": "Whoever abandons or leaves a child under the age of seven or any other person unable to protect themselves due to a physical or mental condition shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to one year. If the child or incapacitated person is abandoned or left in a deserted place, the punishment shall be from one to three years.",
                                            "position": 439,
                                            "article_number": "498"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3422,
                                            "body": "If the crime causes the victim illness or harm or leads to death, the criminal shall be punished according to the provisions of Article 191 in the case of abandonment in a non-deserted place if they did not foresee that result or believed they could avoid it, and shall be punished according to the provisions of Article 189 in the case of abandonment in a deserted place if they foresaw the result and accepted the risks.",
                                            "position": 440,
                                            "article_number": "499"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3423,
                                            "body": "If the criminal is one of the child's or incapacitated person's ascendants or one of the persons entrusted with their custody, supervision, treatment, or upbringing, the punishment shall be aggravated as stipulated in Article 257. This provision does not apply to a mother who, as an instigator, perpetrator, or accomplice, abandons or leaves her newborn to preserve her honor.",
                                            "position": 441,
                                            "article_number": "500"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 5
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 572,
                                    "name": "On Neglect of Family Duties",
                                    "number": "6",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3424,
                                            "body": "The father and mother who leave their legitimate or illegitimate child or an adopted child in a state of need, whether they refuse to fulfill the obligation of support that falls upon them or neglect to obtain the means that enable them to fulfill it, shall be punished with imprisonment with labor for up to three months and a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "501-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3425,
                                            "body": "Anyone who has been sentenced by a judgment that has acquired the force of res judicata to pay alimony to their spouse or former spouse, or to their ascendants or descendants, or to any person they are obliged to support or raise, and fails to pay the installments specified by the court for two months, shall be punished with imprisonment with labor from one month to six months and a fine equivalent to the amount they were obliged to pay.\r\nA decision issued by a foreign court that is accompanied by an enforceable formula in Lebanon shall be considered as a decision issued by a Lebanese judge for the application of the previous paragraph.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "502"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 6
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 6
                },
                {
                    "id": 573,
                    "name": "On Crimes Against Morality and Public Decency",
                    "number": "Seventh",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 574,
                            "name": "On Assault on Honor",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 575,
                                    "name": "On Rape",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3426,
                                            "body": "Whoever coerces someone other than their spouse into intercourse through violence and threats shall be punished with hard labor for at least five years. The punishment shall not be less than seven years if the victim is under fifteen years of age.",
                                            "position": 442,
                                            "article_number": "503"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3427,
                                            "body": "A person who has intercourse with someone other than their spouse who is unable to resist due to physical or mental deficiency or due to deceit used against them shall be punished with hard labor for at least five years. The punishment shall not be less than seven years if the victim is under fifteen years of age.",
                                            "position": 443,
                                            "article_number": "504-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3428,
                                            "body": "Whoever has intercourse with a minor under fifteen years of age shall be punished with temporary hard labor for not less than five years. The punishment shall not be less than seven years if the minor is under twelve years of age. Whoever has intercourse with a minor who has completed fifteen years of age but not yet eighteen shall be punished with imprisonment from two months to two years.",
                                            "position": 444,
                                            "article_number": "505-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3429,
                                            "body": "If a minor between fifteen and eighteen years of age is engaged in intercourse by one of their legitimate or illegitimate ascendants, or one of their ascendants' in-laws, or any person exercising legal or actual authority over them, or a servant of any of these persons, they shall be punished with hard labor for not less than five years. The same punishment applies if the perpetrator is an employee, a clergyman, or a manager or worker in an employment office and commits the act by abusing the authority or facilities derived from their position. The punishment shall not be less than seven years of hard labor if the minor is under fifteen years of age. If the minor is under twelve years of age, the punishment shall not be less than nine years of hard labor.",
                                            "position": 445,
                                            "article_number": "506-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 576,
                                    "name": "On Obscenity",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3430,
                                            "body": "Whoever coerces another by violence and threat to endure or perform an act contrary to decency shall be punished with hard labor for a period not less than four years.\r\nIf the victim is a minor who has completed fifteen years but not yet eighteen years of age, the perpetrator shall be punished with hard labor for a period not less than five years, and the minimum penalty shall be six years of hard labor if the act is committed against a minor who has not completed fifteen years of age.",
                                            "position": 446,
                                            "article_number": "507-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3431,
                                            "body": "A person who resorts to deceit or takes advantage of a person's physical or mental condition to commit an act contrary to decency shall be punished with imprisonment for up to ten years.\r\nHowever, if the act is committed against a minor under fifteen years of age, the perpetrator shall be sentenced to temporary hard labor.",
                                            "position": 447,
                                            "article_number": "508-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3432,
                                            "body": "Whoever commits an act contrary to decency with a minor under fifteen years of age shall be punished with temporary hard labor. The penalty shall not be less than four years if the minor has not completed twelve years of age.",
                                            "position": 448,
                                            "article_number": "509-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3433,
                                            "body": "Any person described in Article 506 who commits an act contrary to decency with a minor between fifteen and eighteen years of age shall be punished with hard labor for a period not exceeding ten years.\r\nThe penalty shall not be less than five years if the minor victim has not completed fifteen years of age.",
                                            "position": 449,
                                            "article_number": "510-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 1092,
                                            "name": "Comprehensive Provisions for the Previous Sections",
                                            "number": "First",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3434,
                                                    "body": "The penalties stipulated in Articles 503 to 505 and 507 to 509 are increased as mentioned in Article 257 if the criminal is one of the persons referred to in Article 506.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "511"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3435,
                                                    "body": "The penalties for felonies stipulated in this chapter are aggravated according to the provisions of Article 257: if committed by two or more persons who participated in overcoming the resistance of the victim or took turns committing indecency against them, if the victim contracted syphilis or any other disease or injury causing a disability lasting more than ten days, or if the victim was a virgin and her virginity was removed, if any of the aforementioned felonies led to the death of the victim and the perpetrator did not intend this result, the penalty shall not be less than twelve years.",
                                                    "position": 450,
                                                    "article_number": "512"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3436,
                                                    "body": "Any employee who solicits the spouse of a prisoner or detainee, or a person under his supervision or authority, or solicits a relative of that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for at least one year.\r\nThe same penalty applies to an employee who solicits the spouse or a relative of a person whose case is entrusted to him or his superiors.\r\nThe penalty is doubled if the criminal achieves his aim with any of the aforementioned persons.\r\nIf the act is committed against a minor who has completed fifteen years but not yet eighteen years of age, the penalty shall not be less than five years of imprisonment.\r\nHowever, if the act is committed against a minor under fifteen years of age, the penalty shall not be less than seven years of imprisonment.",
                                                    "position": 451,
                                                    "article_number": "513-Amended"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Paragraph",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 577,
                                    "name": "On Kidnapping",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3437,
                                            "body": "Whoever kidnaps a girl or woman by deception or violence with the intent of marriage shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years.\r\nThe penalty shall not be less than five years of imprisonment if the assaulted minor has completed fifteen years but has not yet reached eighteen years of age.\r\nHowever, if the minor is under fifteen years of age, the penalty of hard labor shall not be less than seven years.",
                                            "position": 452,
                                            "article_number": "514-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3438,
                                            "body": "Whoever kidnaps a person, male or female, by deception or violence with the intent of committing debauchery shall be punished with temporary hard labor, and if the aforementioned act is committed, the penalty shall not be less than seven years.\r\nThe penalty shall not be less than five years of hard labor if the assaulted minor has completed fifteen years but has not yet reached eighteen years of age.\r\nHowever, if the minor is under fifteen years of age, the penalty of hard labor shall not be less than seven years.\r\nIf the act of debauchery is committed, a penalty of not less than seven years shall be imposed if the minor has completed fifteen years but has not yet reached eighteen years of age, and if the minor is under fifteen years of age, the penalty shall not be less than ten years of hard labor.",
                                            "position": 453,
                                            "article_number": "515-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3439,
                                            "body": "The previous penalties are imposed if the act is committed without deception or deception or violence on a minor who has not completed fifteen years of age.",
                                            "position": 454,
                                            "article_number": "516-Amended-Cancelled"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3440,
                                            "body": "The criminal who returns the kidnapped person voluntarily within forty-eight hours to a safe place and restores their freedom without committing an act contrary to decency or another crime, whether misdemeanor or felony, benefits from the mitigating circumstances stipulated in Article 251.",
                                            "position": 455,
                                            "article_number": "517"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 578,
                                    "name": "On Seduction, Indecency, and Violation of the Sanctity of Places Reserved for Women",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3441,
                                            "body": "Whoever seduces a girl with a promise of marriage and deflowers her shall be punished, if the act does not warrant a harsher penalty, with imprisonment for at least six months and a fine ranging between three million and five million Lebanese pounds, or with one of these penalties.\r\nThe penalty shall not be less than five years of imprisonment if the assaulted minor has completed fifteen years and has not completed eighteen years of age.\r\nIn these two cases, if a valid marriage contract is concluded between them, the prosecution or trial shall be suspended, and if a judgment has been issued in the case, the execution of the sentenced penalty shall be suspended. If the assaulted person is a minor, the judge's decision to suspend shall only be issued based on a report prepared by a social assistant taking into account the minor's social and psychological circumstances.\r\nIf a decision is issued to suspend the prosecution or trial or to suspend the penalty due to marriage, the judge, if the assaulted person is a minor, shall assign the social assistant to provide a report on the minor's psychological and social condition after marriage every six months within a period of three years from the date of his decision.\r\nThe prosecution shall resume or the execution of the penalty shall continue before the expiration of the three-year period if the marriage ends in divorce without a legitimate reason or due to the perpetrator of the crime, or if any other legitimate reason justifying the continuation of the prosecution or trial or execution of the penalty is found in light of the periodic reports mentioned in this article.\r\nHowever, if the minor is under fifteen years of age, the penalty of hard labor shall not be less than seven years.\r\nExcept for confession, no evidence of the crime shall be accepted except that which arises from letters and other documents written by the perpetrator.",
                                            "position": 456,
                                            "article_number": "518-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3442,
                                            "body": "Whoever touches or fondles a minor, male or female, in an indecent manner who has completed fifteen years and has not completed eighteen years of age or without their consent shall be punished with imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months.\r\nHowever, if the act is committed against a minor under fifteen years of age, the penalty shall not be less than one year of imprisonment.",
                                            "position": 457,
                                            "article_number": "519-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3443,
                                            "body": "Whoever offers a minor under fifteen years of age an indecent act or directs indecent words to them shall be punished with disciplinary detention or a fine not exceeding one million Lebanese pounds, or with both penalties together.",
                                            "position": 458,
                                            "article_number": "520-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3444,
                                            "body": "Any man who disguises himself in women's clothing and enters a place reserved for women or prohibited for entry to others at the time of the act shall be punished with imprisonment for up to six months or a fine of up to one million Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 459,
                                            "article_number": "521-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 579,
                            "name": "On Incitement to Debauchery and Offense to Morals and Public Decency",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 580,
                                    "name": "On Incitement to Debauchery",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3445,
                                            "body": "Anyone who incites a person or more, male or female, under the age of twenty-one to debauchery, facilitates it for them, or assists them in committing it, shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years and a fine ranging between twice the minimum wage and four times it.\r\nThe same penalty applies to anyone who engages in prostitution or facilitates it.\r\nWithout prejudice to the provisions of Article 529 in conjunction with Article 506, the penalty is increased according to the provisions of Article 257 of this law if the crime occurs within the family, regardless of the age of the person against whom the crime was committed.",
                                            "position": 460,
                                            "article_number": "523-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3446,
                                            "body": "Anyone who, to satisfy the desires of others, seduces, attracts, or removes a person with their consent shall be punished by imprisonment for at least one year and a fine not less than half the official minimum wage.",
                                            "position": 461,
                                            "article_number": "524-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3447,
                                            "body": "Anyone who detains a person against their will due to a debt owed to them in a house of debauchery shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine from one-tenth to the value of the official minimum wage.",
                                            "position": 462,
                                            "article_number": "525-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3448,
                                            "body": "Anyone who habitually facilitates, for profit, the seduction of the public to commit debauchery with others, and anyone who uses one of the means mentioned in paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 209 to attract people to debauchery, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from twenty thousand Lebanese pounds to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 463,
                                            "article_number": "526-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3449,
                                            "body": "Anyone who relies on the prostitution of others for their livelihood or part of it shall be punished by imprisonment from two to three years and a fine ranging between five times the minimum wage and ten times it.\r\nWithout prejudice to the provisions of Article 529 in conjunction with Article 506 of this law, the penalty is increased according to the provisions of Article 257 of the Penal Code if the crime occurs within the family, and the penalty is doubled if the crime is accompanied by any form of violence or threat.",
                                            "position": 464,
                                            "article_number": "527-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3450,
                                            "body": "Attempted offenses stipulated in Articles 523 to 525 are punishable.",
                                            "position": 465,
                                            "article_number": "528"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3451,
                                            "body": "According to the provisions of Article 257, the penalties stipulated in the mentioned articles are increased if the criminals are described in Article 506.",
                                            "position": 466,
                                            "article_number": "529"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3452,
                                            "body": "The court may order deportation from the country and supervised freedom when sentencing for one of the misdemeanors stipulated in this section, and it may also order the closure of the establishment.",
                                            "position": 467,
                                            "article_number": "530"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 581,
                                    "name": "On Offenses Against Public Morals and Ethics",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3453,
                                            "body": "Punishment for offending public morals by any of the means mentioned in the first paragraph of Article 209 is imprisonment from one month to one year.",
                                            "position": 468,
                                            "article_number": "531"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3454,
                                            "body": "Punishment for offending public ethics by any of the means mentioned in the second and third paragraphs of Article 209 is imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 469,
                                            "article_number": "532-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3455,
                                            "body": "The same penalties apply to anyone who manufactures, exports, imports, or possesses writings, drawings, photographs, films, signs, or other items that are indecent with the intent to trade or distribute them, or who announces or informs about how to obtain them.",
                                            "position": 470,
                                            "article_number": "533"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3456,
                                            "body": "Any sexual intercourse contrary to nature is punishable by imprisonment for up to one year.",
                                            "position": 471,
                                            "article_number": "534"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 582,
                                    "name": "On Minor Prostitution",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3457,
                                            "body": "Any minor under the age of eighteen who is accustomed to engaging in prostitution shall be subject to the reform measures outlined in Articles 239 to 244 applicable to juvenile offenders, except for placement in a disciplinary institute.",
                                            "position": 472,
                                            "article_number": "535-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3458,
                                            "body": "Minors shall not be placed in a special institution or reform school unless there is an institute or wing designated for repentant girls where the minor can be accepted.",
                                            "position": 473,
                                            "article_number": "536-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 583,
                            "name": "On Contraceptive Methods and Abortion",
                            "number": "Third",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 584,
                                    "name": "On Contraceptive Methods",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3459,
                                            "body": "Whoever, by one of the means mentioned in the second and third paragraphs of Article 209, describes or broadcasts methods intended to prevent pregnancy, or offers to broadcast them for the purpose of promoting pregnancy prevention, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from twenty-five to one hundred liras.",
                                            "position": 474,
                                            "article_number": "537-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3460,
                                            "body": "The same penalty shall apply to anyone who sells, offers for sale, or possesses with the intent to sell any material prepared to prevent pregnancy or facilitates its use in any way.",
                                            "position": 475,
                                            "article_number": "538-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 585,
                                    "name": "On Abortion",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3461,
                                            "body": "Any claim by one of the means mentioned in paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 209 intended to disseminate, promote, or facilitate the use of abortion methods shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine from one hundred thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 476,
                                            "article_number": "539-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3462,
                                            "body": "The same penalty applies to anyone who sells, offers for sale, or possesses with the intent to sell materials prepared to induce abortion or facilitates their use in any way.",
                                            "position": 477,
                                            "article_number": "540"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3463,
                                            "body": "Any woman who induces her own abortion by using means herself or by others with her consent shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years.",
                                            "position": 478,
                                            "article_number": "541"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3464,
                                            "body": "Anyone who, by any means, induces or attempts to induce a woman's abortion with her consent shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years. If the abortion or the means used for it leads to the woman's death, the perpetrator shall be punished with hard labor from four to seven years, and the penalty shall be from five to ten years if the death results from means more dangerous than those the woman consented to.",
                                            "position": 479,
                                            "article_number": "542"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3465,
                                            "body": "Anyone who intentionally causes a woman's abortion without her consent shall be punished with hard labor for at least five years, and the penalty shall not be less than ten years if the abortion or the means used leads to the woman's death.",
                                            "position": 480,
                                            "article_number": "543"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3466,
                                            "body": "Articles 542 and 543 apply even if the woman on whom the abortion methods were performed was not pregnant.",
                                            "position": 481,
                                            "article_number": "544"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3467,
                                            "body": "A mitigating excuse benefits the woman who induces her own abortion to preserve her honor, and the same excuse benefits anyone who commits one of the crimes mentioned in Articles 542 and 543 to preserve the honor of one of his descendants or relatives up to the second degree.",
                                            "position": 482,
                                            "article_number": "545"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 1093,
                                            "name": "Comprehensive Provisions",
                                            "number": "First",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3468,
                                                    "body": "If a doctor, surgeon, midwife, pharmacist, or one of their employees commits one of the misdemeanors mentioned in this chapter, whether as perpetrators, instigators, or accomplices, the penalty shall be increased in accordance with Article 257. The same applies if the criminal is accustomed to selling drugs and other substances prepared for abortion. In addition, the criminal is subject to being banned from practicing their profession or work, even if they are not subject to authorization by the authorities or obtaining a certificate. It is also possible to order the closure of the establishment.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "546"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Paragraph",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 3
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 7
                },
                {
                    "id": 586,
                    "name": "On Felonies and Misdemeanors Committed Against Persons",
                    "number": "Eighth",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 587,
                            "name": "On Felonies and Misdemeanors Against Human Life and Safety",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 588,
                                    "name": "On Intentional Killing",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3469,
                                            "body": "Whoever intentionally kills a person shall be punished with hard labor for fifteen to twenty years.\r\nThe punishment shall be from twenty to twenty-five years if the act of killing is committed by one spouse against the other.",
                                            "position": 483,
                                            "article_number": "547-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3470,
                                            "body": "Life imprisonment with hard labor shall be imposed for intentional killing if committed:\r\n1- For a vile reason.\r\n2- To obtain the benefit resulting from the misdemeanor.\r\n3- By the perpetrator mutilating the corpse after the killing.\r\n4- On a minor under fifteen years of age.\r\n5- On two or more persons.",
                                            "position": 484,
                                            "article_number": "548-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3471,
                                            "body": "The death penalty shall be imposed for intentional killing if committed:\r\n1- Deliberately.\r\n2- As preparation for a felony or misdemeanor, or to facilitate or execute it, or to facilitate the escape of those inciting the felony or its perpetrators or accomplices, or to prevent them from being punished.\r\n3- On one of the perpetrator's ascendants or descendants.\r\n4- In the case of the perpetrator engaging in acts of torture or brutality towards persons.\r\n5- On an official during the performance of their duties or in the course of performing them or because of them.\r\n6- On a person because of their sectarian affiliation or as revenge for a felony committed by someone else from their sect or relatives or supporters.\r\n7- Using explosive materials.\r\n8- To evade a felony or misdemeanor or to conceal its traces.",
                                            "position": 485,
                                            "article_number": "549-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3472,
                                            "body": "Whoever causes the death of a person unintentionally by beating, violence, force, or any other intentional act shall be punished with hard labor for at least five years, and the punishment shall not be less than seven years if the act is accompanied by one of the circumstances mentioned in the previous two articles.",
                                            "position": 486,
                                            "article_number": "550"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3473,
                                            "body": "A mother who, to avoid disgrace, kills her illegitimate newborn shall be punished with temporary detention, and the punishment shall not be less than five years if the act was committed intentionally.",
                                            "position": 487,
                                            "article_number": "551"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3474,
                                            "body": "Whoever intentionally kills a person out of compassion based on their persistent request shall be punished with detention for a maximum of ten years.",
                                            "position": 488,
                                            "article_number": "552"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3475,
                                            "body": "Whoever induces a person by any means to commit suicide or assists them, in any of the ways mentioned in Article 213 - paragraphs one, two, and four - to kill themselves, shall be punished with detention for a maximum of ten years if the suicide is completed, and with imprisonment from three months to two years in the case of an attempted suicide resulting in injury or permanent disability. If the person induced or assisted to commit suicide is a minor under fifteen years of age or is mentally incapacitated, the penalties for incitement to murder or involvement in it shall apply.",
                                            "position": 489,
                                            "article_number": "553"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 589,
                                    "name": "On Harm to Persons",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3476,
                                            "body": "Whoever intentionally strikes, injures, or harms a person, and such acts do not result in illness or disablement from work for more than ten days, shall be punished, based on the complaint of the injured party, with imprisonment for no more than six months or with detention and a fine from ten thousand to fifty thousand Lebanese pounds, or with one of these penalties.\r\nThe penalty is doubled if the crime is committed against a doctor, one of their assistants, or any medical field worker, during or because of their work.\r\nThe complainant's waiver drops the public right and has the same effect on the penalty as the personal plaintiff's pardon.",
                                            "position": 490,
                                            "article_number": "554-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3477,
                                            "body": "If the harm results in illness or disablement from work for more than ten days, the perpetrator shall be punished with imprisonment for no more than one year and a fine of up to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or with one of these penalties.\r\nThe penalty is doubled if the crime is committed against a doctor, one of their assistants, or any medical field worker, during or because of their work.\r\nIf the complainant waives their right, the penalty is reduced by half.",
                                            "position": 491,
                                            "article_number": "555-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3478,
                                            "body": "If the illness or disablement from work exceeds twenty days, the penalty shall be imprisonment from three months to three years, in addition to the aforementioned fine.\r\nThe penalty is doubled if the crime is committed against a doctor, one of their assistants, or any medical field worker, during or because of their work.",
                                            "position": 492,
                                            "article_number": "556-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3479,
                                            "body": "If the act results in the cutting or removal of a limb, amputation of one of the limbs, or disabling one of them, or disabling one of the senses from work, or causes severe disfigurement or any other permanent disability or one that appears permanent, the perpetrator shall be punished with temporary hard labor for no more than ten years.\r\nThe penalty is doubled if the crime is committed against a doctor, one of their assistants, or any medical field worker, during or because of their work.",
                                            "position": 493,
                                            "article_number": "557-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3480,
                                            "body": "The same penalty applies to anyone who causes one of the acts mentioned in Article 554, by aborting a pregnant woman while knowing of her pregnancy.",
                                            "position": 494,
                                            "article_number": "558-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3481,
                                            "body": "The penalties mentioned in this section are intensified according to the provisions of Article 257 if the act is committed in one of the cases outlined in the second paragraph of Article 547 and in Articles 548 and 549 of this law.\r\nIf the crime stipulated in any of Articles 554, 555, 556, and 557 is committed against a doctor, one of their assistants, or any medical field worker, during or because of their work, intentionally or if committed by a group of at least three people, the penalty is intensified as outlined in Article 257 of the Penal Code.",
                                            "position": 495,
                                            "article_number": "559-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 590,
                                    "name": "On Altercation",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3482,
                                            "body": "If a person is killed or injured during a brawl in which a group participated and the specific perpetrator cannot be identified, all those who attempted to harm the victim shall be punished with the penalty for the committed crime, reduced by up to half.\r\nIf the crime warrants the death penalty, life hard labor, or life detention, the punishment shall be no less than seven years.",
                                            "position": 496,
                                            "article_number": "560-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3483,
                                            "body": "The aforementioned penalties are increased in accordance with the provisions of Article 257 for those who directly caused the brawl.",
                                            "position": 497,
                                            "article_number": "561"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 591,
                                    "name": "Excuse in Killing and Harm",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3484,
                                            "body": "Benefits from the mitigating excuse one who surprises their spouse, or one of their ascendants, descendants, or sister in the act of adultery or in an illicit sexual act and proceeds to kill or injure one of them unintentionally. The perpetrator of the killing or injury benefits from the mitigating excuse if they surprise their spouse, or one of their ascendants, descendants, or sister in a compromising situation with another.",
                                            "position": 498,
                                            "article_number": "562-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3485,
                                            "body": "The following acts are considered self-defense:\r\n1 - An act by someone defending themselves or their property, or the person or property of another, against someone using violence to commit theft or robbery.\r\n2- An act committed when repelling a person who entered or attempted to enter at night into an inhabited house or its adjacent annexes by climbing fences or walls, or by breaking or using forged keys or special tools. If the act occurs during the day, the perpetrator only benefits from the mitigating excuse in accordance with Article 251.\r\nA criminal is not considered in a state of legitimate defense if they did not believe that the attack on persons or property was the direct purpose of the aggressor or as a result of what they might encounter from resistance in achieving their aims.",
                                            "position": 499,
                                            "article_number": "563"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 592,
                                    "name": "On Unintentional Killing and Harm",
                                    "number": "5",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3486,
                                            "body": "Whoever causes the death of another through negligence, lack of precaution, or failure to observe laws or regulations shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years.",
                                            "position": 500,
                                            "article_number": "564"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3487,
                                            "body": "If the offender's mistake results only in harm as specified in Articles 556 to 558, the punishment shall be from two months to one year. Any other unintentional harm shall be punished by imprisonment for up to six months or a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.\r\nProsecution is contingent upon the victim's complaint if the harm does not result in illness or incapacity to work for more than ten days, and the complainant's waiver of their right has the same effects as outlined in Articles 554 and 555.",
                                            "position": 501,
                                            "article_number": "565-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3488,
                                            "body": "Any vehicle driver who causes an accident, even if only material, and does not stop immediately or does not attend to the victim or attempts to evade responsibility by fleeing shall be punished by imprisonment for no more than one month and a fine not exceeding five hundred Lebanese pounds.\r\nThe penalties mentioned in Articles 564 and 565 are increased by half if the offender commits any of these acts.",
                                            "position": 502,
                                            "article_number": "566-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3489,
                                            "body": "Anyone who willfully refrains from rescuing, aiding, or assisting a person found in imminent and present danger, when they could provide assistance without endangering themselves or others, or willfully refrains from preventing physical harm of any kind to another person, when they could prevent the harm without endangering themselves or others, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from two hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds or by one of these penalties.\r\nNo liability shall be incurred by those who initiate rescue or aid, especially for those exposed to cardiac arrest through resuscitation by electric shocks or similar, even if their intervention does not lead to a result.\r\nThe same penalty applies to anyone who knows of evidence proving the innocence of a person detained or on trial in a felony or misdemeanor case and does not voluntarily testify to that before the judiciary or security authorities.\r\nIn this case, the perpetrator is exempt from punishment if they later voluntarily come forward.\r\nThe perpetrator of the crime under prosecution, their accomplices, and their relatives up to the fourth degree are also exempt from punishment.",
                                            "position": 503,
                                            "article_number": "567-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 5
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 593,
                                    "name": "On Homicide and Harm Resulting from Multiple Causes",
                                    "number": "6",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3490,
                                            "body": "If death or injury, whether intentional or unintentional, results from several causes unknown to the perpetrator and independent of his act, the penalty may be reduced by the amount specified in Article 200.",
                                            "position": 504,
                                            "article_number": "568"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 6
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 594,
                            "name": "On Crimes Against Freedom and Honor",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 595,
                                    "name": "On Deprivation of Liberty",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3491,
                                            "body": "Whoever deprives another of their personal freedom by kidnapping or by any other means shall be punished with the following hard labor: The perpetrator shall be punished with life hard labor in each of the following cases:\r\n1- If the duration of deprivation of freedom exceeds one month.\r\n2- If the person deprived of their freedom is subjected to physical or mental torture.\r\n3- If the crime is committed against an employee during the performance of their duties or in the course of performing them, or because of their affiliation with it.\r\n4- If the motives of the crime are sectarian or partisan, or as revenge against the victim for an act committed by someone else from their sect, party, or relatives.\r\n5- If the perpetrator uses their victim as a hostage to intimidate individuals, institutions, or the state in order to extort money or coerce the fulfillment of a desire or the performance or abstention from an act.\r\n6- If the crime occurs following an attack on one of the private or public means of transportation such as a car, train, ship, or airplane.\r\n7- If the crime is committed by a group of two or more persons who were armed at the time of its commission.\r\nThe penalty is increased according to Article 257 if the crime results in the death of a person due to terror or any other reason related to the incident.",
                                            "position": 505,
                                            "article_number": "569-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3492,
                                            "body": "If the person deprived of their freedom is released voluntarily within a maximum period of three days and without any other crime, whether felony or misdemeanor, being committed against them, the perpetrator shall be punished with imprisonment from six months to three years.\r\nThis penalty is reduced by half in favor of the perpetrator if they release the victim voluntarily within twenty-four hours at most and without committing any other crime, whether felony or misdemeanor, against them.",
                                            "position": 506,
                                            "article_number": "570-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 596,
                                    "name": "On Violation of the Sanctity of the Home",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3493,
                                            "body": "Whoever enters another's house or dwelling or its annexes, against their will, and whoever remains in the aforementioned places against the will of the person entitled to expel them, shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months.\r\nImprisonment from three months to three years shall be imposed if the act occurs at night, or by breaking or violence against persons, or by using a weapon, or if committed by several persons together.\r\nProsecution in the case mentioned in the first paragraph shall only proceed based on a complaint from the injured party.",
                                            "position": 507,
                                            "article_number": "571"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3494,
                                            "body": "Whoever sneaks in by breaking or violence against persons into places belonging to others and not open to the public, or remains there despite the will of the person entitled to expel them, shall be punished by detention or a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.\r\nThe criminal shall only be prosecuted based on a complaint from the injured party.",
                                            "position": 508,
                                            "article_number": "572-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 597,
                                    "name": "On Threats",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3495,
                                            "body": "Whoever threatens another with a weapon shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months, and the penalty ranges between two months and one year if the weapon is a firearm and the perpetrator used it.",
                                            "position": 509,
                                            "article_number": "573"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3496,
                                            "body": "Whoever threatens another with a felony punishable by death, life hard labor, or more than fifteen years, or life detention, whether through writing, even if anonymous, or through a third person, shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years if the threat includes an order to perform an act, even if lawful, or to refrain from it.",
                                            "position": 510,
                                            "article_number": "574"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3497,
                                            "body": "If the threat of one of the aforementioned felonies does not include an order or includes an order but was made verbally without the mediation of another person, the punishment shall be imprisonment from three months to two years.",
                                            "position": 511,
                                            "article_number": "575"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3498,
                                            "body": "Punishment by imprisonment from one month to one year shall be imposed for the threat of a felony lighter than the felonies mentioned in Article 574 if committed by one of the means indicated in the same article.",
                                            "position": 512,
                                            "article_number": "576"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3499,
                                            "body": "The threat of a misdemeanor that includes an order, if made in writing or through a third person, shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months.",
                                            "position": 513,
                                            "article_number": "577"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3500,
                                            "body": "Any other threat of inflicting unjust harm, if made verbally or by one of the means mentioned in Article 209, and is likely to have a severe impact on the victim's psyche, shall be punished, based on a complaint, with a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 514,
                                            "article_number": "578-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 598,
                                    "name": "On the Disclosure of Secrets",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3501,
                                            "body": "Anyone who, by virtue of their position, job, profession, or art, is privy to a secret and discloses it without a legitimate reason or uses it for their own benefit or the benefit of another shall be punished by imprisonment for up to one year and a fine not exceeding four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if the act is likely to cause harm, even if only moral.",
                                            "position": 515,
                                            "article_number": "579-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3502,
                                            "body": "Anyone affiliated with the postal and telegraph service who abuses this position by inspecting a sealed letter, destroying or embezzling one of the letters, or disclosing its contents to someone other than the intended recipient shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years.\r\nThe same penalty applies to anyone affiliated with the telephone service who discloses a telephone conversation they accessed by virtue of their job or work.",
                                            "position": 516,
                                            "article_number": "580"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3503,
                                            "body": "Any other person who intentionally destroys or opens a letter or telegram not addressed to them, or deceitfully accesses a telephone conversation, shall be punished with a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.\r\nThe same penalty applies to anyone who accesses a letter or a telegraphic or telephone conversation and, by broadcasting it, causes harm to another and informs someone other than the intended recipient.",
                                            "position": 517,
                                            "article_number": "581-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 599,
                                    "name": "On Defamation and Slander",
                                    "number": "5",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3504,
                                            "body": "Defamation against any person committed by one of the means mentioned in Article 209 is punishable by imprisonment for up to three months and a fine of up to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or by one of these penalties.\r\nA fine alone is imposed if the defamation is not committed publicly.",
                                            "position": 518,
                                            "article_number": "582-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3505,
                                            "body": "The perpetrator of defamation is not allowed to justify themselves by proving the truth of the act subject to defamation or by proving its notoriety.",
                                            "position": 519,
                                            "article_number": "583"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3506,
                                            "body": "Insulting any person committed by one of the means mentioned in Article 209, as well as contempt committed by one of the means mentioned in Article 383, is punishable by imprisonment from one week to three months or a fine from fifty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.\r\nA fine alone is imposed if the insult is not committed publicly.",
                                            "position": 520,
                                            "article_number": "584-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3507,
                                            "body": "The judge may exempt both parties or one of them from punishment if the victim caused the insult by an unjust act or if the insult was mutual.",
                                            "position": 521,
                                            "article_number": "585"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3508,
                                            "body": "The lawsuit depends on the victim taking the status of a personal plaintiff.\r\nIf defamation or insult is directed at a deceased person, their relatives up to the fourth degree, and no others, may exercise the right to prosecute, while preserving the right of any relative or heir personally harmed by the crime.",
                                            "position": 522,
                                            "article_number": "586"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 5
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 600,
                            "name": "Human Trafficking",
                            "number": "Third",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 3509,
                                    "body": "- \"Trafficking in persons\" is:\r\nA - Attracting, transporting, receiving, detaining, or providing shelter for a person.\r\nB - By means of threat of force or its use, kidnapping or deception, abuse of power or exploitation of a state of vulnerability, giving or receiving sums of money or benefits, or using these means on someone who has authority over another person.\r\nC - With the aim of exploiting them or facilitating their exploitation by others.\r\nThe victim's consent is not considered if any of the means outlined in this article are used.\r\n\"Victim of trafficking\":\r\nFor the purposes of this law, \"victim of trafficking\" means any natural person who has been the subject of trafficking in persons or whom the competent authorities reasonably consider to be a victim of trafficking in persons, regardless of whether the perpetrator of the crime has been identified, arrested, prosecuted, or convicted.\r\nExploitation according to the provisions of this article includes forcing a person to participate in any of the following acts:\r\n\r\nA) Acts punishable by law.\r\nB) Prostitution, or exploitation of the prostitution of others.\r\nC) Sexual exploitation.\r\nD) Begging.\r\nE) Slavery, or practices similar to slavery.\r\nF) Forced or compulsory labor.\r\nG) Including the forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflicts.\r\nH) Forced involvement in terrorist acts.\r\nI) Removal of organs or tissues from the victim's body.\r\n- The consent of the victim or any of their ascendants, legal guardian, or any other person exercising legal or actual authority over them is not considered regarding the intended exploitation outlined in this paragraph.\r\n- Attracting, transporting, receiving, detaining, or providing shelter for the victim, for the purpose of exploitation for those under the age of eighteen, is considered trafficking in persons, even if it is not accompanied by the use of any of the means outlined in paragraph (1) (B) of this article.",
                                    "position": 523,
                                    "article_number": "586-1"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3510,
                                    "body": "The crime stipulated in Article 586 (1) is punishable as follows:\r\n1 - Imprisonment for five years, and a fine from one hundred times to two hundred times the official minimum wage if these acts were committed in exchange for granting sums of money or any other benefits or the promise of granting or receiving them.\r\n2 - Imprisonment for seven years, and a fine from one hundred and fifty times to three hundred times the official minimum wage if these acts were committed using deception, violence, acts of severity, threat, or exerting influence over the victim or one of their family members.",
                                    "position": 524,
                                    "article_number": "586-2"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3511,
                                    "body": "Imprisonment for ten years, and a fine from two hundred times to four hundred times the official minimum wage if the perpetrator of the crime stipulated in Article 586 (1) or the partner or accomplice in it or the instigator of it is:\r\n1 - A public employee or any person assigned to public service or a manager of an employment office or a worker in it.\r\n2 - One of the victim's ascendants, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or one of their family members or any person exercising direct or indirect legal or actual authority over them.",
                                    "position": 525,
                                    "article_number": "586-3"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3512,
                                    "body": "Imprisonment for fifteen years, and a fine from three hundred times to six hundred times the official minimum wage if the crime stipulated in Article 586 (1) is committed:\r\n1 - By a group, of two or more persons, committing criminal acts whether in Lebanon or in more than one country.\r\n2 - If the crime involves more than one victim.",
                                    "position": 526,
                                    "article_number": "586-4"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3513,
                                    "body": "If any of the following circumstances are present, the criminal acts mentioned in Article 586 (1) are punishable by imprisonment from ten to twelve years and a fine from two hundred times to four hundred times the official minimum wage:\r\nA) When the crime involves serious harm to the victim or another person or the death of the victim or another person, including death resulting from suicide.\r\nB) When the crime involves a person in a particularly vulnerable state, including a pregnant woman.\r\nC) When the crime exposes the victim to a life-threatening disease, including infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).\r\nD) When the victim is physically or mentally disabled.\r\nE) When the victim is under eighteen years of age.",
                                    "position": 527,
                                    "article_number": "586-5"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3514,
                                    "body": "Anyone who reports to the administrative or judicial authority about the crimes stipulated in this chapter and provides information that allowed either the crime to be uncovered before it occurred or the arrest of its perpetrators or partners or accomplices or instigators, is exempt from penalties if the person reporting is not responsible as the perpetrator of the crime outlined in Article 586 (1).",
                                    "position": 528,
                                    "article_number": "586-6"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3515,
                                    "body": "A mitigating excuse benefits those who provided the competent authorities, after committing the crimes stipulated in this chapter, with information that allowed preventing their continuation.",
                                    "position": 529,
                                    "article_number": "586-7"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3516,
                                    "body": "The victim who proves they were forced to commit acts punishable by law or violated residency or work conditions is exempt from punishment.\r\nThe investigating judge or the judge reviewing the case file may, by a decision issued, allow the victim to reside in Lebanon for the duration required by the investigation procedures.",
                                    "position": 530,
                                    "article_number": "586-8"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3517,
                                    "body": "The Minister of Justice may enter into agreements with specialized institutions or associations to provide assistance and protection to victims of the crimes stipulated in this chapter.\r\nThe conditions required for these institutions and associations and the procedures for providing assistance and protection are determined by a decree issued by the Council of Ministers based on the proposal of the Minister of Justice.",
                                    "position": 531,
                                    "article_number": "586-9"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3518,
                                    "body": "The amounts derived from the crimes stipulated in this chapter are confiscated and deposited in a special account at the Ministry of Social Affairs to assist the victims of these crimes.\r\nThe regulations related to the account are determined by a decree issued by the Council of Ministers, based on the proposal of the Minister of Social Affairs.",
                                    "position": 532,
                                    "article_number": "586-10"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3519,
                                    "body": "Lebanese courts have jurisdiction if any of the acts constituting the crime are committed on Lebanese territory.",
                                    "position": 533,
                                    "article_number": "586-11"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 3
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 8
                },
                {
                    "id": 601,
                    "name": "On Felonies That Pose a Comprehensive Danger",
                    "number": "Ninth",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 602,
                            "name": "On Fire",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 3520,
                                    "body": "Whoever intentionally sets fire to buildings, factories, workshops, warehouses, or any inhabited or uninhabited structures located in a city or village, or sets fire to railway vehicles or carriages carrying one or more persons other than the criminal, or belonging to a train with one or more persons, or sets fire to ships sailing or docked in a port, or to aircraft flying or stationed at an airport, whether owned by him or not, shall be punished with temporary hard labor for no less than seven years.",
                                    "position": 534,
                                    "article_number": "587"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3521,
                                    "body": "The same punishment applies to anyone who intentionally sets fire to inhabited buildings or buildings prepared for habitation located outside inhabited areas, or in forests, timberlands, orchards, or crops before harvest, whether owned by him or not.",
                                    "position": 535,
                                    "article_number": "588"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3522,
                                    "body": "Temporary hard labor shall be imposed on anyone who intentionally sets fire to uninhabited buildings not used for habitation located outside inhabited areas, in crops, stacks of straw, in harvested crops left in place, or in stacked or arranged wood left in place, whether he owns these items or not, if the fire spreads or could spread to the property of others.",
                                    "position": 536,
                                    "article_number": "589"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3523,
                                    "body": "Any fire or attempted fire not mentioned above, committed with the intent to cause material damage to others or to gain unlawful profit for the perpetrator or another, shall be punished by imprisonment and a fine.",
                                    "position": 537,
                                    "article_number": "590"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3524,
                                    "body": "Anyone who intentionally kills a person \"in preparation\" for committing the arson crimes stipulated in the previous articles, or to facilitate or execute them, shall be punished by death.\r\nLife imprisonment with hard labor shall be imposed if the arsonist anticipates the death of a person or their permanent disability and accepts the risk.",
                                    "position": 538,
                                    "article_number": "591-معدلة"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3525,
                                    "body": "The previous provisions apply under the same conditions to anyone who destroys or attempts to destroy, even partially, any of the items mentioned therein by means of an explosive substance.",
                                    "position": 539,
                                    "article_number": "592"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3526,
                                    "body": "Anyone who, through negligence, lack of caution, or failure to observe laws or regulations, causes a fire to property owned by others shall be punished by imprisonment for up to one year, and if the crime is trivial, the punishment shall not exceed three months.",
                                    "position": 540,
                                    "article_number": "593"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3527,
                                    "body": "Imprisonment from three months to two years shall be imposed on anyone who removes a fire extinguishing device, changes its place, or renders it inoperative.\r\nThe same punishment, in addition to a fine ranging between two hundred thousand and one million Lebanese pounds, shall be imposed on anyone legally or regulatorily obligated to possess a fire extinguishing device who neglects to install it according to regulations or fails to keep it operational at all times.",
                                    "position": 541,
                                    "article_number": "594-معدلة"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 603,
                            "name": "On the Assault on the Safety of Transportation Routes and Industrial Works",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 604,
                                    "name": "On Transportation and Communications",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3528,
                                            "body": "Whoever intentionally causes damage to a public road or any public facility, or intentionally inflicts damage that results in a threat to traffic safety or public safety, shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to two years.\r\nThe contractor, executor, agent, or supervisor of electricity, water, telephone, sewer works, or road repairs shall be punished by imprisonment for up to one year if they leave debris, materials, holes, or traces on the roads during or after the completion of works that unjustifiably obstruct free passage or reduce the previous width of the road, making it difficult to pass and endangering public safety.\r\nThe same punishment applies to the employee or user responsible for supervising and ensuring the proper execution of these works.\r\nAdditionally, anyone who conducts private or public works on public roads without a license from the competent authorities shall be punished by imprisonment for up to one year.",
                                            "position": 542,
                                            "article_number": "595-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3529,
                                            "body": "Whoever disrupts a railway line, movement or signaling devices, places something that obstructs passage, or uses any means to cause a collision between trains or their derailment shall be punished with temporary hard labor for a period not less than five years.",
                                            "position": 543,
                                            "article_number": "596"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3530,
                                            "body": "The same punishment applies to anyone who destroys or disables signaling devices, uses false signals, or any other special means with the intent to sink a ship or crash an aircraft. If the act results in the sinking of a ship or the crashing of an aircraft, the punishment shall be at least ten years.",
                                            "position": 544,
                                            "article_number": "597"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3531,
                                            "body": "Whoever intentionally interrupts telegraph or telephone communications or radio broadcasts, whether by damaging devices or wires or by any other means, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to six months. If the act results in a threat to public safety, the punishment shall be imprisonment from three months to two years.",
                                            "position": 545,
                                            "article_number": "598"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3532,
                                            "body": "The penalties mentioned in the previous articles shall be increased by half if any person suffers a permanent disability, and the death penalty shall be imposed if the act results in the death of any person.",
                                            "position": 546,
                                            "article_number": "599"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3533,
                                            "body": "Whoever negligently causes the destruction, demolition, and other acts mentioned in the previous articles shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months.",
                                            "position": 547,
                                            "article_number": "600"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 605,
                                    "name": "On Industrial Activities",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3534,
                                            "body": "Any industrialist or workshop head who neglects to place machines or signals to prevent work emergencies or does not keep them always fit for use shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to two years and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 548,
                                            "article_number": "601-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3535,
                                            "body": "Anyone who, due to lack of caution, negligence, or failure to observe laws or regulations, causes the disabling of the aforementioned machines and signals shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months.",
                                            "position": 549,
                                            "article_number": "602"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3536,
                                            "body": "Anyone who intentionally removes one of these tools or renders it unusable shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years, and temporary hard labor shall be imposed if the act results in a serious incident, and life hard labor if it leads to the loss of life.",
                                            "position": 550,
                                            "article_number": "603"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 606,
                            "name": "On Crimes Harmful to Human and Animal Health",
                            "number": "Third",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 607,
                                    "name": "On Epidemic Diseases",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3537,
                                            "body": "Whoever violates the preventive decisions or instructions issued by the competent authorities aimed at limiting the spread of epidemics shall be punished with a fine equivalent to half the official minimum wage, and the penalty shall be doubled in cases of repetition.\r\nWhoever, through lack of precaution, negligence, or failure to observe laws or regulations, causes the spread of an epidemic disease among humans shall be punished with imprisonment for up to six months. If the perpetrator commits the act knowingly without intending to cause anyone's death, they shall be punished with imprisonment from one to three years in addition to the fine.",
                                            "position": 551,
                                            "article_number": "604-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3538,
                                            "body": "Whoever, through negligence, lack of precaution, or failure to observe laws or regulations, causes the spread of a disease among poultry or a dangerous germ to crops or forests, shall be punished with a fine ranging between twenty thousand and two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.\r\nIf the act is committed intentionally, the perpetrator shall be punished with imprisonment in addition to the fine.",
                                            "position": 552,
                                            "article_number": "605-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3539,
                                            "body": "Whoever does not observe the special regulations for combating epidemics, diseases of plants, locusts, and other harmful animals shall be punished with imprisonment for up to six months and a fine of up to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 553,
                                            "article_number": "606-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 608,
                                    "name": "On Fraud",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3540,
                                            "body": "Shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to one year and a fine from fifty thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or by one of these two penalties:\r\n1- Whoever adulterates substances related to human or animal food, drugs, beverages, or industrial, agricultural, or natural products prepared for sale. 2- Whoever offers any of the aforementioned products or substances for sale or sells them knowing that they are adulterated or spoiled.\r\n3- Whoever offers products that could cause adulteration or puts them up for sale or sells them knowing how they are used.\r\n4- Whoever incites by one of the means mentioned in Article 209, paragraphs 2 and 3, the use of the products or substances mentioned in the third paragraph.\r\nIn case of repetition, the criminal is prohibited from practicing the work that was a means to commit the crime.",
                                            "position": 554,
                                            "article_number": "607-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3541,
                                            "body": "If the adulterated or spoiled products or substances are harmful to human or animal health, the penalty shall be imprisonment from three months to two years and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds.\r\nThese penalties apply even if the seller or buyer is aware of the harmful adulteration or spoilage.",
                                            "position": 555,
                                            "article_number": "608-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3542,
                                            "body": "Shall be punished by a fine ranging between twenty thousand and one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and imprisonment for up to three months or by one of these two penalties, whoever keeps in their possession, in any place, without legitimate reason, products or substances described in the previous article.\r\nThe penalty shall be imprisonment from three months to one year and a fine from fifty thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if one of the substances or products is adulterated or spoiled and harmful to human or animal health.",
                                            "position": 556,
                                            "article_number": "609-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 3
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 9
                },
                {
                    "id": 609,
                    "name": "On Crimes Committed by Dangerous Persons Due to Their Lifestyles",
                    "number": "Tenth",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 610,
                            "name": "On Beggars and Vagrants",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 611,
                                    "name": "On Beggars",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3543,
                                            "body": "Whoever has resources, or can obtain resources through work, and begs for personal benefit in any place, either explicitly or under the guise of commercial activities, shall be punished with imprisonment with labor for a period of not less than one month and not more than six months. Additionally, they may be placed in a workhouse in accordance with Article 79, and this measure shall be mandatory in case of repetition.",
                                            "position": 557,
                                            "article_number": "610"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3544,
                                            "body": "Whoever, due to laziness or addiction to alcohol or gambling, becomes compelled to beg for public assistance or charity from people shall be punished with imprisonment with labor from one month to six months. The judge may also order the convicted person to be placed in a workhouse and prohibit them from frequenting bars where drinks are sold, as stipulated in Articles 79 and 80.",
                                            "position": 558,
                                            "article_number": "611"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3545,
                                            "body": "Whoever leaves a charitable institution that cares for them and engages in begging, shall be punished, even if incapacitated, with imprisonment for the period mentioned above.",
                                            "position": 559,
                                            "article_number": "612"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3546,
                                            "body": "A beggar who solicits charity under any of the following circumstances:\n1- By threat or acts of violence,\n2- By carrying a false certificate of poverty,\n3- By pretending to have wounds or disabilities,\n4- By disguising in any form,\n5- By accompanying a child not their own or one of their descendants under the age of seven,\n6- By carrying weapons and tools used for committing felonies or misdemeanors,\n7- In a group unless it is a husband and wife or a disabled person and their guide, shall be punished with imprisonment from six months to two years with labor, in addition to being placed in a workhouse if not incapacitated, and with simple imprisonment for the same period if incapacitated. They may also be subjected to the measure of supervised freedom.",
                                            "position": 560,
                                            "article_number": "613"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 612,
                                    "name": "On Vagrants",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3547,
                                            "body": "A person is considered a vagrant and is punished with imprisonment with labor from one month to six months if they are healthy, have no residence, no means of living, do not practice a job for at least one month, and have not proven that they have made sufficient effort to obtain employment. Vagrants can also be placed in a workhouse, and they are mandatorily placed there in case of repetition.",
                                            "position": 561,
                                            "article_number": "614"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3548,
                                            "body": "The penalties and precautionary measures stipulated in Article 613 are imposed on any vagrant carrying a weapon or tools specifically for committing felonies or misdemeanors, or who commits or threatens to commit any act of violence against persons, disguises themselves in any form, or vagrants in groups of two or more.",
                                            "position": 562,
                                            "article_number": "615"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 613,
                                    "name": "On Vagrant or Begging Juveniles",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3549,
                                            "body": "Any minor under the age of eighteen who, without a legitimate reason, leaves the home of their parents or guardian, or the places where they have been placed by those under whose authority they are, for a period of one week, and becomes homeless without work, shall be subject to the reform measures specified in Articles 242 and 243.",
                                            "position": 563,
                                            "article_number": "616-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3550,
                                            "body": "The parents of a minor who has not reached the age of fifteen, or their relatives responsible for their support and upbringing, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to six months and a fine from twenty thousand to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if they fail to provide for them despite being able to do so and leave them homeless.",
                                            "position": 564,
                                            "article_number": "617-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3551,
                                            "body": "Anyone who pushes a minor under the age of eighteen to beg shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to two years and a fine ranging from the minimum wage to three times that amount.",
                                            "position": 565,
                                            "article_number": "618-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 614,
                                    "name": "On Travel",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3552,
                                            "body": "Nomads, as intended in this section, include Lebanese or foreign Bedouins and travelers in Lebanon without a fixed residence, even if they have resources and practice a craft.",
                                            "position": 566,
                                            "article_number": "619"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3553,
                                            "body": "Any individual from the nomads who roams the Lebanese land for at least a month without carrying an identity card containing their physical measurements or failing to prove that they have requested it from the authority shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to a year and a fine from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, and may also be placed under surveillance.",
                                            "position": 567,
                                            "article_number": "620-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 1094,
                                            "name": "Comprehensive Provisions",
                                            "number": "First",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3554,
                                                    "body": "Any foreigner sentenced under the provisions of this chapter may be ordered to be expelled from Lebanese territory.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "621"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Paragraph",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 4
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 615,
                            "name": "On the Consumption of Intoxicants and Narcotics",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 616,
                                    "name": "On Intoxicants",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3555,
                                            "body": "Anyone found in a state of apparent intoxication in a public place or a place open to the public shall be punished with a fine ranging from six thousand liras to twenty thousand liras.",
                                            "position": 568,
                                            "article_number": "622-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3556,
                                            "body": "In case of repetition, the defendant shall be subject to detention and prohibited from visiting bars under the penalty imposed in Article 80. If repeated again, they shall be punished with imprisonment from one month to six months and additionally deprived of civil rights and removed from guardianship and custody.",
                                            "position": 569,
                                            "article_number": "623"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3557,
                                            "body": "If it is proven that the defendant is a habitual drunkard, and it is the first repetition, they shall be detained in a special wing of the preventive shelter for treatment. The detention period is at least six months, ending by a decision from the judicial authority that ordered it, confirming the recovery of the convicted person, and cannot exceed two years. The period of the liberty-depriving penalty runs during the detention period.",
                                            "position": 570,
                                            "article_number": "624"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3558,
                                            "body": "Anyone who serves alcoholic beverages to a minor under eighteen years of age until intoxicated shall be punished with a fine ranging from six thousand to twenty thousand liras.",
                                            "position": 571,
                                            "article_number": "625-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3559,
                                            "body": "The owner of the bar or any other place open to the public, as well as their employees, shall be punished with detention and a fine ranging from ten thousand to twenty thousand liras if they serve alcoholic beverages to a person until intoxicated, or serve them to a person in a state of apparent intoxication, or to a minor under eighteen years of age.",
                                            "position": 572,
                                            "article_number": "626-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3560,
                                            "body": "The same penalties apply to the owner of the bar who employs girls or women not from his family under the age of twenty-one in his bar.",
                                            "position": 573,
                                            "article_number": "627"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3561,
                                            "body": "In case of repetition of any misdemeanor stipulated in Articles 626 and 627, the establishment may be ordered to close permanently.",
                                            "position": 574,
                                            "article_number": "628"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3562,
                                            "body": "The penalties stipulated in Articles 625 and 626 are doubled if the criminal leaves the intoxicated person to wander in a state of intoxication or fails to ensure their return home or hand them over to an authority figure.",
                                            "position": 575,
                                            "article_number": "629"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 617,
                                    "name": "On Narcotics",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3563,
                                            "body": "Punishable by imprisonment for up to six months and a fine not exceeding one hundred liras are those who use narcotic substances or possess them without legitimate reason. The same penalty applies to those who obtain or attempt to obtain any of these substances through fictitious prescriptions.\r\nIf it is proven that the defendant habitually uses drugs, they may be placed in a precautionary shelter to be treated for their ailment according to the conditions stipulated in Article 624.",
                                            "position": 576,
                                            "article_number": "630-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3564,
                                            "body": "Those who secretly engage in drug trafficking or possess drugs with the intent to trade, and those who facilitate the use of these substances for others by any means, are punishable by imprisonment from six months to three years and a fine from one hundred to five hundred liras. The penalty is increased as specified in Article 257 if the substance is sold to a minor under eighteen years of age or to a person addicted to drugs, or if it is delivered to either of them, and the establishment is ordered to be closed.",
                                            "position": 577,
                                            "article_number": "631-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 618,
                            "name": "On Gambling",
                            "number": "Third",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 3565,
                                    "body": "Games of chance are those where luck prevails over skill or acumen, specifically including gambling games, roulette, baccarat, pharaoh, petit cheveaux, and open poker, as well as games derived from or generally resembling them.",
                                    "position": 578,
                                    "article_number": "632"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3566,
                                    "body": "Anyone who operates a gambling establishment or organizes prohibited gambling games, whether in a public place, accessible to the public, or in a private residence designated for this purpose.\nCashiers, their assistants, managers, workers, and employees.\nAre punished with imprisonment from three months to two years and a fine from two hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds.\nThe criminals are subject to a residency ban, and if they are foreigners, they are subject to deportation from Lebanese territory. In addition to the confiscation of items resulting from the crime or used or intended for its commission, the furniture and other movable items with which the place was furnished and decorated may be confiscated, and the establishment may be ordered to close.\nAnd a fine from two hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds\" instead of \"and a fine from one thousand to ten thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                    "position": 579,
                                    "article_number": "633-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3567,
                                    "body": "Any person who participates in playing in the aforementioned places or is caught there during play is punished with a fine from fifty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                    "position": 580,
                                    "article_number": "634-Amended"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 3
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 10
                },
                {
                    "id": 619,
                    "name": "Crimes Against Property",
                    "number": "Eleventh",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 620,
                            "name": "On Taking the Property of Others",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 621,
                                    "name": "On Theft",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3568,
                                            "body": "Theft is the taking of another's movable property secretly or by force with the intent to own it. Secured energies are considered movable objects in the application of penal texts.",
                                            "position": 581,
                                            "article_number": "635-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3569,
                                            "body": "Theft, which has not been assigned a specific penalty under any other provisions of this law, is punishable by imprisonment from two months to three years and a fine from one hundred thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.\r\nThis penalty is increased according to Article 257 if the theft is committed in one of the following cases:\r\n1- In temples and inhabited buildings.\r\n2- By pickpocketing passersby, whether on roads or in other public places, or on trains, ships, airplanes, or other means of transport.\r\n3- By an employee entrusted with security or guarding, even if the theft is committed outside working hours.\r\n4- By a paid servant who steals from their employer or steals from others in the employer's house, or by an employee or worker who steals from their employer's shop or factory, or in warehouses or other places related to the work or factory.\r\n5- By two or more persons.",
                                            "position": 582,
                                            "article_number": "636-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3570,
                                            "body": "Anyone who steals something from agricultural products or tree fruits, valued at less than one hundred Lebanese pounds, is punishable by a fine of up to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. In this case, prosecution depends on a complaint from the injured party.",
                                            "position": 583,
                                            "article_number": "637-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3571,
                                            "body": "The penalty of hard labor from three to ten years is imposed for theft in one of the following cases:\r\n1- If the theft is committed on the funds or assets of a government institution or any center or office of official administration or public authority.\r\n2- If the theft is committed on the funds or assets of a bank or a jewelry or currency exchange shop.\r\n3- If the theft is committed on a cash collector or any public employee or any employee in a private institution, while carrying money for the administration or institution they work for, with the intent to steal this money.\r\nThe same penalty is imposed on the cash collector, public employee, or employee if they conspire with the perpetrators.\r\n4- If the theft is committed on a car or any motorized land vehicle.\r\n5- By a masked person or someone carrying a visible or hidden weapon.\r\n6- If the theft is committed using violence against persons.",
                                            "position": 584,
                                            "article_number": "638-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3572,
                                            "body": "The penalty of hard labor from three to seven years is imposed on anyone who commits theft in one of the following cases:\r\n1- By breaking or entering closed places protected by walls, whether inhabited or uninhabited, or by climbing inside or outside, or using manufactured keys or any other tool, or after entering by trickery or impersonating an employee or claiming an official mission or by any other unusual method.\r\n2- During riots, revolution, war, fire, security disorder, shipwreck, or any other calamity.\r\n3- By threatening with a weapon, whether to prepare for the crime, facilitate it, seize the stolen goods, or secure escape.",
                                            "position": 585,
                                            "article_number": "639-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3573,
                                            "body": "If any of the acts mentioned in the previous article are accompanied by violence against persons, whether to prepare for the crime, facilitate it, seize the stolen goods, or secure escape, or if any of the acts are committed at night, the penalty is increased to life hard labor.\r\nIf the perpetrator kills a person for a reason related to the mentioned theft, they are punished with the death penalty.",
                                            "position": 586,
                                            "article_number": "640-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3574,
                                            "body": "The penalty of temporary hard labor is imposed on anyone who:\r\n- Illegally seizes, by any means, a docked or sailing ship or the goods it carries, or engages in any act of maritime fraud or piracy, or takes control of the ship or its navigation, or forces its captain or commander to change its course by threat or violence.\r\n- Illegally seizes, by any means, a fixed platform on the continental shelf or takes control of it by threat or violence.\r\n- Illegally and intentionally commits any of the following acts that could endanger the safety of ship navigation or maritime navigation or the safety of the fixed platform on the continental shelf:\r\n\r\nA- Damaging the ship or causing severe damage to it or its cargo.\r\nB- Placing or causing others to place a device or substance on a ship or fixed platform by any means that could lead to the destruction or damage of the ship or its cargo or the fixed platform.\r\nC- Causing severe damage to a port used for maritime navigation or to maritime navigation facilities, equipment, or services, or severely obstructing their operation.\r\nD- Providing information knowing it to be false.\r\nThe penalty is increased according to Article 257 of the Penal Code against the ship's captain if they are the perpetrator of one of these crimes or an accomplice or instigator.\r\n\r\nThe captain can also be banned from practicing the profession permanently, and this ban is also imposed on all perpetrators, accomplices, and instigators if their profession is related to navigation or maritime trade.",
                                            "position": 587,
                                            "article_number": "641-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3575,
                                            "body": "The penalty of life hard labor is imposed if any of the crimes stipulated in the amended Article 641 of the Penal Code are committed by two or more armed persons who used or threatened to use weapons, or if the commission of the crime was accompanied by violence against someone.\r\nThe death penalty is imposed if the commission of the crime leads to the sinking of the ship and the death of one of its passengers or leads to the destruction of the fixed platform and the death of someone on it, and temporary hard labor is imposed if the commission of the crime leads to the destruction of maritime navigation facilities, equipment, or services or the death of a person due to panic or any other reason related to the crime.",
                                            "position": 588,
                                            "article_number": "642-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3576,
                                            "body": "The penalty of temporary hard labor is imposed on anyone who:\r\n- Illegally seizes, by any means, an aircraft during its flight or takes control of it or its navigation, or forces its pilot to change its course by threat or violence.\r\n- Illegally and intentionally commits any of the following acts, if it could endanger the safety of air navigation or the safety of the aircraft's navigation:\r\n\r\nA- Intentionally causing damage to an aircraft in service, making it unfit for flight.\r\nB- Intentionally causing severe damage to air navigation facilities, equipment, or services, or intentionally causing severe damage to airport facilities used for air navigation.\r\nC- Providing information knowing it to be false. The penalty of life hard labor is imposed if any of the crimes stipulated in this article are committed by two or more armed persons who used or threatened to use weapons, or if the commission of the crime was accompanied by violence against someone.\r\n\r\nThe death penalty is imposed if the perpetrator, by any means, commits an act of sabotage on the aircraft that exposes it to the risk of falling or destruction, or if the act results in the death of a person due to panic or any other reason related to the incident.",
                                            "position": 589,
                                            "article_number": "643-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3577,
                                            "body": "Anyone who steals horses or animals prepared for carrying, pulling, or riding, and other large or small livestock, or agricultural tools, or items prepared for sale such as firewood or cut construction wood or stones from quarries, or fish from nets, or leeches from ponds, and birds from coops, or bees from hives, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from twenty-five to five hundred liras.",
                                            "position": 590,
                                            "article_number": "644-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3578,
                                            "body": "- Amended-Cancelled\r\nAnyone who steals harvested or uprooted crops and other useful land products or a stack of harvested crops shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine from ten to fifty liras. If the theft is committed by multiple thieves or involves transportation by carts or animals, the imprisonment shall be from six months to two years and the fine from twenty-five to one hundred liras.",
                                            "position": 591,
                                            "article_number": "645"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3579,
                                            "body": "If the crops and other useful land products have not been uprooted and are stolen from the field using baskets, bags, or similar containers, transported by carts or animals, or stolen by several people together, the punishment shall be imprisonment from one month to six months.",
                                            "position": 592,
                                            "article_number": "646-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3580,
                                            "body": "Anyone who steals something from the land products or fruits that the owner has not yet harvested and its value is less than one lira shall be punished with a fine not exceeding twenty-five liras.",
                                            "position": 593,
                                            "article_number": "647-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3581,
                                            "body": "Any other theft not specified in this chapter shall warrant a punishment of imprisonment with labor from six months to two years and a fine up to two hundred liras.",
                                            "position": 594,
                                            "article_number": "648-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 622,
                                    "name": "On Rape and Intimidation",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3582,
                                            "body": "Punishable by imprisonment for at least one year and a fine from one hundred thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds:\r\n1- Whoever, by threat or violence and with the intent to obtain an unlawful benefit for himself or others, commits extortion of a document containing a commitment or discharge or extorts a signature on it.\r\n2- Whoever coerces a person to perform an act or refrain from performing it to the detriment of his wealth or the wealth of others.\r\n3- The penalty of temporary hard labor is imposed in all cases mentioned in the previous two paragraphs if the perpetrator was carrying a weapon with which he threatened the victim.",
                                            "position": 595,
                                            "article_number": "649-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3583,
                                            "body": "Anyone who threatens a person with exposing or disclosing a matter or reporting it, which would harm the reputation or honor of this person or the reputation or honor of one of his relatives, to compel him to bring an unlawful benefit to himself or others, shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine up to six hundred thousand pounds.\r\nThe penalty is increased according to Article 257 of the Penal Code against the perpetrator if the matter threatened to be exposed is related to his work by virtue of his position, profession, or art.",
                                            "position": 596,
                                            "article_number": "650-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 623,
                                    "name": "On the Use of Others' Property Without Right",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3584,
                                            "body": "Anyone who unlawfully uses something belonging to another in a manner that causes damage, without intending to steal it, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to six months and a fine ranging from fifty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or by one of these two penalties.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "Article 651-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 1095,
                                            "name": "Comprehensive Provisions for the Previous Sections",
                                            "number": "First",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3585,
                                                    "body": "The punishment applies to the attempt to commit misdemeanors stipulated in this chapter.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "652"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3586,
                                                    "body": "Anyone sentenced to a liberty-depriving penalty for theft or attempted theft may be placed under surveillance or prohibited from residing in certain areas.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "653"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3587,
                                                    "body": "Anyone who commits the crime of concealing stolen items or the crime of hiding accomplices as stipulated in Articles 221 and 222 is exempt from punishment if they inform the authorities about those accomplices before any prosecution or enable the arrest of those they know to be hiding, even after prosecutions have commenced. The provisions of this article do not apply to repeat offenders.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "654"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Paragraph",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 3
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 624,
                            "name": "On Fraud and Other Forms of Deception",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 625,
                                    "name": "On Fraud",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3588,
                                            "body": "Anyone who, through fraudulent maneuvers, induces another to deliver movable or immovable property, or documents containing a commitment, discharge, or benefit, and seizes them, shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to three years and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds.\r\nFraudulent maneuvers include:\r\n1- Acts that deceive the victim into believing in a fictitious project or create in their mind hope for profit or fear of harm.\r\n2- Fabricating a lie that the victim believes due to the support of a third person, even in good faith, or due to a circumstance prepared by the criminal or a circumstance from which they benefited.\r\n3- Disposing of movable or immovable property by someone who has no right or capacity to dispose of it, or by someone who has the right or capacity but misuses it to extort money.\r\n4- Using a false name or false capacity for deception and influence. The same punishment applies to the attempt to commit this crime.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "655-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3589,
                                            "body": "The penalty is doubled if the crime is committed in one of the following cases:\r\n-1 Under the pretext of securing a job or work in a public administration.\r\n-2 By a person soliciting money from the public for the issuance of shares, bonds, or other documents for a company or project.\r\n-3 By any authorized signatory of a company, association, institution, or any other legal entity.",
                                            "position": 597,
                                            "article_number": "656-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3590,
                                            "body": "Anyone who exploits the needs, lack of experience, or passions of a minor under eighteen years of age, or a person who is mentally incapacitated or insane, and induces them to perform a legal act that harms their interests or the interests of others, shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine equivalent to the value of the damage, not less than fifty thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 598,
                                            "article_number": "657-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 626,
                                    "name": "Regarding Acts of Fraud",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3591,
                                            "body": "Anyone who induces another to deliver goods with the right of option or promise while intending not to pay for them or knowing that they cannot pay, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to six months and a fine of up to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if they do not return them or pay for them after being warned.\r\nAnd a fine of up to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds \"instead of\" a fine of up to one thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 599,
                                            "article_number": "658-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3592,
                                            "body": "Anyone who provides themselves with lodging, food, or drink in a public place while intending not to pay or knowing that they cannot pay, shall be punished with detention and a fine from twenty thousand to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 600,
                                            "article_number": "659-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3593,
                                            "body": "The same penalty shall be imposed on anyone who fraudulently uses land, sea, or air transportation without paying the fare.",
                                            "position": 601,
                                            "article_number": "660"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 627,
                                    "name": "On Usury and Loans Against Mortgage",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3594,
                                            "body": "Any financial contract, for non-commercial purposes, that imposes on the borrower an apparent or hidden interest rate exceeding 12 percent annually constitutes a usurious loan.",
                                            "position": 602,
                                            "article_number": "661-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3595,
                                            "body": "Anyone who exploits a person's financial distress through usury shall be punished with a fine that may reach half of the loaned capital and imprisonment not exceeding one year, or with one of these penalties.",
                                            "position": 603,
                                            "article_number": "662"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3596,
                                            "body": "Anyone who engages in usury with the same debtor or different debtors twice or more within less than three years shall be punished for the crime of habitual usury with the penalties specified in the previous article.\r\n- The instigator or accomplice in this crime shall be punished when the act is repeated at least twice within three years, whether it involves a usurious loan conducted between the usurer and the same victim or between other persons.",
                                            "position": 604,
                                            "article_number": "663-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3597,
                                            "body": "The crime of habitual usury is inferred from a single usurious loan if committed within less than five years after a conviction for one of the misdemeanors stipulated in the previous articles.",
                                            "position": 605,
                                            "article_number": "664"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3598,
                                            "body": "Punishable by imprisonment up to six months and a fine that may reach a quarter of the loaned capital:\r\n1- Anyone who opens a lending establishment against collateral without authorization, even if only one contract is executed.\r\n2- Anyone who obtains authorization for lending against collateral but fails to keep a record containing the value of the loaned amounts, the borrower's name and status, and the type and true value of the collateral.\r\nThe provisions of this article do not apply to loans against collateral contracted for the benefit of traders to facilitate commercial operations.",
                                            "position": 606,
                                            "article_number": "665-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 628,
                                    "name": "On Bounced Checks",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3599,
                                            "body": "Anyone who issues a check without prior and sufficient funds prepared for payment or with insufficient funds.\r\n- Anyone who withdraws all or part of the funds after issuing the check.\r\n- Anyone who issues a stop payment order to the drawee in cases not stipulated in Article 428 of the Commercial Code.\r\nShall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years and a fine from one million lira to four million lira, and shall be ordered to pay the value of the check plus compensation for damages if necessary.\r\nIn case of repetition, the provisions of Articles 66 and 68 shall also apply in addition to the penalties for repetition.\r\nThe waiver of personal rights in the mentioned crimes leads to the dismissal of the public right lawsuit.\r\nThese crimes are not classified as disgraceful crimes as used in other applicable laws, and no consequences specified in those laws, which apply to those convicted of a disgraceful crime, shall apply to those convicted of any of these crimes.",
                                            "position": 607,
                                            "article_number": "666-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3600,
                                            "body": "Anyone who knowingly receives a check without funds shall be punished with the penalties for complicity in the crime specified above. These penalties are doubled if the check holder obtained it to cover a usurious loan, even if not involved.\r\nExcept in the case of obtaining a check to cover a usurious loan, the waiver of personal rights leads to the dismissal of the public right lawsuit.",
                                            "position": 608,
                                            "article_number": "667-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 629,
                                    "name": "On Fraud in Migration",
                                    "number": "5",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3601,
                                            "body": "Anyone who obtains or procures a benefit for themselves or others by fabricating news or concocting lies to induce a person to travel or to direct a traveler to a country other than the one they intended to go to shall be punished with the penalty stipulated in Article 655.\r\nThe same punishment applies to the attempt to commit this offense.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "Article 668-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 1096,
                                            "name": "Comprehensive Provisions",
                                            "number": "First",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3602,
                                                    "body": "Publication of the judgment may be ordered when adjudicating one of the misdemeanors stipulated in Articles 656 and 664 upon the repetition of any of the crimes specified in this chapter.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "669"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Paragraph",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 5
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 630,
                            "name": "On Breach of Trust and Embezzlement",
                            "number": "Third",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 3603,
                                    "body": "Anyone who intentionally conceals, embezzles, dissipates, destroys, or tears a document containing a commitment or discharge, or any other movable item entrusted to them as a deposit, agency, lease, loan for use, pledge, or for performing a task for a fee or without a fee, with the condition to return, present, or use it for a specific purpose, shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to two years and a fine ranging between a quarter and half of the value of the restitution and damages, provided it is not less than fifty thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                    "position": 609,
                                    "article_number": "670-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3604,
                                    "body": "Anyone who disposes of a sum of money or other fungible items entrusted to them for a specific task, knowing or should have known that they cannot return the equivalent, and does not clear their liability despite being warned, shall be punished by imprisonment up to one year and a fine up to a quarter of the value of the restitution and damages, provided the fine is not less than fifty thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                    "position": 610,
                                    "article_number": "671-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3605,
                                    "body": "Persons mentioned below shall be punished by imprisonment from three months to three years when they commit breach of trust with the funds entrusted to them or under their responsibility according to the provisions of either of the preceding Articles 670 and 671:\r\n-1 The custodian of a waqf.\r\n-2 The director of a charitable institution or association and anyone responsible for its funds.\r\n-3 The guardian of a minor or incapacitated person or their representative.\r\n-4 The executor of a will or marriage contract.\r\n-5 Any lawyer, notary public, or authorized agent.\r\n-6 Any employee or paid servant and anyone bound by an employment contract for a fee with any private institution.\r\n-7 Any person appointed by the authority to manage or guard funds belonging to the state or individuals.\r\nThe criminal may be prohibited from practicing the work due to which the crime was committed.",
                                    "position": 611,
                                    "article_number": "672-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3606,
                                    "body": "Anyone who appropriates, embezzles, refuses to return, or conceals a find or any movable item that came into their possession by mistake, incidentally, or by force majeure, shall be punished by imprisonment up to one year and a fine up to a quarter of the value of the restitution and damages, provided the fine is not less than twenty thousand Lebanese pounds. The provisions of this article apply to anyone who finds a treasure concerning the share belonging to others.",
                                    "position": 612,
                                    "article_number": "673-Amended"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 1097,
                                    "name": "Comprehensive Provisions - For the First, Second, and Third Chapters",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3607,
                                            "body": "The perpetrators of the crimes stipulated in the previous chapters are exempt from punishment if they committed them to the detriment of ascendants, descendants, father, mother, adopted child, or spouse not legally separated.\r\nIf the criminal repeats their crime within five years, they shall be sentenced based on the complaint of the harmed party with the penalty stipulated in the law reduced by one-third.",
                                            "position": 613,
                                            "article_number": "674-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3608,
                                            "body": "The misdemeanors stipulated in articles 647, 650, 651, 658, 660, 670, 671, and 673 are not prosecuted except based on a complaint from the harmed party, unless the party is unknown, or the complaint is dismissed.\r\nThe breach of trust punishable under articles 670 and 671 is prosecuted ex officio if accompanied by one of the aggravating circumstances stipulated in article 672.",
                                            "position": 614,
                                            "article_number": "675"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3609,
                                            "body": "The penalties for misdemeanors specified in the articles constituting the first, second, and third chapters are reduced by half if the resulting damage or the benefit intended by the perpetrator is trivial, or if the damage has been entirely removed before the case is referred to court.\r\nHowever, if restitution is made or the damage is removed during the trial but before any judgment on the merits, even if not final, the penalty is reduced by a quarter.",
                                            "position": 615,
                                            "article_number": "676"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Paragraph",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 3
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 631,
                            "name": "On Fraud in Transactions",
                            "number": "Fourth",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 632,
                                    "name": "On Illegal or Fraudulent Weights and Measures and Fraud in the Quantity of Goods",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3610,
                                            "body": "Anyone who uses or possesses in their store, shop, sales carts, or other places designated for trade, measures or weights or other weighing or measuring instruments that differ from the measures and weights specified by law or are unmarked, shall be punished with detention and a fine ranging from twenty thousand to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or with one of these penalties.",
                                            "position": 616,
                                            "article_number": "677-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3611,
                                            "body": "Anyone who possesses in the aforementioned places measures or weights and weighing or measuring instruments that are fraudulent or inaccurate shall be punished with imprisonment for up to three months and a fine ranging from fifty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 617,
                                            "article_number": "678-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3612,
                                            "body": "Anyone who knowingly uses fraudulent or inaccurate measures or weights or weighing or measuring instruments to deceive the contracting party in the quantity of the delivered item shall be punished with imprisonment with labor from three months to two years and a fine ranging from one hundred thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 618,
                                            "article_number": "679-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3613,
                                            "body": "Any other fraud, whether in the quantity of the delivered item or its nature if this nature is the motivating reason for the transaction, shall be punished with imprisonment with labor from three months to one year and a fine ranging from fifty thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or with one of these penalties.",
                                            "position": 619,
                                            "article_number": "680-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3614,
                                            "body": "According to the provisions of Article 98, fraudulent measures and weights or those that differ from the measures and weights specified by law shall be confiscated.",
                                            "position": 620,
                                            "article_number": "681"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 633,
                                    "name": "On Fraud in the Type of Goods",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3615,
                                            "body": "Anyone who deceives the contracting party:\r\nWhether in the nature of the goods, their essential qualities, their composition, or the quantity they contain of beneficial elements.\r\nOr in their type or source when the determination of type and source is, according to the agreement or customs, the main reason for the sale.\r\nShall be punished with imprisonment with labor from one month to one year and a fine from forty thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or with one of these penalties.",
                                            "position": 621,
                                            "article_number": "682-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3616,
                                            "body": "The imprisonment penalty is increased to two years if the crime is committed:\r\nEither by schemes or means aimed at corrupting the processes of analysis, composition, or measurement, or at altering with the intent to deceive in the composition, weight, or volume of the goods even before these operations are conducted.\r\nOr by fraudulent statements aimed at convincing of the existence of a previous correct operation.",
                                            "position": 622,
                                            "article_number": "683"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 634,
                                    "name": "On Obstructing the Freedom of Auctions",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3617,
                                            "body": "Anyone who, during a public auction, obstructs the freedom of bidding or commitments by means of threats, violence, lies, or excludes bidders and committers with gifts or promises shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to six months and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 623,
                                            "article_number": "684-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 635,
                                    "name": "On Unlawful Speculations",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3618,
                                            "body": "Shall be punished with imprisonment with labor from six months to two years and a fine from one million to six million Lebanese pounds anyone who fraudulently manipulates to raise or lower the prices of goods or public or private commercial stocks traded on the stock exchange, especially by announcing different facts or false claims, or by making offers to sell or buy with the intent to disturb prices.\r\nOr by undertaking any act that would corrupt the supply and demand base in the market.",
                                            "position": 624,
                                            "article_number": "685-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3619,
                                            "body": "The penalty is doubled if the price increase or decrease occurs,\r\n1- On grains, flour, sugar, oil, meats, or carcasses, or other foodstuffs.\r\n2- Or on materials outside the criminal's profession.\r\n3- Or by a group composed of three or more persons.",
                                            "position": 625,
                                            "article_number": "686"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 1098,
                                            "name": "Comprehensive Provisions for the Previous Sections",
                                            "number": "First",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3620,
                                                    "body": "The punishment covers the attempt to commit the crimes stipulated in Article 680 and the following articles.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "687"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3621,
                                                    "body": "The court, when sentencing a repeat offender in one of the crimes mentioned in this chapter, orders the suspension or publication of the judgment, and repetition requires, in addition, the deprivation of practicing the profession or work even if their practice is not contingent upon obtaining a certificate or permission from the authority. Suspension and publication can be ordered even if the perpetrator is sentenced for the first time if the seriousness of the act requires it.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "688"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Paragraph",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 4
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 4
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 636,
                            "name": "On Bankruptcy and Fraud to the Detriment of Creditors",
                            "number": "Fifth",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 637,
                                    "name": "On Bankruptcy",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3622,
                                            "body": "Considered a fraudulent bankrupt and punished with temporary hard labor for up to seven years is any bankrupt merchant who hides his books, embezzles, or dissipates part of his assets, or falsely acknowledges debts not owed by him, whether in books, official or ordinary documents, or in his balance sheet.",
                                            "position": 626,
                                            "article_number": "689-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3623,
                                            "body": "Considered a negligent bankrupt and punished with imprisonment from one month to one year is any merchant who stops payment.\r\n1- If he has consumed large sums in fictitious operations on goods or in the stock market.\r\n2- If, after stopping payment and in order to delay bankruptcy, he purchases goods to sell them for less than their price or contracts loans for the same purpose or trades securities or resorts to other ruinous methods to obtain money.\r\n3- If, after stopping payment, he pays a creditor to the detriment of the creditors' pool.\r\n4- If his personal or household expenses are excessively high.",
                                            "position": 627,
                                            "article_number": "690-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3624,
                                            "body": "Can be considered a negligent bankrupt and punished with the above-imposed imprisonment is any bankrupt merchant,\r\n1- If he undertakes significant commitments for the benefit of others without compensation relative to his situation when he made the commitment,\r\n2- If he does not comply with the rules related to organizing the commercial register,\r\n3- If he does not submit within twenty days of stopping payment the necessary declaration according to the Commercial Law to the court registry or if this declaration does not include the names of all the general partners,\r\n4- If he does not keep commercial books or does not organize the inventory accurately or if his books or inventory are incomplete or not proper or do not show the true state of his assets and liabilities, without there being fraud,\r\n5- If his bankruptcy is repeated and the conditions of the previous settlement contract are not fulfilled.",
                                            "position": 628,
                                            "article_number": "691"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3625,
                                            "body": "In the event of the bankruptcy of a commercial company, the punishment stipulated in Article 689 applies, except for partners in general partnerships and limited partners in limited partnerships.\r\n1- Silent partners who habitually intervene in the company's operations.\r\n2- Managers of joint-stock companies and limited liability companies.\r\n3- Managers, board members, authorized agents, supervisory board members, auditors, and employees of the mentioned companies and joint-stock companies, if they themselves commit an act of fraudulent bankruptcy or facilitate or enable its commission intentionally or if they publish false statements or balance sheets or distribute fictitious shares.",
                                            "position": 629,
                                            "article_number": "692-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3626,
                                            "body": "If a commercial company goes bankrupt, the punishment for negligent bankruptcy applies to anyone among the aforementioned persons in the company's management or working for its benefit who commits a crime from the crimes stipulated in Article 690, its first, second, and third paragraphs,\r\nAnd this person can receive the same punishment if, in managing the company or working for its benefit, he commits a crime from the crimes mentioned in Article 691, its first to fourth paragraphs.",
                                            "position": 630,
                                            "article_number": "693"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3627,
                                            "body": "The commercial company is subject in the cases specified in Articles 692 and 693 to what is stipulated in Articles 210 and 211 of penalties and precautionary measures except for the fine.",
                                            "position": 631,
                                            "article_number": "694"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3628,
                                            "body": "The punishment for fraudulent bankruptcy applies,\r\n1- To anyone who, for the benefit of the bankrupt, embezzles, hides, or conceals all or part of his fixed or movable assets,\r\n2- To anyone who fraudulently presents himself or a fictitious name to establish fictitious debts in the bankruptcy proceedings,\r\n3- To anyone who, while engaging in trade under a fictitious name, commits the crime of fraudulent bankruptcy,\r\nThis is regardless of the liability arising from acts of incitement or secondary involvement.",
                                            "position": 632,
                                            "article_number": "695"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3629,
                                            "body": "A creditor who stipulates for himself, whether with the bankrupt or with any other person, a special benefit due to his participation in the creditors' vote or makes a special agreement to gain a benefit for himself from the bankrupt's assets,\r\nIs punished with imprisonment with labor from one month to one year and a fine not exceeding six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, and the imprisonment penalty can be increased to two years if the creditor is the syndic of the proceedings.",
                                            "position": 633,
                                            "article_number": "696-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3630,
                                            "body": "The bankrupt's spouse, descendants, ascendants, and in-laws of the same degrees who embezzle, steal, or hide documents belonging to the proceedings without being in agreement with the bankrupt or intervening secondarily with him are punished with the penalty for theft stipulated in Article 648.",
                                            "position": 634,
                                            "article_number": "697"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3631,
                                            "body": "A suspension order and publication can be issued for one of the crimes stipulated in this chapter, for anyone convicted of fraudulent bankruptcy and anyone repeatedly convicted of negligent bankruptcy is subject to temporary or permanent prohibition from practicing trade or holding one of the positions specified in Article 692, its second and third paragraphs.",
                                            "position": 635,
                                            "article_number": "698"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 638,
                                    "name": "On Other Types of Fraud Committed to the Detriment of Creditors",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3632,
                                            "body": "A debtor who, with the intent to deprive creditors of their rights or to prevent execution on his movable or immovable property, reduces his assets in any manner, especially by signing fictitious documents, falsely acknowledging the existence of an obligation or its full or partial payment, concealing or smuggling some of his assets, selling, destroying, or designating some of his assets, shall be punished by imprisonment with labor from one month to six months and a fine from fifty thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 636,
                                            "article_number": "699-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3633,
                                            "body": "In articles 210 and 211, regardless of the penalties deserved according to the provisions of article 692, those mentioned therein who contribute to the act or facilitate or enable its commission intentionally.",
                                            "position": 637,
                                            "article_number": "700"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 5
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 639,
                            "name": "On Imitation",
                            "number": "Sixth",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 640,
                                    "name": "On the Imitation of Distinctive Marks for Industry and Commerce",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3634,
                                            "body": "Considered as distinctive marks for industry or trade in the sense intended in this section are names written in a way that distinguishes them from others, titles, symbols, seals, stamps, letters, features, embossed drawings, depictions, numbers, and in general any sign intended for the benefit of the consumer and the factory owner or trader to show the nature of a certain product and its source or the nature of an industrial, commercial, agricultural product, or products of forests and mines, if these marks are registered and published in accordance with the applicable laws.",
                                            "position": 638,
                                            "article_number": "701"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3635,
                                            "body": "Anyone who knowingly:\r\nimitates a distinctive mark belonging to others, even if they add other words such as similar, resembling, class, type, or description, or places a mark belonging to others or an imitated mark on their products or commercial goods, or sells a product bearing a usurped or imitated mark or offers it for sale.\r\nIf their action is likely to deceive the buyer, they shall be punished with a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds and imprisonment with labor from three months to three years or with one of these two penalties.",
                                            "position": 639,
                                            "article_number": "702-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3636,
                                            "body": "Anyone who resembles a mark with another with the intent to deceive, without imitating it, and anyone who uses such a mark or sells or offers for sale a product on which it is placed, if their action is likely to deceive the buyer, shall be punished with a fine from one hundred thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and imprisonment with labor from two months to two years or with one of these two penalties.",
                                            "position": 640,
                                            "article_number": "703-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3637,
                                            "body": "Persons who sell or offer for sale or who use an imitated or resembling mark with the intent to deceive can, unlike others, invoke the excuse of ignorance of the mark's registration if they did not commit the act in agreement with the one who imitated or resembled it.",
                                            "position": 641,
                                            "article_number": "704"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3638,
                                            "body": "The penalty stipulated in Article 703 shall be imposed on anyone who depicts on the mark national or foreign emblems, words, images, features, or symbols that are indicative or contrary to public order or morals.\r\nThe judge may order the confiscation of the mark based on Article 98 even if the prosecution is not accompanied by a judgment.",
                                            "position": 642,
                                            "article_number": "705"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3639,
                                            "body": "The same penalty shall be imposed on anyone who does not place on their products the distinctive mark required by law and regulations, or anyone who sells or offers for sale a product that does not bear the distinctive mark required to be placed on it, and the court shall order the placement of the mentioned mark in execution of the provisions of Article 130.",
                                            "position": 643,
                                            "article_number": "706"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 641,
                                    "name": "On Patents",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3640,
                                            "body": "Anyone who knowingly causes damage to rights derived from a patent certificate granted and published in accordance with applicable laws shall be punished with a fine ranging from two hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 644,
                                            "article_number": "707-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3641,
                                            "body": "Anyone who, in any capacity, assists the certificate holder and, during or after their assistance, commits the crime stipulated in the previous article as a principal perpetrator, instigator, or accomplice, shall be punished with imprisonment with labor from three months to three years and a fine ranging from five hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds, or with one of these penalties.",
                                            "position": 645,
                                            "article_number": "708-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3642,
                                            "body": "The imitator, instigator, and their partners cannot invoke ignorance of the certificate as a defense. However, persons who commit the crime of selling, offering for sale, concealing, or using the imitated products may invoke their mistake in accordance with the general rule stipulated in Article 224.",
                                            "position": 646,
                                            "article_number": "709-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 642,
                                    "name": "On Industrial Designs and Models",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3643,
                                            "body": "Anyone who knowingly causes damage to registered and published industrial designs and models, guaranteed by applicable laws, shall be punished with a fine ranging from fifty thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 647,
                                            "article_number": "710-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3644,
                                            "body": "If the offender is an assistant or has assisted in the past in any capacity the harmed person, they shall be punished in addition to the fine with imprisonment with labor from two to six months.",
                                            "position": 648,
                                            "article_number": "711"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3645,
                                            "body": "Anyone who proves ignorance of the registration shall be exempt from punishment.",
                                            "position": 649,
                                            "article_number": "712"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 1099,
                                            "name": "Comprehensive Provisions of Previous Sections",
                                            "number": "First",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3646,
                                                    "body": "If the trademark or the patent certificate or the registered industrial designs and models have not been published at the time of committing the act, the perpetrator deserves the penalty if it is proven that he knew or was aware of the registration.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "713"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Paragraph",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 643,
                                    "name": "On Fraudulent Competition",
                                    "number": "4",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3647,
                                            "body": "Anyone who, through fraudulent means, false claims, or malicious insinuations, diverts the clients of others to themselves, shall be punished based on a complaint from the aggrieved party with a fine ranging from one hundred thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. The punishment also applies to the attempt to commit this crime.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "714-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 644,
                                    "name": "On the Misappropriation of the Trade Name",
                                    "number": "5",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3652,
                                            "body": "Bad faith is presumed in the misappropriation of a trade name until proven otherwise.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "717"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3648,
                                            "body": "The following are described as a trade name:\r\n1- Any name of a merchant, manufacturer, farmer, or investor if it has not become the necessary and sole title for the product.\r\n2- Any commercial title that does not have an affiliative character.\r\n3- The pseudonym by which the merchant, manufacturer, farmer, or investor is known.\r\n4- The distinctive name adopted by a group of people mentioned above, even if this group does not constitute a legally recognized entity.",
                                            "position": 650,
                                            "article_number": "715-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3649,
                                            "body": "The penalty stipulated in Article 702 applies to anyone who misappropriates another's trade name:\r\nEither by placing or displaying it in any form on natural or manufactured products or their accessories, or on packaging or labels.\r\nOr by disseminating publications, advertisements, invoices, letters, or similar items. These provisions apply even if the misappropriated name is slightly altered or accompanied by a surname other than that of its owner or any other phrase that retains the distinctive letters of the name and causes confusion.\r\nThe penalty also covers the attempt to commit this crime.",
                                            "position": 651,
                                            "article_number": "716"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 5
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 645,
                                    "name": "On Industrial and Commercial Awards",
                                    "number": "6",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3650,
                                            "body": "Shall be punished with a fine ranging from twenty thousand to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and imprisonment from three months to two years, or with one of these penalties, provided that the fine is not less than one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if no custodial sentence is imposed:\r\nAnyone who fraudulently attributes to themselves industrial or commercial awards, whether real or fictitious, and uses them publicly by placing them on trademarks, product packaging, commercial papers, or writing them on signs.\r\nAnd anyone who attempts to deceive the public into believing they hold commercial or industrial awards.",
                                            "position": 652,
                                            "article_number": "718-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3651,
                                            "body": "Shall be subject to the fine stipulated in the previous article: anyone who uses an industrial or commercial award without precisely indicating the name of the exhibition or authority that granted it and the full date it was given, and anyone who uses a commercial or industrial award obtained as an assistant without specifying the name of the establishment that employed them.",
                                            "position": 653,
                                            "article_number": "719"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 1100,
                                            "name": "Comprehensive Provisions",
                                            "number": "First",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3653,
                                                    "body": "The courts assess imitation and resemblance by considering them from the perspective of the consumer or buyer, and by giving more weight to the overall similarity rather than the minor differences.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "720"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 3654,
                                                    "body": "Deprivation of the rights specified in the third and fourth paragraphs of Article 65, as well as the publication and posting of the judgment in accordance with the provisions of Articles 67 and 68, shall be imposed if one of the misdemeanors mentioned in this chapter is adjudicated. Upon repetition, the offender may be prohibited from engaging in the trade or industry during which the offense was committed.",
                                                    "position": 1,
                                                    "article_number": "721"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Paragraph",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 6
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 6
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 646,
                            "name": "On Artistic and Literary Ownership",
                            "number": "Seventh",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 647,
                                    "name": "General Provisions",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3655,
                                            "body": "An intellectual or artistic work, as intended in this chapter, is considered any intellectual production regardless of its value, whether it is: written like books, pamphlets, and newspapers, or oral like speeches and lectures, or auditory like music, or movement-based like dance and mime, or industrial like construction, sculpture, painting, engraving, cinema, and photography.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "Article 722-Amended-Repealed"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3656,
                                            "body": "The following are considered as literary or artistic works when applying the provisions mentioned in this chapter:\r\n- Translation, adaptation, refinement, and reproduction, provided they do not infringe on the rights of the creator of the original work.\r\n- Collections of selected pieces and collections of works that acquire a special character by being compiled by one author.\r\n- Transcription of speeches, lectures, and professors' lessons, and any oral expression of thought, whether by writing or speaking devices.\r\n- Transcription and publication of ancient manuscript texts, with the preservation of each person's right to publish or reproduce them directly.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "Article 723-Amended-Repealed"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3657,
                                            "body": "Literary, political, and scientific articles, excluding stories, news, and serial novels published in newspapers and magazines, which are not prohibited from being reproduced, translated, and adapted, can be reproduced and adapted provided their source and author's name are mentioned.\r\nAs for various events and daily news that only have the nature of ordinary news, they can be reproduced and translated without permission and without mentioning their source.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "724-Amended-Repealed"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3658,
                                            "body": "The provisions of this chapter do not apply to: quotations from a literary, artistic, or scientific work for the purpose of composing textbooks, analysis, and citation in the context of an article or critical book, provided the source is mentioned. - Official documents issued by the authority, judicial decisions, pleadings, and speeches delivered in public gatherings and official councils. However, the right to collect speeches and pleadings belonging to one author in one print belongs solely to that author.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "725-Amended-Repealed"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 648,
                                    "name": "On Penalties",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3659,
                                            "body": "Punishable by imprisonment from three months to two years and a fine from fifty to five hundred liras or by one of these penalties:\r\n1- Anyone who, with the intent to deceive, places a usurped name on a literary or artistic work.\r\n2- Anyone who forges the author's signature or the mark used by them with the intent to deceive the buyer or to gain unlawful profit.",
                                            "position": 654,
                                            "article_number": "726-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3660,
                                            "body": "The same penalty applies to anyone who forges a literary or artistic work, whether it has become public property or not.",
                                            "position": 655,
                                            "article_number": "727-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3661,
                                            "body": "Punishable by a fine from twenty-five to two hundred and fifty liras and imprisonment up to one year, anyone who commits an act that may infringe on the literary or artistic property rights guaranteed by laws and treaties:\r\n- Either by printing or copying.\r\n- Or by translation, adaptation, summarization, or elaboration.\r\n- Or by adaptation or transfer to another art form.\r\n- Or by public performance, playing, recitation, or delivery.",
                                            "position": 656,
                                            "article_number": "728-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3662,
                                            "body": "The provisions of Articles 720 and 721 apply to the crimes mentioned above.",
                                            "position": 657,
                                            "article_number": "729-معدلة-ملغى"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 7
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 649,
                            "name": "Damages to State and Individual Properties",
                            "number": "Eighth",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 650,
                                    "name": "On Demolition and Destruction",
                                    "number": "1",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3663,
                                            "body": "Anyone who intentionally demolishes or vandalizes buildings, memorials, statues, or other structures intended for public benefit or general decoration shall be punished with imprisonment from six months to three years and a fine from one hundred thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 658,
                                            "article_number": "730-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3664,
                                            "body": "The same penalty applies to anyone who intentionally demolishes or vandalizes a memorial or any movable or immovable object of historical value, a statue, or a registered natural view, whether it belongs to them or to others.",
                                            "position": 659,
                                            "article_number": "731"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3665,
                                            "body": "Anyone who intentionally demolishes any building, in whole or in part, knowing that it belongs to someone else, shall be punished with imprisonment from three months to two years and a fine from fifty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. If the demolition, even partially, affects huts, unplastered walls, or walls built with rubble without clay, the imprisonment shall be from one month to six months and a fine from twenty thousand to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 660,
                                            "article_number": "732-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3666,
                                            "body": "Anyone who intentionally demolishes or vandalizes something belonging to others not specified in this section shall be punished with a fine not exceeding the value of the damage, provided it is not less than twenty thousand Lebanese pounds. If the value of the destroyed item or the resulting damage exceeds twenty thousand Lebanese pounds, the perpetrator may also be imprisoned for a period not exceeding six months.",
                                            "position": 661,
                                            "article_number": "733-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3667,
                                            "body": "If any of the misdemeanors mentioned in this section result in the death or injury of a person, the criminal shall be punished for this act in accordance with the provisions of Articles 189 and 191.",
                                            "position": 662,
                                            "article_number": "734"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 651,
                                    "name": "On Boundary Removal and Property Usurpation",
                                    "number": "2",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3668,
                                            "body": "Whoever partially or wholly fills a pit, demolishes a wall made of any material, cuts or removes a fence whether green or dry, or demolishes, damages, or moves any marker indicating the boundaries between different properties shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months. The same penalty applies to anyone who demolishes, damages, or moves survey boundaries, guidance markers, demarcation installations, or land leveling markers.",
                                            "position": 663,
                                            "article_number": "735"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3669,
                                            "body": "If the aforementioned crime is committed to facilitate the usurpation of land or through threats or coercion against persons, the perpetrator shall be punished by imprisonment from two months to one year, in addition to a fine ranging from fifty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 664,
                                            "article_number": "736-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3670,
                                            "body": "Anyone who does not possess an official document of ownership or possession and seizes a property or part of a property held by another shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine ranging from two hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds. The penalty is increased according to Article 257 in each of the following cases:\r\n1- If the act is accompanied by threats or violence against persons or things.\r\n2- If the usurpation occurs on all or part of public roads, state properties, or communal properties.",
                                            "position": 665,
                                            "article_number": "737-Amended"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3671,
                                            "body": "Anyone who unlawfully seizes a property or part of a property, with the intent of residing, occupying, investing, or using it for any other purpose, shall be punished by imprisonment from one month to one year and a fine ranging from two hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds. The penalty is increased according to Article 257 in each of the following cases:\r\n1- If the act is accompanied by threats or violence against persons or things.\r\n2- If the seizure occurs on a building occupied by one of the state administrations, administrative bodies, or public or utility institutions.\r\n3- If the perpetrator does not vacate the property within a week from the date of receiving a written warning or continues to occupy it for more than two months.",
                                            "position": 666,
                                            "article_number": "738-Amended"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 652,
                                    "name": "On Trespassing on Crops, Animals, and Agricultural Machinery",
                                    "number": "3",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 3672,
                                            "body": "Whoever cuts, damages, or destroys standing crops, trees, or shrubs, whether naturally grown or planted by human hands, or any other similar purposes, knowing that they belong to someone else, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months.",
                                            "position": 667,
                                            "article_number": "739"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3673,
                                            "body": "If the destruction involves edible plants, fruit-bearing trees, their saplings, or any other valuable tree from an agricultural, commercial, or industrial perspective, the perpetrator shall be punished with a fine ranging from forty thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and imprisonment from ten days to one month for each edible plant, tree, or sapling, provided that the total penalty does not exceed three years.",
                                            "position": 668,
                                            "article_number": "740-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3674,
                                            "body": "If the crime is limited to pruning edible plants, trees, or saplings, the penalty stipulated in the previous article shall be reduced by half.",
                                            "position": 669,
                                            "article_number": "741"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3675,
                                            "body": "Whoever intentionally and without necessity kills a draft animal, pack animal, riding animal, or livestock of various kinds belonging to someone else shall be punished: with detention if the crime occurs on the perpetrator's property or under their lease or possession in any form of land, stables, barns, or buildings and their dependencies, and with imprisonment for up to six months if the crime occurs on the property of the animal's owner or under their lease or possession in any form, and with imprisonment from fifteen days to two months if the crime is committed in any other place. If one of the aforementioned animals is killed by poisoning, the penalty in all cases shall be imprisonment from three months to two years.",
                                            "position": 670,
                                            "article_number": "742"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3676,
                                            "body": "Whoever intentionally destroys, breaks, or disables agricultural tools shall be punished with imprisonment from one month to six months and a fine ranging from twenty thousand to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 671,
                                            "article_number": "743-معدلة"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 3677,
                                            "body": "If an armed group of no less than five persons commits looting or destruction of some of the aforementioned properties by force and power, each of the perpetrators shall be punished with temporary hard labor and a fine ranging from fifty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 672,
                                            "article_number": "744-معدلة"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Overview",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 8
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 653,
                            "name": "On Crimes Related to the Water System",
                            "number": "Ninth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 3678,
                                    "body": "Shall be punished by imprisonment for up to one year and a fine of up to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or one of these penalties, whoever, without permission, undertakes:\r\n1- To carry out works of exploration for underground or explosive water or to confine it, unless the intention is to drill non-explosive wells on private property not exceeding a depth of one hundred and fifty meters.\r\n2- To conduct excavations at a distance from the banks of watercourses, their crossings, irrigation, drainage, and discharge channels less than the depth of these excavations and in any case less than three meters.\r\n3- To remove stones, soil, sand, trees, shrubs, or grasses from those banks or from the beds of temporary or permanent watercourses, lakes, swamps, ponds, and pools.\r\n4- To plant or sow or place anything on the banks of lakes, swamps, ponds, and pools or on the banks of temporary or permanent watercourses or in their beds or between the boundaries of the paths of irrigation, drainage, and discharge channels or water pipes and their crossings authorized for public benefit.\r\n5- To encroach in any form on the banks of springs, temporary or permanent watercourses, swamps, lakes, ponds, and pools or on the boundaries of the paths of irrigation, drainage, and discharge channels or water crossings or pipes authorized for public benefit.\r\n6- To prevent the free flow of public water and to cut off drinking water from its beneficiaries.\r\n7- To carry out any permanent or temporary work that would affect the quantity of public water and its flow.\r\n\"and a fine of up to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds\" instead of \"and a fine of up to two thousand five hundred Lebanese pounds\".",
                                    "position": 673,
                                    "article_number": "745-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3679,
                                    "body": "Shall be punished by the fine stipulated in the previous article whoever, without permission, undertakes to clean, deepen, straighten, or organize temporary or permanent watercourses.",
                                    "position": 674,
                                    "article_number": "746"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3680,
                                    "body": "Shall be punished by imprisonment for up to two years and a fine of up to five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds whoever demolishes, overturns, or damages all or part of the structures built for the utilization of public water or for its preservation or for protection against its overflow, especially bridges, dams, crossings, irrigation, drainage, or discharge channels, and visible or buried water pipes, whether a concession has been granted for the water or not.\r\n- The same penalty shall be imposed on anyone who encroaches in any form on the water sources of irrigation projects established by the state or public administrations or bodies with the aim of affecting the quantity of public water and its flow, on irrigation channels and their path boundaries, on their sanctuaries, or on all project facilities established for public benefit, as well as on anyone who plants or sows these places or conducts excavations or builds on them, and shall be ordered to restore the situation to its original state at the expense of the violator.",
                                    "position": 675,
                                    "article_number": "747-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3681,
                                    "body": "The same penalty shall be imposed on whoever:\r\n1- Discharges into public water, whether granted a concession or not, or pours or throws harmful liquids or materials to health or public comfort or that prevent the proper utilization of this water.\r\n2- Throws animal fertilizers or places filth in lands within the area defined by the authority to protect a spring used by the public.\r\n3- Conducts any act that would pollute the spring or the water from which others drink.",
                                    "position": 676,
                                    "article_number": "748"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3682,
                                    "body": "Whoever intentionally pollutes a spring or water from which others drink shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years and a fine from fifty thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                    "position": 677,
                                    "article_number": "749-Amended"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 9
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 11
                },
                {
                    "id": 654,
                    "name": "On Offenses",
                    "number": "Twelfth",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 655,
                            "name": "On the Protection of Public Roads and Inhabited Places",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 3683,
                                    "body": "Punishable by imprisonment for up to six months and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds or one of these penalties for anyone who:\r\n1- Vandalizes public squares and roads or marks them,\r\n2- Removes or vandalizes signs and numbers placed at street corners or on buildings, kilometer markers, and milestones or marks them.",
                                    "position": 678,
                                    "article_number": "750-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3684,
                                    "body": "Punishable by imprisonment for up to six months and a fine from one hundred thousand to one million Lebanese pounds or one of these penalties.\r\n1- Anyone who floods public roads or someone else's property by raising the outlet of their water above the level specified by regulations or by committing any other mistake,\r\n2- Anyone who obstructs the public road without necessity or permission from the authority by placing or leaving anything on it that prevents free and safe passage or narrows it,\r\n3- Anyone who neglects to provide warning during the day and lighting at night in front of excavations and other authorized works or in front of other materials and things they are authorized to place in squares and on public roads,\r\n4- Anyone who extinguishes, removes, or damages lamps or lanterns used to illuminate the public road,\r\n5- Anyone who throws or places dirt, trash, or any other thing on the public road,\r\n6- Anyone who throws or drops dirt or other harmful things on someone unintentionally,\r\n7- Anyone who places advertisements on historical monuments, public buildings, cemeteries, and buildings intended for worship. The advertisements or materials obstructing the road are removed at the expense of the perpetrator or by them.",
                                    "position": 679,
                                    "article_number": "751-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3685,
                                    "body": "The penalty mentioned in the previous article applies to anyone who, in inhabited areas:\r\n1- Drives draft, pack, riding animals, or other livestock or releases them,\r\n2- Launches fireworks in a manner that could pose a danger to people or things. The confiscated weapons and fireworks are seized. In the case mentioned in the second paragraph, the penalty of disciplinary detention may be imposed.",
                                    "position": 680,
                                    "article_number": "752-Amended"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 656,
                            "name": "On the Protection of Public Places",
                            "number": "Two",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 3686,
                                    "body": "The managers of theaters and cinemas and their employees who, during the presentation of a play or film prohibited for children, admit a child or adolescent, male or female, or a girl under eighteen years of age not accompanied by her father, mother, guardian, or one of her adult close relatives, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months at most and a fine from forty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or by one of these penalties.\r\nIn case of repetition, the closure of the establishment can be ordered for a period ranging from three days to three months.",
                                    "position": 681,
                                    "article_number": "753-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3687,
                                    "body": "Any owner of hotels, inns, and furnished houses prepared for rent who neglects to keep, according to the rules, a register in which the name of every person who sleeps or spends the night in his lodging, his occupation, place of birth and date, and the date of his entry and exit is recorded sequentially and without blanks, and who does not present this register upon every request from the competent authority, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months at most and a fine from forty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or by one of these penalties.",
                                    "position": 682,
                                    "article_number": "754-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3688,
                                    "body": "Persons with the status referred to in the previous article, and managers of theaters, cinemas, and other public places who do not take care of cleaning their premises, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months at most and a fine from 200 to 2000 Lebanese pounds or by one of these penalties.",
                                    "position": 683,
                                    "article_number": "755-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3689,
                                    "body": "Anyone who neglects the maintenance of stoves, chimneys of bakeries, factories, and other places where fire is used, or neglects to clean and repair them, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months at most and a fine from forty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or by one of these penalties.",
                                    "position": 684,
                                    "article_number": "756-Amended"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 657,
                            "name": "On Offenses Against Public Morals and Tranquility",
                            "number": "Third",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 3690,
                                    "body": "Whoever bathes in view of passersby in a manner contrary to decency, or appears in a public place or a place open to the public in such a manner, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months at most and a fine from forty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or by one of these two penalties.",
                                    "position": 685,
                                    "article_number": "757-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3691,
                                    "body": "Shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months at most and a fine from forty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or by one of these two penalties:\r\n1- Whoever causes noise or commotion in a manner that disturbs the peace of the residents, as well as whoever incites or participates in such an act,\r\n2- Whoever intentionally throws stones or similar solid objects or filth at vehicles, buildings, others' residences, or their fences, gardens, and yards.\r\n3- Whoever releases a harmful animal or sets free a mad person who was under their custody.\r\n4- Whoever incites their dog to attack passersby or chase them, or fails to restrain it from doing so, even if no harm or damage occurs.",
                                    "position": 686,
                                    "article_number": "758-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3692,
                                    "body": "Whoever prints, sells, or offers for sale engravings, pictures, or drawings that give an incorrect impression of the Lebanese people, which could harm their dignity and reputation, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months at most and a fine from forty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or by one of these two penalties, and such engravings, pictures, and drawings shall be confiscated.",
                                    "position": 687,
                                    "article_number": "759-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3693,
                                    "body": "Whoever displays a lottery or any other game on the public road without a license shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months at most and a fine from forty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or by one of these two penalties, and the items used to commit the act or prepared for its commission shall be confiscated.",
                                    "position": 688,
                                    "article_number": "760-Amended"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 3
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 658,
                            "name": "On the Mistreatment of Animals",
                            "number": "Fourth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 3694,
                                    "body": "A domesticated animal, as intended in this section, is considered any animal that lives under the care of the person who owns and raises it.",
                                    "position": 689,
                                    "article_number": "761"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3695,
                                    "body": "Anyone who, without cause, mistreats or overburdens a domesticated animal shall be punished with detention and a fine ranging from ten thousand to twenty thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                    "position": 690,
                                    "article_number": "762-معدلة"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3696,
                                    "body": "A person who publicly and without cause mistreats a non-domesticated animal shall be punished with the fine mentioned above.",
                                    "position": 691,
                                    "article_number": "763"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 4
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 659,
                            "name": "On Damaging State and Public Property",
                            "number": "Fifth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 3697,
                                    "body": "Shall be punished by detention and a fine from six thousand to twenty thousand Lebanese pounds anyone who extracts grass, soil, stones, or other materials from state property without permission.",
                                    "position": 692,
                                    "article_number": "764-معدلة"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3698,
                                    "body": "Shall be punished by a fine from two thousand to twenty thousand Lebanese pounds:\r\n1- Anyone who enters another's enclosed or cultivated land or land with crops without having the right of passage.\r\n2- Anyone who grazes or releases livestock or other draft, pack, and riding animals on another's land\r\n- whether it is enclosed land, planted with fruit trees, cultivated, or has crops,\r\n- and in general, anyone who comes to land that does not belong to them or on which they have no right of passage or grazing with animals that can cause damage.\r\n3- Anyone who, through their fault, causes the death, injury, or harm of another's animals.",
                                    "position": 693,
                                    "article_number": "765-معدلة"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 5
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 660,
                            "name": "On Offenses Affecting Public Trust",
                            "number": "Sixth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 3703,
                                    "body": "Whoever sells goods or demands a fee exceeding the price set in the published pricing according to the law shall be punished with detention and a fine from ten thousand to twenty thousand Lebanese pounds if the law does not impose a harsher penalty.",
                                    "position": 698,
                                    "article_number": "766-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3704,
                                    "body": "Whoever refuses to accept national currency at its determined value shall be punished with a fine from one thousand to ten thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                    "position": 699,
                                    "article_number": "767-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3705,
                                    "body": "Whoever engages, for profit, in spirit communication, hypnosis, astrology, palm reading, card reading, and anything related to the occult shall be punished with detention and a fine from ten thousand to twenty thousand Lebanese pounds. The clothing and tools used shall be confiscated. Repeat offenders shall be punished with imprisonment for up to six months and a fine up to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, and may be deported if they are foreigners.",
                                    "position": 700,
                                    "article_number": "768-Amended"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 6
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 661,
                            "name": "On Violations of Measures Issued by the Authority",
                            "number": "Seventh",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 3699,
                                    "body": "A fine of ten thousand to twenty thousand Lebanese pounds shall be imposed:\r\n1- On anyone who neglects or refuses to obey the administrative authority's orders to repair or demolish dilapidated buildings,\r\n2- On any person, whether a professional or not, who refuses or hesitates without excuse to provide assistance or perform any work or service requested by the authorities during an incident, drowning, flood, fire, or any other disaster, or during road blockage, robbery, a crime in progress, a call for help, or during the execution of judicial rulings,\r\nIn the case mentioned in the first paragraph, a disciplinary detention penalty may be imposed.",
                                    "position": 694,
                                    "article_number": "769-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3700,
                                    "body": "Anyone who violates administrative or municipal regulations issued in accordance with the law shall be punished by imprisonment for up to three months, a fine of one hundred thousand to six hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, or one of these penalties.",
                                    "position": 695,
                                    "article_number": "770-Amended"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3701,
                                    "body": "Date of publication and enforcement of this law\r\nThis law shall be published immediately in the Official Gazette and shall come into effect on the first of October, 1944.",
                                    "position": 696,
                                    "article_number": "771"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 3702,
                                    "body": "- The Ottoman Penal Code is repealed\r\n- The law issued on January 23, 1946\r\n- Article 173 of the Penal Code\r\n- And all other legislative texts contrary to the provisions of this law.",
                                    "position": 697,
                                    "article_number": "772-Amended"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 7
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 12
                }
            ],
            "position": 2
        }
    ],
    "root_articles": []
}