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Model: gpt-4o-2024-08-06

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Source version: 2025-10-04T12:41:56+00:00

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Code of Civil Procedure

# Code of Procedure First

## General Principles Preliminary

#### Article 1-

The judiciary is an independent authority from other authorities in investigating and adjudicating cases, and its independence is not limited by any restriction not stipulated in the constitution.

#### Article 2-

Courts must adhere to the principle of the hierarchy of rules. 
In the event of a conflict between the provisions of international treaties and ordinary law, the former shall prevail in application over the latter. 
Courts may not declare the acts of the legislative authority void due to the non-conformity of ordinary laws with the constitution or international treaties.

#### Article 3-

A judge may not issue his rulings in the form of regulations.

#### Article 4-

A judge may not, under penalty of being considered as refusing to administer justice: 
1- Refrain from ruling on the grounds of ambiguity or deficiency of the text. 
2- Delay issuing a judgment without reason. In case of ambiguity in the text, the judge interprets it in a way that achieves an effect consistent with its purpose and ensures harmony with other texts. 
In the absence of a text, the judge relies on general principles, custom, and equity.

#### Article 5-

New procedural laws apply immediately to cases not yet decided or procedures not completed before their effective date, except for: 
1- Laws amending jurisdiction when their effective date is after the conclusion of the trial or the issuance of a judgment on a related matter. 
2- Laws amending time limits when the period began before their effective date. 
3- Laws regulating appeal methods concerning judgments or arbitration decisions issued before their effective date when these laws abolish or establish a method of those methods. 
4- Laws regulating enforcement concerning judgments and decisions issued before their effective date when these laws permit or prohibit enforcement.

#### Article 6-

The general rules in the Code of Civil Procedure are followed if there is a deficiency in other procedural laws and rules.

## The Lawsuit First

### General Provisions First

##### Article 7-

The lawsuit is the right that belongs to anyone with a claim to present it to the judiciary for a ruling in their favor on the subject. 
For the opponent, it is the right to present reasons for defense or objections aimed at refuting that claim.
The right to sue and the right to defense belong to every natural or legal person, Lebanese or foreign.

##### Article 8-

The public prosecution has the right to file a lawsuit in cases specified by law, and in matters related to public order when incidents or actions occur that may affect it.

##### Article 9-

A lawsuit is permissible for anyone with an existing legal interest, or for those aiming to establish a right whose existence is denied, or to prevent imminent or future harm, or to secure a right whose evidence may disappear in a dispute, except in cases where the law restricts the right to submit or refute a request or defend a specific interest to persons with defined status. 
No request, objection, or defense is accepted from or against a person without standing.

##### Article 10-

The right to sue and the right to defense are restricted by their proper use, so any request, defense, or objection made abusively is rejected and exposes the person who made it to compensation for the damage caused.

##### Article 11-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6 
The abusive opponent is fined at least forty thousand Lebanese pounds and at most one million Lebanese pounds, as decided by the court on its own initiative.

##### Article 12-

Competence to litigate is referred to the law of the litigant's state. The law of the state of those lacking competence or with diminished competence or missing persons is referred to regarding their supervision and representation.

##### Article 13-

The court, at every stage of the trial, must verify the competence to litigate and the validity of the representation of those lacking competence or with diminished competence or missing persons.

##### Article 14-

If the personal status law to which one of the parties is subject requires the representative of those lacking competence or with diminished competence or missing persons to obtain a license from the judiciary to litigate, the court where the lawsuit should be filed may grant this license, and it remains valid throughout all stages of the trial and execution.

##### Article 15-

Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996/6/20 and Law No. 144 dated 1999/10/29

If a lawsuit is filed against someone lacking competence or with diminished competence or a missing person and they do not have a legal representative, or if it is filed against a litigant who is found to be deceased or dies during the trial and it is impossible to appoint their heirs, the court hearing the case may conduct notifications through publication in the official gazette and in two local daily newspapers it appoints.

After two months from the last publication, the court appoints a special representative to act in place of the legal representative or heirs if no legal representative appears for the heirs or for those lacking competence or missing persons. The special representative retains this status throughout all stages of the trial and before the execution departments until the legal representative or heirs are appointed. The special representative is not entitled to acknowledge, waive, drop, settle, or acquiesce. The fees of the special representative are determined by a decision from the court that appointed them and are considered part of the lawsuit expenses.

### Classification of Lawsuits Second

##### Article 16-

The nature of the lawsuit is determined by the right it protects; it is personal if the right is personal, real if it is real, and mixed if its subject involves both rights or aims to execute a contract based on a real right or to annul, rescind, or invalidate this contract. 
As for lawsuits that do not fall into the categories mentioned in the first paragraph, especially those related to non-financial rights, they are considered as personal lawsuits.

##### Article 17-

The lawsuit is movable if the subject of the right it aims to protect is movable, and it is real estate when it relates to a real right on real estate or its possession.

##### Article 18-

Real estate lawsuits are divided, according to their intended purpose, into lawsuits of right and lawsuits of possession.

##### Article 19-

The classification of lawsuits is subject to the provisions of Lebanese law.

### Possession Claims Third

##### Article 20-

Possession claims are of two types: 
1- The claim to prevent interference, which aims to prevent an attack on possession. 
2- The claim to recover possession, which aims to restore possession to the possessor who was forcibly deprived of it.

##### Article 21-

The conditions for the claim to prevent interference are: 
1- The plaintiff must be in possession, either personally or through a predecessor, of a real property right with quiet, public, unambiguous, and continuous possession for at least one year before the interference. 
Possession is not considered terminated if actual control over the right is temporarily prevented by a force majeure. 
2- There must have been interference with the plaintiff's possession by an act that limits the exercise of that possession, whether the act is complete or involves works that lead to interference with possession, and whether these works occur on property in the plaintiff's possession or on another's property causing damage to that property.

##### Article 22-

The conditions for the claim to recover possession are: 
1- The plaintiff must be in possession of a real property right with material possession meeting the conditions specified in the first paragraph of the previous article, except for the condition of continuity for at least one year before the deprivation of possession. 
2- The plaintiff's possession must have been forcibly taken, depriving them of its use.

##### Article 23-

Possession claims of both types are also accepted from incidental possessors such as depositaries, pledgees, tenants, farmers, and concessionaires in state-owned property, except in cases where the claim is directed against the person from whom the incidental possessor derived their rights.

##### Article 24-

A possession claim is only accepted within one year from the date of interference or usurpation unless it remains hidden or its cause is ambiguous or unclear, in which case the one-year period begins from the date the possessor discovers or becomes certain of the interference.

##### Article 25-

It is not permissible to combine a possession claim with a claim of right. Whoever files a claim of right is considered to have waived the possession claim unless their possession is interfered with during the consideration of the claim of right, or if the claim of right is filed incidentally with the possession claim, in which case it is considered when the possession claim is dismissed.

##### Article 26-

The defendant in a possession claim may not file a claim of right until the interference they caused is removed.

##### Article 27-

The judge hearing a possession claim may not address the original right or base their judgment on reasons or documents related to that right unless they are used to assess the type of possession and the fulfillment of its legal conditions. 
The judgment in a possession claim is subject to expedited execution.

### The Original Request and Incidental Requests Fourth

##### Article 28-

Requests are divided into two sections: 
1- Original requests that initiate the trial. 
2- Incidental requests submitted during the trial.

##### Article 29-

An incidental request submitted by the plaintiff is called an additional request, and an incidental request submitted by the defendant against the plaintiff is called a counterclaim. A request submitted by a third party against the litigants is called an intervention, while a request directed by one of the litigants to a third party outside the litigation is called an introduction. 
Any request presented during the trial that does not expand or narrow the subject of the original request is considered an incident of the trial.

##### Article 30-

The conditions for accepting an incidental request are: 
1- It must be related to the original request, meaning that the solution decided for one of them should affect the solution that must be decided for the other. However, a request for set-off is excluded from this. 
2- It must not fall outside the functional or subject-matter jurisdiction of the court hearing the original request and must not be within the jurisdiction of an arbitral tribunal.

##### Article 31-

The plaintiff may submit incidental requests aimed at correcting, completing, or modifying the subject or cause of the original request.

##### Article 32-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The defendant may submit incidental requests that meet the conditions of Article 30, and specifically the following requests: 
1- Request for set-off. 
2- Request for compensation for damage suffered from the original claim or from one of the trial procedures. 
3- Any request aimed at obtaining a benefit other than merely rejecting the opponent's requests.

##### Article 33-

The plaintiff, in response to incidental requests submitted by the defendant, may submit incidental requests, provided they arise from the cause on which the defendant's requests are based.

##### Article 34-

The original request and the incidental request are decided together unless the court, for the proper administration of justice, decides to rule on one before the other. 
However, in the case of a set-off request between two related and certain debts in their principle, where one is not liquidated or not due, the judge must establish the principle of set-off in a single judgment and order measures aimed at settling the accounts.

##### Article 35-

Each of the parties may submit requests aimed at taking precautionary or temporary measures.

##### Article 36-

A third party may intervene or be introduced into the trial, thereby becoming a party to it.

##### Article 37-

Voluntary intervention is original when a third party intervenes on their own initiative in the trial to assert or protect their rights against the parties or one of them, requesting a judgment for themselves with a request related to the requests of one of the parties. It is ancillary when it aims to support the requests of one of the parties if their acceptance is in the interest of the intervenor.

##### Article 38-

A third party may be introduced into the trial at the request of one of the parties to involve them in the judgment. They may also be introduced for the purpose of being judged on requests related to the requests of one of the parties, or for the purpose of guarantee.

##### Article 39-

Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996/6/20 
The request for intervention or introduction is submitted by a memorandum, which is notified to the concerned parties, including the person to be introduced.

##### Article 40-

The acceptance of intervention or introduction requires that the intervenor or the applicant for introduction has a personal and legitimate interest.

##### Article 41-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
Intervention or introduction is permissible at all times during the trial and until its conclusion. It is permissible before the court of first instance and the court of appeal. 
Only ancillary voluntary intervention is accepted before the Court of Cassation, subject to the provisions of Articles 624, 625, 626, and 627.

##### Article 42-

The parties and the third party to be introduced must contest the acceptance of intervention or introduction in form before discussing the subject. In this case, the court may decide on the request by a separate decision or with the judgment on the subject. 
If there is no dispute over the acceptance of intervention or if the court decides to accept it, the intervenor or introduced party has the right to request any investigation they deem useful, even if not requested by the parties.

##### Article 43-

If the intervention or introduction is not based on a relevant interest and is intended only to delay the resolution of the case, the parties have the right, in addition to opposing its acceptance, to request, according to the provisions of Article 10 of this law, a judgment for damages and compensation, and the court may impose a fine according to the provisions of Article 11.

##### Article 44-

A request contained in the intervention or introduction may be met with a counter-request.

##### Article 45-

The court may decide on its own to introduce a third party into the trial if it sees that this measure would facilitate the judgment in the original case and lead to revealing the truth, and that it is beneficial for preserving the rights of the parties or one of them or the rights of the person to be introduced. The court's clerk must notify the third party of the introduction decision. 
The court may require each of the parties to notify the third party of their documents and set a deadline for the latter to respond.

##### Article 46-

A third party cannot be introduced for guarantee before the court hearing the original case in the following situations: 
1- If the guarantee claim is outside its functional or subject-matter jurisdiction. 
2- If there is an agreement between the guarantor and the guaranteed party that assigns the right to hear the guarantee case to another court or arbitral tribunal. 
3- If there is a pending case concerning the same guarantee before another court.

##### Article 47-

The person called for guarantee may also call another person obligated to guarantee them.

##### Article 48-

The party who called a guarantor may withdraw from the trial with the consent of the parties, allowing this person to replace them in it. They may return to the trial when they see an interest in doing so. 
The judgment issued applies to everyone, including those who withdrew from the trial.

##### Article 49-

If the guaranteed party withdraws from the trial, they do not bear the costs of the case or the compensations awarded against the guarantor, except in the case of the latter's insolvency.

### Defense, Procedural Plea, and Plea of Inadmissibility Fifth

#### Reasons for Defense First

###### Article 50-

Defense is any reason invoked by a party to reject the opponent's claim due to its invalidity after examining the right in the matter.

###### Article 51-

It is permissible to present reasons for defense at any stage of the trial.

#### Procedural Defenses Second

###### Article 52-

A procedural plea is any reason invoked by a party to declare the trial illegal, null, or to halt its proceedings. 
Procedural pleas include pleas of lack of jurisdiction, prior claim, connection, nullity of summons, or other procedural acts, and requests to transfer the case due to legitimate suspicion or kinship or affinity, and pleas for adjournment.

###### Article 53-

Procedural pleas must be raised at the beginning of the trial and before discussing the subject matter or raising pleas of inadmissibility, unless they arise from a reason that appeared later, with consideration for the exceptions mentioned in the following articles. 
A request for notification of documents does not constitute a reason for inadmissibility of the procedural plea.
If the jurisdiction is mandatory, whether functional, substantive, or territorial, the plea of its absence can be raised at any stage of the trial, and the court must raise it on its own initiative.

###### Article 54-

The plea of prior claim is available when the same case is filed before two different courts, both of which are competent to hear it.

###### Article 55-

The plea of connection is available when there are two cases involving related claims pending before two different courts, each competent to hear the case filed before it.

###### Article 56-

The court before which the plea of prior claim or connection is raised with a case previously filed before another court must relinquish the case and refer it to that court, except in cases where the court to which the case was later submitted has issued a decisive decision on one of the points of dispute or is hearing the original case while the other is considering a case based on a subsidiary guarantee, in which case the case must be referred from the court where it was first filed and where the plea is raised to the second court. 
If the two courts are of different levels, the plea of prior claim or connection is not admissible before the higher court. 
In any case, when there is a prior claim or connection between a case pending before the single judge and another pending before the preliminary chamber, the plea is raised before the single judge, who must then refer the case to the chamber.

###### Article 57-

The plea of connection can be raised at any stage of the trial, unless it is evident that it was raised late with the intent to prolong the trial, in which case the court will decide to reject it.

###### Article 58-

The plea of nullity of judicial proceedings due to a formal defect must be raised immediately after their completion and upon the party's awareness of them. However, the nullity is waived if the party raising it has invoked, after the completion of the procedure, defenses on the merits or a plea of inadmissibility without insisting on the nullity. 
All reasons for the nullity of the completed judicial proceedings must be raised at once, under penalty of inadmissibility of the reason not raised in this manner.

###### Article 59-

No procedure can be declared null for a formal defect unless there is an explicit provision in the law regarding it, or the defect results from a violation of a substantial form or relates to public order, and if the party invoking the nullity proves that they suffered harm due to the mentioned defect. The nullity is waived if the party for whose benefit it was established waives it explicitly or implicitly, except in cases where the nullity relates to public order. The nullity is also waived in any case by subsequent correction of the procedure, even after invoking this nullity, provided the correction is made within the legally prescribed period for performing the procedure if it does not result in any harm. If the procedure does not have a specific forfeiture period defined by law, the court sets an appropriate period for its correction, and the procedure is only considered valid from the date of its correction.

###### Article 60-

Objective defects leading to the nullity of the judicial procedure include: 
1- Lack of capacity to litigate.
2- Lack of authority of one of the parties or one of the persons present in the trial as a representative of a legal person or a person lacking procedural capacity. 
3- Lack of capacity or authority of a person representing one of the parties.

###### Article 61-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
Pleas of nullity based on the violation of substantive rules related to judicial procedures can be raised at any stage of the trial. However, the judge may award compensation for damages to the party who refrained from raising them early, intending to delay and prolong the trial. 
The pleas of nullity mentioned in the first paragraph are admissible even if there is no explicit provision regarding this nullity, and it is not required that the party raising the plea suffers harm. 
The court must raise these pleas of nullity on its own initiative if they relate to public order. It may also raise on its own initiative the nullity resulting from the lack of capacity to litigate. 
In cases where correcting the defect leading to nullity is possible, nullity is not declared if its cause has been removed when the judge issues the judgment.

#### Defenses of Non-Acceptance Third

###### Article 62-

Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996/6/20 
The plea of inadmissibility is any reason invoked by a party to declare the inadmissibility of their opponent's claim, without examining its merits, due to the absence of the right to sue. 
Considered as pleas of inadmissibility are the plea of lack of standing, lack of interest, res judicata, or the expiration of judicial procedure deadlines. The plea of prescription is considered a plea of inadmissibility, subject to special provisions such as those in Article 361 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts.

###### Article 63-

Pleas of inadmissibility may be raised at any stage of the trial. However, the judge may award compensation for damages against the party who refrained from raising them early, with the intent to delay and prolong the trial.

###### Article 64-

Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996/6/20
The court must raise the plea of inadmissibility when it pertains to public order, especially if it results from non-compliance with appeal deadlines or the inadmissibility of appeal methods. 
The court may raise on its own initiative the plea of inadmissibility resulting from lack of standing or interest.

###### Article 65-

If the reason for the plea of inadmissibility is subject to correction, this plea is dismissed if the reason has been rectified at the time the court issues its judgment. This is also the case if the person with standing to sue has become a party to the lawsuit before the expiration of the forfeiture deadlines.

#### Common Provisions Fourth

###### Article 66-

The defendant who invokes any plea that results in the dismissal of the case in form, its inadmissibility, or the annulment of the trial must present his defense and claims on the subject matter in a subsidiary manner.

###### Article 67-

The court may decide on the pleas separately or join them to the subject matter.

###### Article 68-

The court may decide on the pleas and the reasons for defense presented before it, except for those that raise an issue falling under the exclusive jurisdiction of another judicial authority.

### Assessment of the Dispute Value Sixth

##### Article 69-

The criterion for assessing the value of the dispute is based on the requests contained in the summons and the pleadings.

##### Article 70-

The assessment of the value of the dispute considers: 
1- The value of the original request without considering what becomes due after the filing of the lawsuit in terms of interest, expenses, compensations, and other attachments. 
2- The total of the concurrent requests, whether arising from a single legal cause or different causes, and whether submitted in a single litigation or different litigations that were later combined, regardless of the number of parties in this litigation or litigations. However, if the requests are not concurrent, the value of each request is considered separately. 
3- The value of the entire right if the requested part is part of it and the dispute concerns the entire right. 
4- The value of the joint bond, whether the partners in it are creditors or debtors. 
5- The value of the principal debt in disputes arising between the seizer and the seized regarding the validity of the seizure or any temporary measure on movable property, or in disputes arising between holders of privileges, mortgages, or insurance and their debtor. If the dispute is between the mentioned persons and a third party over the entitlement of the seized items or mortgaged or insured funds, the criterion is their value. 
6- The value of the right established in the bond if the lawsuit is filed to annul, cancel, or rescind it. 
7- The value of the property if the dispute involves the right of ownership or the right of disposal of state lands. In all cases, the value of constructions and plantations is considered, even if their removal is requested. 
8- The value of the goods according to their price on the day of the claim. 
9- The total income if it is based on obligations defined by a period. If it is defined by the duration of life, it is considered indefinite in value.

##### Article 71-

In lawsuits arising from optional obligations, the highest value request is considered.

## Jurisdiction Second

### General Provisions First

##### Article 72

Jurisdiction is of four types: 
1- International jurisdiction: By which the state that must present the governing body is determined.
2- Functional jurisdiction: By which the judicial authority competent to hear the case is determined. 
3- Subject-matter jurisdiction: By which the type and level of the court that hears the case among the courts belonging to a single judicial authority is determined. 
4- Territorial jurisdiction: By which the court that has the authority to hear the case among courts of the same type and level is determined.

##### Article 73

The First President of the Court of Cassation decides, by a decision that is not subject to appeal, on disputes arising from the decision to distribute work among the chambers of this court. 
The First President of the Court of Appeal decides, by a decision that is not subject to appeal, on disputes arising from the decision to distribute work among the chambers of this court and on disputes arising from the decision to distribute work among the chambers and sections in the Court of First Instance. 
The decision of the First President mentioned is purely administrative in nature and does not affect the subject matter.

### International Jurisdiction Two

##### Article 74-

International jurisdiction of Lebanese courts is primarily subject to the provisions related to domestic jurisdiction without distinction between Lebanese and foreign nationals.

##### Article 75-

Lebanese courts have jurisdiction over personal status matters if the parties involved are Lebanese.

##### Article 76-

Lebanese courts have jurisdiction over any case involving a Lebanese national or interests located in Lebanon if there are no other competent courts.

##### Article 77-

Amended according to Law No. 440 dated 29/7/2002 
A lawsuit concerning the validity or violation of a privilege granted or recognized by the Lebanese state is filed with the Lebanese courts, taking into account the provisions of the new Article 762, its third paragraph, and Article 809, its second paragraph.

(Text of Article (77) before its amendment by Law No. 440 dated 29/7/2002:
A lawsuit concerning the validity or violation of a privilege granted or recognized by the Lebanese state is mandatorily filed with the Lebanese courts).

##### Article 78-

In addition to the cases stipulated in the previous articles and taking into account the provisions of Legislative Decree No. 34 dated August 5, 1967, Lebanese courts have jurisdiction over lawsuits filed against any Lebanese or foreign person who does not have a real or chosen domicile or residence in Lebanon in the following cases: 
1- If the lawsuit concerns property located in Lebanon at the time of notification of the claim or a contract concluded in Lebanon or a condition for the execution of one of the main obligations arising from it in Lebanon. 
2- If the subject of the request is a temporary or precautionary measure to be executed in Lebanon. 
3- If the subject of the lawsuit is the delivery of a minor to the person entitled to custody if the former is in Lebanon or the latter is residing there. 
4- If the lawsuit concerns the lineage of a minor or guardianship or custody over them or guardianship over the property of a person to be interdicted or judicially assisted, and the minor or the person to be interdicted or judicially assisted is in Lebanon. 
5- If the subject of the lawsuit is an objection to a marriage contract intended to be concluded in Lebanon.

##### Article 79-

Lebanese civil courts have jurisdiction over disputes arising from a marriage contract concluded in a foreign country between Lebanese nationals or between a Lebanese and a foreign national in the civil form prescribed by the law of that country, and the provisions of the laws related to the jurisdiction of the Sharia and Druze courts are observed if both spouses are from the Islamic sects and at least one of them is Lebanese.

##### Article 80-

The lack of jurisdiction of Lebanese courts is subject to the rules of internal territorial non-jurisdiction, and it is relative unless it concerns a case of mandatory jurisdiction.

### Functional Jurisdiction Third

##### Article 81-

Functional jurisdiction is determined by laws and regulations concerning the various judicial authorities such as civil judiciary, administrative judiciary, and religious or Sharia judiciary.

##### Article 82-

Functional jurisdiction is considered as subject-matter jurisdiction unless a contrary provision is stated.

### Subject Matter Jurisdiction Fourth

##### Article 83-

The judiciary is responsible for: 
First - International level courts. 
Second - Courts of appeal. 
Third - The Court of Cassation.

##### Article 84-

Special courts are responsible for exceptionally reviewing certain disputes according to the laws and regulations established for them and the provisions of this law that do not contradict them.

#### Jurisdiction of First Instance Courts First

###### Article 85-

The Court of First Instance is composed of chambers consisting of a president and two members, and sections where judges preside individually. 
In the following texts, the chamber of the Court of First Instance is referred to as the primary chamber.

###### Article 86-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23, Decree 791 dated 1990/12/13, Decree 2411 dated 1992/5/7, Law 529 dated 1996/6/20, and Legislative Decree 13440 dated 1998/11/5 
The individual judge considers the following civil and commercial cases:
1- Personal lawsuits and lawsuits related to movable or immovable property that do not exceed a value of one hundred million Lebanese pounds. 
2- Personal status lawsuits except those related to nationality. 
3- Requests for inheritance limitation unless there is a dispute regarding the appointment of heirs or the determination of inheritance shares. 
4- Lawsuits related to lease contracts of movable and immovable property and free management regardless of the value of the rent, and lawsuits related to occupancy with all accompanying requests and defenses. 
5- Possession lawsuits. 
6- Lawsuits to prevent interference with irrigation rights. 
7- Lawsuits related to easement rights. 
8- Lawsuits for boundary determination. 
9- Urgent matters lawsuits. 
The jurisdiction of the real estate judge is observed.

###### Article 87-

The individual judge, as the head of the execution department, handles execution matters and considers the basis of problems related to execution procedures. As for problems not related to these procedures, he may take temporary measures according to the procedures followed in urgent matters jurisdiction.

###### Article 88-

The individual judge considers all counterclaims and set-off requests that fall within his jurisdiction by their nature or value, even if their total with the original request exceeds the limits of this jurisdiction. He also considers, along with the original lawsuit, claims for damages and compensation arising from the original lawsuit, regardless of the value of those claims. He also considers what arises from the right subject of the original lawsuit, including interests, increments, and results, regardless of their value.

###### Article 89-

If the counterclaim exceeds the jurisdiction of the individual judge by its value and falls within the jurisdiction of the primary chamber, the individual judge limits himself to ruling on the original lawsuit alone. However, if he finds that the judgment on the counterclaim might affect the solution to be decided for the original lawsuit, he decides to refer this lawsuit along with the counterclaim to the primary chamber, which will rule on them together, unless the parties agree that the individual judge himself will rule on them.

###### Article 90-

The primary chamber is the ordinary court and has general jurisdiction in civil and commercial cases, except for what is specifically assigned to another court by a special provision.

###### Article 91-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23
If a lawsuit is filed before the primary chamber and the jurisdiction to consider it belongs to the individual judge affiliated with the same Court of First Instance, the chamber declares its lack of jurisdiction and administratively refers the lawsuit to the individual judge. The same rule applies when a lawsuit is filed before the individual judge that falls under the jurisdiction of the primary chamber; he must then administratively refer it to the latter. 
However, the parties have the right, after filing the lawsuit, to agree that the judicial authority before which it was filed will rule on it, even if this authority is not competent by its value. 
If the primary chamber finds that the lawsuit filed before it falls under the jurisdiction of another chamber of the same Court of First Instance according to the work distribution decision, it decides to administratively refer it to this other chamber. Similarly, if the individual judge finds that the lawsuit filed before him falls under the jurisdiction of another individual judge of the same Court of First Instance, he decides to administratively refer it to the latter.

###### Article 92-

The presidents of the chambers exercise the powers vested in them by law, and their decisions are contested before the chamber they preside over.

#### Jurisdiction of the Courts of Appeal Second

###### Article 93-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The Court of Appeal considers appeals against judgments and decisions that are appealable and issued within its jurisdiction: 
1- From courts of first instance in civil and commercial cases. 
2- From execution departments, committees, and special councils in cases specified by law. 
It also considers requests to recuse judges of the courts of first instance from hearing cases, and any other request or appeal that the law grants it jurisdiction over. 
3- Repealed.

#### Jurisdiction of the Court of Cassation Third

###### Article 94-

The Court of Cassation shall consider: 
1- Requests for the annulment of final judgments issued by the Courts of Appeal in civil and commercial cases. 
2- Requests for the transfer of a case from one court to another in the cases stipulated in Article 116 of this law. 
3- Any other request that the law assigns to it for consideration.

###### Article 95-

Amended according to Law 89/4 dated 1989/1/5 
The Court of Cassation, in its general assembly convened with the quorum specified in the Law on the Organization of the Judiciary, shall consider: 
1- Cases filed against the state regarding liability arising from the actions of judicial judges. 
2- Any case whose resolution raises an important legal principle or may lead to a contradiction with previous judgments, in which case the case is referred to it by a decision from the chamber before which the case is presented. 
3- Requests for determining jurisdiction in the event of positive or negative conflict over jurisdiction: 
a- Between two judicial courts. 
b- Between a judicial court and a religious or sectarian court. 
c- Between a religious court and a sectarian court. 
d- Between two different sectarian or religious courts. 
4- Objections to a final decision issued by a sectarian or religious court for lack of jurisdiction of this court or for violating essential procedures related to public order. 
5- Appeals for the annulment of judgments for the benefit of the law submitted by the Public Prosecutor at the Court of Cassation.

### Territorial Jurisdiction Fifth

##### Article 96

Jurisdiction by location is of two types: ordinary, which has a relative nature, and exceptional, which has a mandatory nature.

#### Ordinary Territorial Jurisdiction First

###### Article 97-

Jurisdiction shall be with the court in whose district the domicile of the defendant is located unless the law provides otherwise. If there are multiple defendants, jurisdiction shall be with the court in whose district the domicile of one of them is located, provided that this latter is originally sued. It is not required that the claims against the defendants be based on the same cause, but it is sufficient that they are interconnected. 
The place of residence is considered as the domicile in its absence. The chosen domicile is considered as the real domicile. If the plaintiff's intention in choosing the court of one of the defendants is merely to remove jurisdiction from the natural court to harm the opponent, the claim is subject to dismissal for lack of territorial jurisdiction and to compensation as stipulated in Article 10 of this law.

###### Article 98-

In real estate lawsuits, including possession and partition lawsuits, jurisdiction shall be with the court in whose district the property is located. If there are multiple properties, jurisdiction shall be with the court of the location of one of them.

###### Article 99-

In mixed lawsuits, as in lawsuits related to compensation for the original real estate right due to its destruction, damage, or the removal of the right to claim it in kind, or related to the lease of the property, jurisdiction, at the plaintiff's choice, shall be with the court of the property's location or the court of the defendant.

###### Article 100-

In lawsuits related to a civil or commercial contract, jurisdiction shall be with the court of the real domicile of the defendant or the chosen domicile or the court in whose district the contract was concluded and where one of the main obligations arising from it was stipulated to be executed, or the court where the contract was stipulated to be fully executed. The choice of domicile applies to the heirs of the contracting parties.

###### Article 101-

In lawsuits related to a legal entity, jurisdiction shall be with the court in whose district its main office is located, whether the lawsuit is against the legal entity or from it against one of its members or from one of its members against another. 
It is permissible to file the lawsuit with the court in whose district a branch of the legal entity is located in disputes arising from contracting with this branch or from its work.

###### Article 102-

In lawsuits arising from a crime or quasi-crime, jurisdiction shall be with the court of the domicile of the defendant or the court in whose district the harmful act or the damage warranting compensation occurred.

###### Article 103-

In lawsuits related to alimony debt, jurisdiction shall be with the court in whose district the domicile of the defendant or the domicile of the plaintiff is located.

###### Article 104-

In lawsuits related to the marital bond, the competent court shall be the one to which the last domicile of the defendant in Lebanon belongs.

###### Article 105-

In the case of multiple heirs and until the partition is completed, lawsuits related to inheritance among the heirs, or between them and the legatees, or between them and the creditors of the estate, shall be filed with the court of the place where the estate was opened. 
If the estate was opened in a foreign country and contains properties located in Lebanon, disputes related to these properties as specified in the first paragraph shall be under the jurisdiction of the court of the location of these properties.

###### Article 106-

If the defendant has no domicile or place of residence in Lebanon and jurisdiction belongs to the Lebanese courts and it is not possible to determine the competent court according to the rules provided in this law, jurisdiction shall be with the court of the domicile or place of residence of the plaintiff. 
If the latter has no domicile or place of residence, jurisdiction shall be with the court of Beirut.

#### Mandatory Territorial Jurisdiction Second

###### Article 107-

The territorial jurisdiction of the courts designated in the following matters shall be mandatory jurisdiction.

###### Article 108-

In lawsuits arising from bankruptcy, the jurisdiction shall be with the court that declared the bankruptcy.

###### Article 109-

In lawsuits related to life insurance, the jurisdiction shall be with the court of the insured's domicile.

###### Article 110-

In lawsuits related to accident insurance, the jurisdiction shall be with the court of the place where the accident occurred or the court of the insured's domicile.

###### Article 111-

In lawsuits related to fire insurance, the jurisdiction shall be with the court of the place where the fire occurred.

###### Article 112-

In lawsuits that the law requires to be filed with a specific court, the jurisdiction shall be exclusive to that court.

###### Article 113-

The territorial jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal is limited to hearing appeals against judgments issued by the courts and judicial authorities located in its area, unless otherwise provided by law.

### Designation of Jurisdiction Sixth

##### Article 114-

Any interested party may request the Court of Cassation in its general assembly to determine the jurisdiction: 
1- If a court has ruled that it does not have jurisdiction to hear a case by a decision that has become final without there being another competent court. 
2- If a case is filed in two or more different courts and each has ruled on its jurisdiction or lack thereof by a decision that has become final.

##### Article 115-

The general assembly of the Court of Cassation may decide, when necessary, upon the submission of the request, to suspend the trial before the court hearing the case. 
The general assembly shall decide on the request to determine jurisdiction promptly after ten days have passed since notifying the opponent to submit their response. It shall designate in its decision the competent court and refer the file to it.

### Transfer of the Case Seventh

##### Article 116-

The case is transferred from one court to another of the same degree: 
1- If it is impossible to form the court panel due to the lack of a sufficient number of judges or if the court is unable to perform its duties due to force majeure. 
2- If there is a kinship or affinity up to the fourth degree between one of the parties and the single judge or two of the judges composing the court or its president. 
3- If there is a reason that justifies doubt about the impartiality of the court. 
4- If hearing the case in one of the courts is likely to cause a disturbance to security.

##### Article 117-

Amended according to Decree 2411 dated 1992/5/7 
The request for transfer is submitted to the Court of Cassation by one of the parties in the first three cases of the previous article and is notified to the judge or judges of the court from which the case is requested to be transferred. 
It is submitted by the Public Prosecutor at the Court of Cassation in the fourth case. 
In the third case of the previous article, the applicant must attach to his request a receipt proving the deposit of a security amounting to forty thousand L.L., which is confiscated if the request is rejected.

##### Article 118-

The Court of Cassation considers the request for the transfer of the case urgently without the need to involve the parties in the trial and designates in its decision the court to which the case is transferred, which must be of the same type and degree, and the file is referred to it. In the third case of Article 116, it may request the judge or judges of the court from which the case is requested to be transferred to provide their observations.

##### Article 119-

The proceedings are suspended as soon as the request for the transfer of the case is submitted in the second and third cases of Article 116.

### Recusal or Withdrawal of the Judge from Judgment Eight

##### Article 120-

Amended according to Law 529 dated 20/6/1996 
The parties or any of them may request the recusal of the judge for one of the following reasons: 
1- If he or his spouse or fiancé has a direct or indirect interest in the case, even after the dissolution of the marriage or engagement. 
2- If there is a kinship or affinity up to the fourth degree between him and one of the parties or their legal representative, even after the dissolution of the marriage that resulted in the affinity. 
3- If he has a kinship or affinity up to the fourth degree with a member of the board of directors of the company involved in the case or with one of its managers, and this member or manager has a personal interest in the case. 
4- If he is or has been an attorney for one of the parties or their legal representative, or if one of the parties has chosen him as an arbitrator in a previous case. 
5- If he or one of his relatives or in-laws up to the fourth degree has previously considered the case as a judge, expert, or arbitrator, or has testified in it. This excludes the situation where he is reviewing an objection or third-party objection or retrial against a judgment in which he or one of his mentioned relatives or in-laws participated. 
6- If he has expressed an opinion on the case itself, even if it was before his appointment to the judiciary. This matter can only be proven by written evidence or by the judge's admission. 
7- If there is enmity or friendship between him and one of the parties that suggests he cannot judge impartially, and the judge is not subject to recusal due to contempt directed at him by one of the parties. 
8- If one of the parties is a creditor, debtor, or servant of the judge or one of his relatives up to the second degree.

##### Article 121-

The judge must offer to recuse himself on his own initiative in the cases outlined in the previous article.

##### Article 122-

The judge may, in cases other than those previously mentioned for recusal, if he feels embarrassed to consider the case for any reason, offer to recuse himself.

##### Article 123-

The offer to recuse or the request for recusal concerning judges of the first instance courts is submitted to the Court of Appeal to which these courts belong, and it is considered in chambers, and its decision is not subject to any appeal. The offer to recuse or the request for recusal concerning judges of the Court of Appeal is submitted to the same Court of Appeal, and it is considered by a chamber appointed by the first president of this court, and its decision issued in chambers is not subject to any appeal. 
The offer to recuse or the request for recusal concerning judges of the Court of Cassation is submitted to this court, and it is considered by a chamber appointed by the first president of the Court of Cassation.

##### Article 124-

The request for recusal must be submitted, under penalty of inadmissibility, before discussing the subject unless its reason occurred or was known afterward. In this case, it must be submitted within eight days of the occurrence of its reason or knowledge of it.

##### Article 125-

From the moment the judge requested to be recused is notified of the recusal request, he must cease to consider the case until the request is decided. However, the court considering the recusal request may decide to proceed with the trial without the participation of the judge requested to be recused if necessary.

##### Article 126-

The judge and the parties are notified of the recusal request, and each of them may submit their observations within a period of three days. 
The request is decided in chambers without summoning the parties.

##### Article 127-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 7/5/1992 and Decree No. 3800 dated 6/9/2000

Anyone who unjustifiably requests recusal is fined between two hundred thousand and one hundred and eight hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. He may also be ordered to compensate the judge requested to be recused and the party harmed by the delay in the trial.

##### Article 128-

The provisions of recusal and recusal apply to public prosecutors, arbitrators, and experts. 
The court to which the public prosecutor belongs according to the judicial organization considers the request for recusal. 
The competent primary chamber to consider the case or the judge in its area who would have considered the case if not for the arbitration considers the request for recusal of the arbitrator. 
The court that appointed the experts considers the request for their recusal.

##### Article 129-

If the recusal request or multiple recusal requests lead to the inability to form the court panel, the provisions for transferring the case are applied.

##### Article 130-

In any court, judges related to each other by kinship or affinity up to the fourth degree cannot be in the same chamber to consider a case, otherwise, the judgment is subject to annulment by following legal appeal procedures.

## Evidence Third

### General Provisions One

##### Article 131-

Proof is the establishment of evidence before the judiciary regarding a fact or legal act attributed to either a claim, defense, or plea. 
Every person must assist the judiciary in uncovering the truth.

##### Article 132-

The burden of proof lies on the person who claims the fact or act. 
What is intended to be proven must be relevant to the dispute and permissible to prove.

##### Article 133-

Each party in the trial must simultaneously present all means of proof they rely on concerning each fact they claim. 
Parties must adhere to principles of integrity in proof.

##### Article 134-

The court must automatically notify the parties of the pronouncements of judgments issued regarding proof procedures if they have not been informed of the appointed date for their issuance.

##### Article 135-

The court may, on its own initiative, order any investigation to supplement the evidence presented by the parties. 
The court conducts the investigation itself or appoints one of its judges to do so. If the place where the investigation is to be conducted is far from the court's location, it may appoint the single judge in whose jurisdiction this place falls. The court sets the deadline within which the appointed judge must carry out his task. 
The appointed judge decides on emergencies that arise during the investigation. Objections to his decisions are made before the appointing court without the objection having a suspensive effect on the investigation's progress.

##### Article 136-

The court or the appointed judge has the right to resort to audio, visual, or audiovisual recording of all or some of the investigation processes conducted by either of them. 
The recording is kept at the registry, and each party may request a copy in exchange for payment. Reproduction is done either at the registry or at the Ministry of Justice.

##### Article 137-

The court may amend the proof procedures it ordered if circumstances arise that justify this amendment and render the determined proof ineffective. 
The court may disregard the result of the procedure provided it states the reasons for this in the judgment.

##### Article 138-

The acceptance of evidence on legal acts is subject to the texts in force at the time these acts were created. 
The acceptance of evidence on material acts is subject to the texts in force at the time the lawsuit is filed. 
In all cases, proof procedures are subject to the provisions of the law in force at the time they are carried out.

##### Article 139-

Evidence on legal acts may be established according to the law of the state applicable to the effects of these acts or according to the law of the state in which they were created. 
The acceptance of evidence on material acts is subject to the law of the judge hearing the dispute. 
The evidentiary strength of attribution is subject to the law of the place where it was created.

##### Article 140-

Proof procedures are subject to the law of the judge before whom they are conducted. However, proof procedures conducted in a foreign state are recognized if they conform to the provisions of Lebanese law, even if they contradict foreign law. It is permissible to delegate a foreign court to undertake proof procedures required for the consideration of the lawsuit.

##### Article 141-

A judge may not rule based on personal knowledge in the case. 
Information derived from the judge's expertise in public matters, which everyone is presumed to know, is not considered personal knowledge prohibited for the judge to base his ruling on.

##### Article 142-

Proof of the existence of Lebanese law is not required. However, proof of the content of foreign law is required from the person invoking it unless the judge is aware of it. 
If proving the content of foreign law is impossible, the judge must rule according to Lebanese law.

### Proof by Writing Second

#### Official Document First

###### Article 143-

The official document is one in which a public official or a person assigned to a public service, within the limits of their authority and jurisdiction, records what was done by them or what they received from the statements of the concerned parties according to the established rules. 
The attribution of the official status to the document or the lack thereof is determined by the law of the place where it was created.

###### Article 144-

If the document does not acquire its official status due to a defect in its form or the absence of the status or jurisdiction of the official, it is considered as an ordinary document if it contains the signatures of the concerned parties, even if the rule stipulated in Article 152 of this law is not observed, unless the official status is required for the legal act to be valid.

###### Article 145-

A document that has the form and external appearance of an official document is considered official until proven otherwise by the person against whom it is invoked.

###### Article 146-

The official document has executive power and is evidence against all parties for the matters recorded by the public official or that occurred from the concerned parties in their presence within the limits of their authority and jurisdiction. The effect of the official document extends to the heirs and successors of its parties. 
The claim of forgery of the official document suspends its evidential and executive power.

###### Article 147-

The content of the statements of the contracting parties contained in the official document is evidence against them and their successors, and is considered correct unless proven otherwise. 
The official document only serves as a preliminary written evidence concerning statements that are not directly related to the subject of the contract.

###### Article 148-

The official copy of the official document is considered identical to it unless one of the parties disputes this, in which case this copy is compared with the original.

###### Article 149-

If the original of the official document is lost, its official copy must be relied upon. If all its official copies are lost, its entry in the official records serves as preliminary written evidence, provided the loss of the official document and its copies is verified. 
If it appears from the data in these records that the document was created in the presence of witnesses, these witnesses must be summoned before the court.

#### Ordinary Bond Second

###### Article 150-

An ordinary document is one with a private signature and is considered issued by the signer unless they explicitly deny the handwriting, signature, or fingerprint attributed to them if they are unaware of the signature. 
As for the heir or successor, they are not required to deny it. It is sufficient for them to swear an oath that they do not know if the handwriting, signature, or fingerprint belongs to the person from whom they received the right.

###### Article 151-

Anyone against whom an ordinary document is invoked and who discusses its subject cannot deny the handwriting, signature, or fingerprint.

###### Article 152-

In reciprocal contracts, the original copies must be as numerous as the parties with conflicting interests unless they agree to deposit a single copy with a third party of their choice. 
If this rule is not observed, the document is only considered as preliminary written evidence of the contract's existence.

###### Article 153-

Contrary to the provisions of Article 363 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts, it is not required for a document containing a unilateral obligation to include the phrase "valid for the term." 
The amount written in words prevails in evidence over the amount written in numbers unless proven otherwise.

###### Article 154-

If the ordinary document is acknowledged by the issuer, or a judgment is issued confirming the validity of their signature or fingerprint on it, the document becomes binding on all parties. However, it is not binding on third parties regarding its date except from the time this date is established. An ordinary document has a fixed date in the following cases: 
1- From the day it is endorsed by a competent public official. 
2- From the day its content is recorded in an official document or another document with a fixed date. 
3- From the day of the death of one of those who have a recognized effect on the document by handwriting, signature, or fingerprint, or from the day it becomes impossible for any of them to write or fingerprint due to a physical condition preventing them from writing.

###### Article 155-

Non-apparent documents intended to amend an official or ordinary document produce no effect except between the contracting parties and their general successors.

###### Article 156-

Creditors of the contracting parties and their specific successors, for whom an apparent document was created fraudulently to harm them, may prove its fictitiousness by all means of evidence.

###### Article 157-

A document supporting a previous document is not binding on the party invoking it unless the opponent proves the invalidity of this document by presenting the original document or another written document whose validity is established.

#### Other Documents Third

###### Article 158-

Signed messages have the value of an ordinary document in terms of evidence in favor of the recipient unless the sender proves that they did not send the message or did not authorize anyone to send it. 
Telegrams also have this value if their original deposited in the telegraph and post office is signed by the sender. The telegram is considered to match its original until evidence to the contrary is provided.

###### Article 159-

If the message is not confidential, the recipient may use it and transfer it to others. Messages are not confidential in commercial matters.

###### Article 160-

In civil matters, confidential messages presented to the court without the agreement of the sender and recipient are not considered.

###### Article 161-

If a registered message confirmed to have been received with a receipt notice from the post office or a receipt document from the recipient is in the form of an open card or if the address is written on the back of the message itself, the sender may prove its content by presenting the copy kept with them. The copy is considered correct if the recipient refuses to present the message they received. In other cases, the sender must prove the content of the message, if denied by the recipient, according to the general rules of evidence.

###### Article 162-

Anyone who obtains a judgment based on presenting a copy of the message according to the provisions of the previous article, and later the original appears and it is found that this copy is incorrect, shall be liable for compensation for the damage resulting from the judgment.

###### Article 163-

What the creditor writes in terms of phrases indicating discharge on a document remaining in their possession or on a copy of this document or on a receipt document in the debtor's possession is considered, until proven otherwise, evidence against the creditor to prove payment, even if those phrases are not dated or signed.

###### Article 164-

The debtor has the right to request, upon payment, in addition to the receipt document, the delivery of the debt document or the creditor's declaration in the receipt that the document is no longer in their possession.

###### Article 165-

Personal books and papers are evidence against their creator and their general successors: 
1- When they indicate a payment has been made. 
2- When they prove a debt to another.

###### Article 166-

Mandatory commercial books are evidence: 
1- Against their owner for the benefit of any person, whether they are regular or not, but one who wants to extract evidence for themselves cannot select parts and exclude what contradicts their claim. 
2- For their owner in transactions related to their trade, if they are regular and the dispute is between them and a merchant.

###### Article 167-

If there are discrepancies in the regular books of two merchants, the judge may decide, according to the circumstances of the case, either to disregard the conflicting evidence or to accept one over the other.

###### Article 168-

In disputes between merchants, the judge may accept or reject, according to the circumstances of the case, the evidence derived from non-mandatory commercial books or from irregular mandatory commercial books.

###### Article 169-

Merchants' books are not evidence against non-merchants. However, the entries recorded in them about what merchants have supplied can serve as a basis allowing the judge to direct the complementary oath to one of the parties in matters that can be proven by testimony.

#### Proof of Validity of References and Other Documents Fourth

###### Article 170-

The court may assess the impact of erasure, scraping, interlineation, and other material defects in the document or instrument on its evidentiary value or its reduction. 
If the validity of the document or instrument is in doubt in the court's view, it may, on its own initiative, summon the public official who issued it or the person who wrote it to clarify the matter.

###### Article 171-

Denial of handwriting, signature, or fingerprint applies to unofficial documents and instruments, whereas allegations of forgery apply to all official and unofficial documents and instruments.

###### Article 172-

Jurisdiction for handwriting comparison lies with the judge or court before which the original lawsuit is filed when the comparison is requested incidentally. Jurisdiction lies with the trial chamber when the comparison is requested originally.

###### Article 173-

Jurisdiction to consider allegations of forgery lies with the court before which the original lawsuit is filed when forgery is alleged incidentally before the trial chamber or the court of appeal. In other cases, jurisdiction to consider allegations of forgery lies with the trial chamber.

##### Section One - On Denial of Handwriting, Signature, or Fingerprint and on Application First

###### Article 174-

If the opponent to whom the document or paper is attributed denies the handwriting, signature, or fingerprint contained therein, or declares that they do not recognize the handwriting, signature, or fingerprint attributed to a third person, the judge may disregard this defense if they see it as a mere delaying tactic or find it irrelevant to the dispute and do not request handwriting verification. Otherwise, the judge will mark the document or paper with the phrase "no alteration" and sign it, and decide to conduct handwriting verification either personally by comparing documents or through experts. Witness testimony may be heard to prove the occurrence of writing, signing, or fingerprinting in their presence.

###### Article 175-

The documents suitable for comparison are: 
1- Signatures or fingerprints on official documents or papers. 
2- Handwriting, signatures, or fingerprints on ordinary documents acknowledged as genuine. 
3- The undisputed portion of the document being verified. 
4- The handwriting, signature, or fingerprint written or placed before the judge during the investigation.

###### Article 176-

The judge may order the production of official documents or papers required for verification from the entity holding them, or may move with an expert appointed by them to the location to inspect them without transferring them.

###### Article 177-

If the judge decides to summon the opponent who denied the handwriting or signature attributed to them on the document or paper to appear in person at a specified time for handwriting, and they refuse to appear without a valid excuse, the document or paper may be deemed valid.

###### Article 178-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6

If it is determined, as a result of verification, that the document is valid, except for an excusable error, the opponent who unjustly denied the handwriting may be fined a monetary penalty ranging from two hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds and be liable for compensation for damages.

###### Article 179-

Anyone holding a document or ordinary paper may summon the person to whom the document or paper is attributed to acknowledge that it is in their handwriting, signature, or fingerprint, even if the obligation contained therein is not yet due, and this is done through an original lawsuit. 
If the defendant appears and acknowledges, the court records their acknowledgment and all costs are borne by the plaintiff. 
The document or paper is considered acknowledged if the defendant remains silent, does not deny it, or does not attribute it to someone else. If the defendant does not appear and has been personally notified of the date and does not submit a response denying the validity of the claim, the court will rule in their absence on the validity of the handwriting, signature, or fingerprint. 
If the defendant denies the handwriting, signature, or fingerprint, verification is conducted according to the aforementioned rules. This ruling also applies to cases where the defendant is absent without being personally notified.

##### Section Two - On the Claim of Forgery Second

###### Article 180-

The party who is confronted with an official document or an ordinary document may claim forgery of this document at any stage of the trial.

###### Article 181-

The party wishing to claim forgery may request the judge or the court where the original lawsuit is filed to set a deadline for the other party presenting the document to declare either their insistence on using it or their withdrawal from it. If the court or the judge finds that the document has an impact on the judgment in the dispute, they will respond to this request and set the deadline. 
If the other party declares their withdrawal from the document, the incident ends, and they bear its costs and retrieve the document. If they declare their insistence on using the document or if the deadline passes without their declaration of withdrawal and retrieval, their opponent has the right to claim forgery.

###### Article 182-

The party claims forgery of the document by submitting a petition or memorandum to the court's registry, specifying all the alleged forgery points; otherwise, the forgery claim is invalid. 
If the trial is ongoing before a judge or court other than the primary chamber, the clerk refers the petition or memorandum to the registry of this chamber, which is competent to consider the forgery claim, and the judge or court suspends the original lawsuit until this claim is resolved. 
If the original lawsuit is filed before the primary chamber, claiming forgery before it results in the suspension of the trial until the forgery claim is resolved.

###### Article 183-

The chamber's clerk notifies the other party with a copy of the petition or memorandum. The chamber's president sends another copy to the public prosecution.

###### Article 184-

If the forgery claim requires investigation, the court issues a decision including a statement of the facts accepted for investigation and requires the deposit of the original document alleged to be forged in the court's registry within five days from the date of notification of the decision if it has not already been deposited. 
From the issuance of the investigation decision, the document's enforceability is suspended until the forgery issue is resolved, without prejudice to precautionary measures.

###### Article 185-

The other party or their agent may review the original deposited document in the court's registry and take a copy of it.

###### Article 186-

If the document alleged to be forged is not deposited in the court's registry within the specified deadline, this document is excluded from the discussion unless the court decides to grant another deadline.

###### Article 187-

If the document alleged to be forged is only a copy of an original document existing in an official department or public repository or in the possession of a third party, the court decides the necessity of depositing the original document and notifies this decision to whoever holds the document to send it within the specified deadline.

###### Article 188-

If the public official or the person performing a public service delays depositing the document existing in their department, the court may communicate with the public prosecution to take legal action against them.

###### Article 189-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6

If the person entrusted with the document delays depositing it within the specified period, the court may impose a monetary fine ranging from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and order them to deposit it under the threat of a coercive fine determined by the court.

###### Article 190-

Within eight days following the deposit of the document alleged to be forged in the registry, the description of this document and its contents, including any erasures, additions, interlineations, and other visible features, are conducted in the presence of the parties or their agents under the supervision of the court president or the judge appointed for this purpose according to the decision ordering the deposit. The court clerk drafts a report of this procedure, and the president or appointed judge inscribes the phrase "No alteration" on the document and signs it.

###### Article 191-

Forgery of the document may be proven by all means of evidence, especially with the assistance of experts appointed by the court, by hearing witness testimonies, and by comparing the handwriting or signature with other documents or papers.

###### Article 192-

The papers suitable for comparison in a forgery lawsuit are the same papers suitable for comparison in the application procedure according to the provisions of Article 175.

###### Article 193-

The defendant in the forgery claim may terminate the proceedings at any stage by renouncing the contested document. 
In this case, the court may decide to seize or preserve the document if the forgery claimant requests it for a legitimate interest.

###### Article 194-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6
If the right of the forgery claimant to their claim is forfeited or rejected, they are fined a monetary penalty ranging from two hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds and compensation for damages to the benefit of the other party when necessary. 
They are not fined if some of their claims are proven.

###### Article 195-

If the court establishes in its judgment the forgery of the document, it decides to destroy it, erase the forgery, correct it, or restore its correct text.

###### Article 196-

In all cases, the judgment orders the return of the documents presented for comparison. Article 197- The judgment issued in a forgery claim case is not enforceable until it becomes final.

###### Article 198-

As long as the documents alleged to be forged are deposited with the court's registry, no copy may be delivered except with the court's permission. In any case, a special annotation indicating the existence of a forgery claim must be placed on the copy.

###### Article 199-

If a criminal lawsuit has been filed due to the alleged forgery, the civil court must suspend the ongoing trial until the criminal lawsuit is resolved, unless it is possible to rule on the civil lawsuit without considering the document alleged to be partially forged.

###### Article 200-

An acquittal in a criminal judgment does not prevent one of the parties in a civil dispute from claiming forgery of the document that was the subject of the criminal lawsuit if this judgment is based on the acquittal of the defendant but does not confirm the validity of the document itself.

###### Article 201-

The court, even if forgery is not claimed before it through the advanced procedures, may rule to reject any document and declare it void if it clearly appears from its condition or the circumstances of the case that it is forged. 
In this case, it must specify in its judgment the circumstances and evidence from which it deduced this.

###### Article 202-

Anyone who fears being confronted with a forged document may summon the holder of that document and any beneficiary thereof to hear a judgment on its forgery. This is done through an original lawsuit filed according to the usual procedures.
The court shall observe in the investigation of this lawsuit and its judgment the rules stipulated in this section and the previous section.

#### Obligation of the Opponent or Others to Submit a Document in Their Possession Fifth

###### Article 203-

A party may request to compel their opponent to present any document relevant to the dispute that is in their possession in the following cases: 
1- If the law permits demanding its submission or delivery. 
2- If it is shared between them and their opponent. A document is considered shared, in particular, if it is drafted for the benefit of both parties or if it establishes their mutual obligations and rights. 
3- If their opponent has relied on it at any stage of the trial.

###### Article 204-

The applicant must specify in the request, under penalty of rejection: 
1- The descriptions of the document and its content as detailed as possible. 
2- The fact that the document is used to prove. 
3- The evidence proving the opponent's possession of it. 
4- The reason for obligating the opponent to present it.

###### Article 205-

If the applicant proves their request or the opponent acknowledges the existence of the document in their possession or remains silent, the court orders the document to be presented immediately or within a specified period. 
However, if the opponent denies and the applicant does not provide sufficient proof of the request's validity, the denier must swear an oath that the document does not exist, or that they do not know of its existence or location, and that they have not concealed it or neglected to search for it to deprive their opponent of using it as evidence. The judge may modify the wording of the oath according to the circumstances.

###### Article 206-

If the opponent does not present the document within the specified time or refuses to swear the oath, the court may accept the applicant's statement and the copy they presented.

###### Article 207-

If the opponent presents a document as evidence in the trial, they may not withdraw it except with the consent of their opponent and with written permission from the judge or the court president after a copy is kept in the case file, certified by the head of the registry as matching the original.

###### Article 208-

The court may, during the consideration of the case, order the inclusion of a person in the trial to compel them to present a document in their possession. 
It may also order, on its own initiative or at the request of the parties, the retrieval of documents from official departments if they are unable to do so.

###### Article 209-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6
The court may impose a fine ranging from forty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds on anyone who fails to execute an order issued by it to present a document within the specified period. 
This judgment is not subject to appeal, but the court may exempt the sentenced person from the fine if they present an acceptable excuse.

### Admission and Interrogation of Parties Three

#### Acknowledgment First

###### Article 210-

An acknowledgment is an admission by a party of a fact or a legal act claimed against them. It is judicial if made before the court during the consideration of a dispute related to this fact or act. It is non-judicial if made otherwise, and in that case, it is proven according to the general rules of evidence.

###### Article 211-

Judicial acknowledgment is conclusive evidence against the acknowledging party.

###### Article 212-

An acknowledgment cannot be divided against its maker unless it pertains to multiple facts and the existence of one fact does not necessarily imply the existence of the others.

###### Article 213-

An acknowledgment is called qualified when it is limited to the fact stated by the other party but undermines its legal consequences with additional information. This acknowledgment provides complete proof regarding the original fact, while the additional information is considered proven until the contrary is established.

###### Article 214-

An acknowledgment is called compound when it pertains simultaneously to the original fact and another fact and is indivisible in one case, which is when the new fact implies the existence of the original fact. For example, if a debtor against whom a payment claim is made admits to borrowing the claimed amount but adds that they repaid it later, the court considers the borrowing act conclusively proven, while the repayment is considered proven until the contrary is established.

###### Article 215-

An acknowledgment cannot be retracted except for a factual error, provided the acknowledging party proves it.

###### Article 216-

The judge has the discretion to assess the evidentiary value of a non-judicial acknowledgment based on the means used to prove this acknowledgment.

###### Article 217-

A non-judicial acknowledgment may be inferred from the opponent's statement recorded on a magnetic tape. In case the opponent denies the attributed statement, the judge may resort to voice verification by an expert.

#### Interrogation of the Parties Second

###### Article 218-

The court may, at any stage of the trial, decide on its own initiative or upon request, to have the parties or one of them appear in person for questioning in a public session or in chambers. Questioning is not allowed on matters where waiver or settlement is not permissible or where the law prohibits the establishment of evidence.

###### Article 219-

The court may conduct the questioning of the parties itself or delegate one of its judges to do so.

###### Article 220-

If the court deems that the case does not require questioning or that the facts intended for questioning are irrelevant or inadmissible, it shall reject the request for questioning.

###### Article 221-

If a party is incapacitated or partially incapacitated, their representative may be questioned, and the court may discuss matters directly with the party if they are discerning in authorized matters. 
For legal entities, questioning may be directed to their legal representative. 
Representatives of the parties are questioned about actions they have performed or are aware of in their capacity.

###### Article 222-

In all cases, the person to be questioned must be competent to dispose of the disputed right.

###### Article 223-

The decision for questioning must be communicated to the person to be questioned at least three days before the scheduled date, unless they are present at the trial session and agree to be questioned immediately or if the case is of utmost urgency.

###### Article 224-

If a party has a valid excuse preventing them from appearing in person before the court for questioning, the court may delegate one of its judges to question them in the presence of the other party.

###### Article 225-

If the party to be questioned resides outside the court's jurisdiction, the court may delegate another court to question them in the presence of their opponent. 
A foreign court may also be delegated to conduct the questioning.

###### Article 226-

The questioning of a party is conducted in the presence of their opponent, unless circumstances require questioning each separately, followed by a confrontation upon request of one of them or if the court deems it necessary. 
The absence of one party does not prevent the questioning of the other.

###### Article 227-

Parties may be questioned in the presence of a technical expert. They may also be confronted with witnesses.

###### Article 228-

Repealed according to Law 529 dated 1996/6/20

###### Article 229-

The presiding judge or the delegated judge directs the questions related to the subject of the questioning. They also pose questions deemed useful and requested by one party to be directed to the other party.

###### Article 230-

The party being questioned answers the questions posed to them personally without the aid of writing.

###### Article 231-

A record of the questions posed and the answers given is prepared, signed by the presiding judge or the delegated judge conducting the questioning or the individual judge and the parties questioned. If the questioned party refuses to answer or sign, their refusal and its reason are noted in the record.

###### Article 232-

If a party fails to appear for questioning without an acceptable excuse or refuses to answer without legal justification, the court may consider this failure or refusal as grounds to deem the facts for which they were to be questioned as established.

###### Article 233-

If the questioned party claims forgetfulness or ignorance and it does not appear that they have taken the refusal stance mentioned in the previous article, the court may accept witness testimony and circumstantial evidence to prove the facts subject to questioning, even if such evidence is not originally admissible.

###### Article 234-

If the questioning does not lead to an admission, it may initially be inferred as written evidence or a simple presumption.

### Oath Fourth

##### Article 235-

Judicial oaths are of two types: the decisive oath and the supplementary oath.

#### Decisive Oath First

###### Article 236-

The decisive oath is the one directed by a party to their opponent to resolve the dispute. However, it can only be sworn with the court's permission. 
The court's decision to accept or reject the swearing of the oath can be appealed separately even before the judgment on the subject matter is issued.

###### Article 237-

The oath shall be taken in the form determined by the court. 
In the case of a mute person, their customary gesture is considered as swearing or refusal if they cannot write. If they can write, their swearing or refusal is done in writing.

###### Article 238-

It is not permissible to swear an oath on a criminal act, an act contrary to public order or morals, a contract that requires a written document for its validity by law, or to deny a fact that an official document confirms occurred in the presence of the official before whom the legal act was performed, or to deny a fact established by a conclusive legal presumption that does not allow contrary evidence.

###### Article 239-

The court may amend the wording of the oath proposed by the party so that it clearly and precisely addresses the fact on which the oath is to be sworn.

###### Article 240-

The fact on which the oath is to be sworn must be related to the person to whom it is directed. If it is not personal to them, it pertains only to their knowledge or lack thereof.

###### Article 241-

The legal representative may not direct or return the decisive oath to the one who directed it to them except in matters they are authorized to handle. 
An agent may not direct or return this oath unless they have a special power of attorney for that purpose.

###### Article 242-

The decisive oath may be directed at any stage of the trial. It can be directed as a precaution, and the oath is sworn after the court decides to dismiss the evidence presented originally due to its illegality, insufficiency, or lack of usefulness.

###### Article 243-

The person to whom the oath is directed may return it to their opponent unless it pertains to a fact in which the opponents did not participate, but the person to whom it is directed is independent. 
The person to whom the oath is directed and who refuses it without returning it to their opponent, and the person to whom the oath is returned and who refuses it, loses their claim.

###### Article 244-

The person who directed or returned the oath cannot retract it once their opponent has accepted to swear.

###### Article 245-

If the court decides to administer the oath and the person to whom it is directed is present in person, the court may administer it immediately. If they are not present, they must be summoned to appear to swear it in the form determined by the court and on the day specified for them. If they appear and refuse to swear or fail to appear without an excuse and have been personally notified, they are considered to have refused.

###### Article 246-

If the person to whom the oath is directed has an excuse preventing them from appearing, the court or one of its judges may be delegated to administer the oath. This is done in the presence of the other party or after summoning them according to the procedures.

###### Article 247-

A record of the oath-taking is prepared, signed by the person swearing, the presiding judge or the delegated judge, and the clerk.

###### Article 248-

A party cannot prove the falsehood of the oath after it has been sworn by the party to whom it was directed or returned. However, if the falsehood of the oath is proven by a criminal judgment, the party harmed by it may claim compensation without prejudice to any right they may have to appeal the judgment issued against them by the possible means of appeal.

###### Article 249-

The swearing of the oath is only binding on the person who directed it, returned it, or refused it, and on their heirs and successors.

#### Supplementary Oath Second

###### Article 250-

The supplementary oath is one that the court directs on its own initiative to one of the parties to complete the evidence presented by them and to enable a judgment on the subject of the lawsuit or to determine the value of what will be adjudicated.

###### Article 251-

The direction of the supplementary oath requires that there be no complete evidence in the lawsuit, and that the lawsuit is not devoid of any evidence.

###### Article 252-

The party to whom the supplementary oath is directed may not redirect it to the other party.

###### Article 253-

The court may not direct the supplementary oath to the plaintiff to determine the value of the claim unless it is impossible to determine this value by other means. In this case, the court sets a maximum limit for the value that the plaintiff can affirm with their oath.

### Testimony of Witnesses Fifth

##### Article 254-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6
Witness testimony is not accepted: 
1- To prove contracts and other legal acts intended to create, transfer, modify, or extinguish rights and obligations if their value exceeds five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or if they are of indeterminate value. 2- To prove anything contrary to or exceeding what is contained in a written document, even if the value in dispute does not exceed five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. 
Parties may explicitly or implicitly waive this rule.

##### Article 255-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6
The criterion for accepting testimony is the value of the right in dispute, not the value of the claim. Therefore, testimony is not admissible even if the claim value does not exceed forty thousand Lebanese pounds in the following cases: 
1- If the claim is the remainder or part of a disputed right exceeding forty thousand Lebanese pounds and not evidenced by a written document.
2- If the party divides their claim or waives part of their right after claiming it in full to make the claim value not exceed five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. 
If the increase in value over forty thousand Lebanese pounds results from adding interest and accessories to the principal, testimony is accepted.

##### Article 256-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6
If the claim includes multiple requests arising from different sources, testimony is admissible for each request not exceeding five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, even if these requests in total exceed this value, and even if they originate from relationships between the same parties or acts of the same nature.

##### Article 257-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
Testimony is admissible regardless of the claimed value in the following materials and cases: 
1- Commercial matters. 
2- Material acts. A legal act is considered a material act concerning non-parties and their successors against whom it is invoked. 
3- If there is a beginning of written evidence, any writing even unsigned, issued by the party against whom it is invoked or their representative, making the existence of the alleged act probable. 
4- If it is impossible for the creditor to obtain written evidence. Mere moral impossibility suffices, especially arising from customs in certain professions or kinship relations between ascendants and descendants or between collaterals up to the third degree or between spouses or between one spouse and the parents of the other spouse or between the fiancé and fiancée. 
5- If it is proven that the written document was lost due to a foreign cause beyond the party's control. 
6- If it is proven that there was a circumvention of the law to conduct a contract contrary to public order or a mandatory provision.

##### Article 258-

The right is valued considering its value at the time and place where the legal act was performed.

##### Article 259-

Not eligible to testify: 
1- Anyone who has not completed fifteen years of age. 
2- Anyone not of sound mind. 
3- Anyone who has been convicted of criminal offenses that disqualify them from testifying.

##### Article 260-

Witness testimony is not accepted between ascendants and descendants and between spouses, even after the dissolution of the marriage contract.
Also, the testimony of servants for their employers whom they personally serve as long as they are in their service is not accepted, nor is the testimony of an agent for their principal, nor the testimony of a partner regarding the partnership, nor the testimony of a guarantor concerning the obligations of the guaranteed.

##### Article 261-

The statements of those referred to in the previous two articles may be heard without an oath for guidance purposes.

##### Article 262-

Testimony on hearsay is not accepted except in cases provided for by law.

##### Article 263-

Public sector employees are prohibited, even after leaving their position, from testifying about matters they learned during their duties that were not intended for public disclosure, unless authorized by the authority to testify upon the court's request or at the request of one of the parties. 
The authority's permission is granted to the minister by the Council of Ministers and to employees by the competent minister.

##### Article 264-

Those who have learned through their profession or craft, such as lawyers, agents, or doctors, about an incident or information, may not disclose it even after their service ends or their status ceases unless it was disclosed to them with the intent of committing a felony or misdemeanor. 
However, the mentioned persons must testify about that incident or information when requested by those who confided in them, provided this does not violate the special laws concerning them.

##### Article 265-

Neither spouse may disclose without the other's consent what was communicated to them during the marriage, even after separation, except in the case of a lawsuit filed by one against the other or a lawsuit against one of them due to a felony or misdemeanor committed by one against the other.

##### Article 266-

The party requesting proof by witness testimony must specify the facts they wish to prove in their written or oral request during the session and name their witnesses, provided the number does not exceed five for a single fact unless the court permits otherwise.

##### Article 267-

The decision ordering the investigation must include: 
1- Specification of the facts to be proven. 
2- Summoning the witnesses designated by the applicant for the investigation and setting the date of the session in which they will be heard.

##### Article 268-

The court may, on its own initiative, decide to hear witnesses in cases where the law permits proof by witness testimony if it deems it beneficial for the truth. 
It also has the right, in all cases where proof by witness testimony is decided, to summon for testimony anyone it deems necessary to hear to reveal the truth.

##### Article 269-

The investigation is conducted before the court. It may, when necessary, delegate one of its judges to conduct it and set the deadline by which it must be completed. The delegated judge may decide to extend this deadline if needed and inform the court of this. 
The delegated judge exercises the authority assigned to them in Article 135 of this law during the investigation.

##### Article 270-

The permission for one party to prove a fact by witness testimony automatically and without a decision entails that the other party has the right to refute it in this manner.

##### Article 271-

The court temporarily determines the investigation expenses and requires the applicant to deposit the amount it specifies. 
When the court decides on its own to summon witnesses to hear them, it specifies in its decision who should advance their expenses and sets a deadline for depositing them.

##### Article 272-

If the court sees the benefit of conducting both investigation and inspection, it may appoint one of its judges for this purpose. The appointed judge carries out the task and may hear, at the place of inspection and immediately, those deemed necessary to be heard from witnesses other than those named by the parties or summon these witnesses to be heard at another date he sets.

##### Article 273-

The witness summons must include: 
1- Designation of the court before which the testimony is to be given. 
2- Designation of each party by name, surname, profession, and residence. 
3- Designation of the witness to whom the summons is directed. 
4- Designation of the place of attendance, day, and hour. 
5- The nature of the case for which the testimony is requested. 
6- Warning of the penalty the absent witness may face. If there is a deficiency in designating the parties or summoned witnesses, this deficiency does not invalidate the summons unless it results in serious doubt about their identity.

##### Article 274-

If the witness is enlisted in the army and performing active service, the summons is directed to him through his unit commander to permit his attendance.

##### Article 275-

If the witness is imprisoned, the court must request the prison director to bring him under guard, and if his presence is not possible, the prison director must inform the court without delay.

##### Article 276-

In all other cases without exception, the witness is summoned directly without any intermediary.

##### Article 277-

If it is necessary to hear the testimony of the President of the Republic, the Speaker of the Parliament, or the Prime Minister, the court or the judge it appoints moves to him to hear his statements, which the clerk records in a report attached to the case file.

##### Article 278-

The summons must reach the witness at least three days before the appointed date for his attendance unless the court decides to shorten the period. 
The summons can be sent by registered telegram with acknowledgment of receipt if there is urgency, based on a court decision.

##### Article 279-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6 
If the witness does not attend, he is fined a monetary penalty ranging from ten thousand to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and must pay the expenses arising from his absence. The court may summon the witness again, and if he persists in not attending, he is fined a second penalty ranging between the value of the first fine and double it, and the court has the right to order his forced attendance by armed force. If the witness is performing active service in the army, his attendance is requested from his unit commander.

##### Article 280-

The judgment imposing the fine mentioned in the previous article may be revoked if the absent witness presents an excuse worthy of acceptance.

##### Article 281-

If the witness presents an acceptable excuse preventing him from attending at the appointed time for hearing, the court may grant him a period or decide on delegation or relocation to hear his testimony. It may also, depending on the circumstances, decide not to hear this witness.

##### Article 282-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6 
If the witness attends and unjustifiably refuses to take the oath and to answer, he is fined from two hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds unless the party who named him waives hearing his testimony.

##### Article 283-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6 
Each witness's testimony is heard individually in the presence of the parties, and the court has the right to gather them for confrontation later. As long as the investigations are not concluded, the witness may not leave except with the court's permission, otherwise, he is subject to a fine ranging from twenty thousand to forty thousand Lebanese pounds.

##### Article 284-

The witness is first asked about his name, surname, age, profession, place of residence, and any relationship of kinship or affinity with the parties and its degree, or any employment relationship or otherwise, and whether he has been convicted of criminal judgments that disqualify him from testifying.

##### Article 285-

Before giving testimony, the witness must take an oath to testify to the whole truth and nothing but the truth, otherwise his testimony is void. 
As for persons who are heard without taking an oath according to the provisions of Article 261, the judge or the court president reminds them of their duty to speak the truth.

##### Article 286-

Questions are directed to the witness by the court president or the appointed judge about the facts related to the dispute that may be proven by testimony, even if they are not specified in the decision ordering the investigation. The president may pose to the witness the questions requested by the court judges or the parties if deemed useful in uncovering the truth.

##### Article 287-

The parties must not interrupt the witness or attempt to influence him or direct questions directly to him during his testimony, under penalty of being removed from the session room.

##### Article 288-

The court president or the appointed judge may, if necessary, hear the witnesses again and conduct a confrontation between them or between them and the parties, and may hear them in the presence of a technical expert. 
The witnesses remain at the disposal of the president or the appointed judge until the conclusion of the investigation session, and they may request to be heard again to provide additional information that modifies the testimony they have given.

##### Article 289-

The court president or the appointed judge may order one of the parties to leave to increase the confidentiality of the witness, provided that he enters after the testimony is given and it is read to him.

##### Article 290-

Testimony is given orally and writing may not be used except with the permission of the court or the appointed judge and where the nature of the dispute justifies it. 
If the witness does not know the Arabic language, he gives his testimony in the language he knows, and it is translated by a translator appointed by the court president or the appointed judge, who takes an oath to perform the translation honestly and faithfully.

##### Article 291-

Anyone unable to speak gives testimony if he can express his intent in writing or by gesture.

##### Article 292-

The witness's answers are recorded in full in the session minutes without any alteration, then read to the person who gave them, who may make any amendments they see fit, and the amendment is noted following the testimony text. 
The minutes also record all questions directed to the witness and any remarks regarding their testimony. The witness signs the minutes, and if they refuse to sign, this is noted along with the reason in the minutes.

##### Article 293-

The court estimates the expenses of the witnesses upon their request, and they receive the amount estimated for them from the sum deposited for expenses.

##### Article 294-

Failure to claim the expenses specified in the previous article within eight days from the date of giving testimony results in the witness losing their right to them, and the advance amount is returned to the party who paid it.

##### Article 295-

The court has absolute discretion in assessing the value of witness testimony in terms of substance.

##### Article 296-

Anyone who fears losing the opportunity to use a witness for a matter not yet presented before the court and likely to be presented can request, in the presence of the concerned parties, to hear that witness. 
This request is submitted in the usual manner to the judge of urgent matters, and all expenses are borne by the requester. If necessity is established, the judge decides to hear the witness, provided the matter can be proven by witness testimony.

##### Article 297-

In this case, a copy of the investigation minutes cannot be delivered or presented to the court unless the court of the subject matter deems it permissible to prove the matter by witness testimony. The opposing party has the right to object to the acceptance of this evidence and may request to hear witnesses in their favor.

##### Article 298-

The rules previously mentioned are followed in this investigation, except for what is stipulated in Articles 269 and 270.

### Presumptions, Res Judicata, and the Effect of Possession of Movables Sixth

#### Presumptions First

###### Article 323

The expert may obtain verbal or written information from any person, provided that the person's name, surname, profession, place of residence, and, if necessary, the relationship of kinship, affinity, or any other existing relationship between him and the parties are specified. The court may subsequently hear the testimony of this person if it deems it useful for the investigation.

###### Article 299-

Presumptions are conclusions drawn, by law or by the judge's discretion, from a known fact to infer an unknown fact.

###### Article 300-

There are two types of presumptions: legal presumptions and judicial presumptions.

###### Article 301-

A legal presumption is one stipulated by law, and it exempts the person in whose favor it is established from any other method of proof. However, this presumption may be rebutted by contrary evidence, unless there is a provision stating otherwise.

###### Article 302-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 A judicial presumption is one not stipulated by law, and it is derived by the judge from the circumstances and facts of the case with his discretionary power. Proof by judicial presumptions is only permissible in cases where proof by witness testimony is allowed. This proof is particularly permissible when the presumption is derived from facts that can be considered as voluntary execution, in whole or in part, of the obligation claimed.

#### Res Judicata Second

###### Article 303-

Final judgments are conclusive regarding the rights they have adjudicated, and no evidence may be accepted to contradict this conclusiveness. However, these judgments shall only have this conclusiveness in disputes between the same parties without any change in their status and concerning the same subject matter and cause.
The court may raise this conclusiveness on its own initiative.

###### Article 304-

The civil judge is not bound by the criminal judgment except in the facts that this judgment has adjudicated and where its adjudication was necessary.

###### Article 305-

If the criminal judgment acquits the defendant by only examining the act from the perspective of criminalization without denying its occurrence, it does not prevent the defendant from being pursued before the civil court for compensation.

#### The Authority of Possession of Movables Third

###### Article 306-

Possession of movable property in good faith, openly, peacefully, and without ambiguity, is conclusive evidence of ownership that cannot be refuted by any evidence. 
However, if someone loses or has their movable property stolen, they can claim it from the possessor within three years starting from the day of its loss or theft. The possessor can seek recourse from the person from whom they received it.

###### Article 307-

If the possessor of the movable property purchased it in a public market or from a seller who sells similar items, they are not obliged to return it to the rightful owner except in exchange for the price they paid, taking into account the special provisions related to bearer instruments.

### Inspection Seventh

##### Article 308-

The court may decide, on its own initiative or at the request of one of the parties, to move to inspect the disputed item. It may appoint one of its judges for this purpose. 
If the dispute involves movable property and it is possible to transport it, the court may decide to bring it before it for inspection unless it deems it more appropriate for the investigation to inspect it in its location. 
The decision ordering the inspection shall specify the date on which it will take place.

##### Article 309-

If the court decides to inspect the disputed item at its location, the parties must be invited to attend the inspection at least three days in advance unless the court decides to shorten the period. The court or the judge it appoints may appoint an expert to assist in the inspection. 
The court or the appointed judge may hear the parties and any witnesses whose testimony is deemed necessary, and these individuals may be invited to attend even verbally by the court clerk.

##### Article 310-

The clerk shall draft a report of the inspection, recording the facts verified by the court or the appointed judge, and it shall be signed by the presiding judge or the appointed judge and the clerk. This report shall be added to the case file.

##### Article 311-

Anyone who fears the loss of evidence of a fact that may become the subject of a dispute before the judiciary may request the urgent matters judge to move for an inspection. The judge may decide, if necessary, to invite the concerned parties to attend the inspection. The provisions outlined in the previous articles shall be observed.

##### Article 312-

In the case outlined in the previous article, the urgent matters judge may appoint an expert to move, inspect, and hear witnesses without an oath, and in such a case, the judge must set a session to hear the parties' observations on the expert's report and actions. 
The rules stipulated in the chapter on expertise shall be followed.

### Expertise Eighth

#### General Provisions First

###### Article 313

The court may decide to appoint an expert to conduct an inspection, provide technical advice, or carry out a technical investigation on a matter requiring technical knowledge.

###### Article 314

The expert is chosen from among those appointed in a special list, and may, by a reasoned decision, be chosen from others, even foreigners. The selection of the expert considers their technical knowledge concerning the subject of the investigation. If the expert's name is not listed, they must swear before the appointing court to perform their duties honestly and faithfully, otherwise, the work is void.

###### Article 315

The expert must personally execute the assigned task. However, they may seek assistance from their employees under their supervision and control. If the expert is a legal entity, its legal representative must inform the court of the name of the natural person or persons who will execute the task within the scope of that entity and on its behalf. The appointment of these persons is subject to the court's approval.

###### Article 316

An expert may be challenged for the same reasons that justify challenging a judge. If the expert is a legal entity, the challenge request may be directed at the legal entity as well as the natural person or persons executing the task on its behalf and approved by the court. The challenge request is submitted to the court that appointed the expert. If a reason for challenge arises, the expert must voluntarily present their recusal to the appointing court.

###### Article 317

The party submits the challenge request within three days from the date of notification of the expert's appointment summary or from the date of learning of the challenge reason, in a petition stating the reasons for the challenge, which is notified to the expert and the other party. Each has the right to submit their observations within three days. The court must decide on the challenge request within a similar period without summoning the parties, and the decision is not subject to any appeal.

###### Article 318

In case of acceptance of the challenge, recusal, refusal of the task by the expert, inability to notify them, or any legal impediment, the court resorts to replacing the expert. The court may also, on its own initiative or at the request of the parties, decide to replace the expert who fails to fulfill their duties, after hearing their statements unless the court decides to disregard it for lack of utility.

###### Article 319

The court that appointed the expert may decide to expand or narrow the task assigned to them.

###### Article 320

The expert must execute the task honestly, faithfully, and impartially. They must express their opinion on the matters entrusted to them for investigation and not address other matters unless the parties agree in writing. They are not allowed to express an opinion with a legal character.

###### Article 321

The expert must adhere to the deadlines set for them.

###### Article 322

The court may not assign the expert the task of reconciling the parties.

###### Article 324-

The expert may request the parties or others to provide any document that assists in executing the task. The court may order this when necessary.

###### Article 325-

The expert must include in the report containing their opinion all information that would enlighten the court on the matters to be investigated. They must refrain from disclosing other information they became aware of during the execution of their task.

###### Article 326-

The court may at any time invite the expert to complete or clarify missing or ambiguous information in their report, either in writing or orally in session. The expert may request the court to hear them at any time.

###### Article 327-

The expert's opinion does not bind the court, nor do the details in their report.

###### Article 328-

The expert's opinion, which if disclosed would harm private life or any other legitimate interest, may not be used as evidence on matters outside the scope of the dispute unless authorized by the court or agreed upon by the concerned party.

###### Article 329-

The expert is prohibited from directly receiving any fee from one of the parties, in any form, even as reimbursement of expenses, unless decided by the court.

#### Inspection by the Expert Second

###### Article 330-

The court may appoint an expert whose task is limited to inspecting the disputed item. 
The expert is prohibited from expressing an opinion on any factual or legal consequences that may arise from the inspection assigned to him.

###### Article 331-

The court clerk notifies the expert of the decision issued for his appointment and the determination of his task.

###### Article 332-

The expert records the facts he observes in a report submitted to the court, unless the court decides that the information should be presented orally.

###### Article 333-

The court sets the deadline by which the expert must submit his report or the date of the session in which he presents his information orally. It orders the parties or one of them to advance a deposit towards the expert's fees, specifying the amount.

###### Article 334-

The expert submits his report to the court registry, and it is added to the case file. If the expert presents his information orally, it is recorded in the session minutes.

###### Article 335-

The court determines the expert's fee immediately upon the completion of the task.

###### Article 336-

The summary affairs judge, based on a petition submitted to him by an interested party before any lawsuit is filed, may order the appointment of an expert to conduct a technical inspection by a decision made at the end of the petition, even without summoning the other party. The rules stipulated in the previous articles are followed.

#### Request of the Court for Expert Consultation Third

###### Article 337-

If a purely technical issue is raised in the case that does not require complex investigations, the court may appoint an expert to provide advice on this issue. 
The advice is given orally unless the court decides to have it submitted in writing.

###### Article 338-

The court clerk notifies the expert of the decision appointing him and specifying his task.

###### Article 339-

The court sets the date of the session in which the advice is given orally or the deadline within which the written advice must be submitted. It orders the parties or one of them to advance a deposit on account of the expert's fees, specifying the amount.

###### Article 340-

If the advice is given orally, its content is recorded in the session minutes, which must be signed by the expert. If it is given in writing, it is deposited with the court clerk and added to the case file.

###### Article 341-

The court determines the expert's fees immediately upon the execution of the task.

#### Technical Investigation by the Expert Fourth

###### Article 342-

Technical investigation by an expert is only resorted to when inspection or consultation is insufficient to enlighten the court's conviction.

###### Article 343-

Technical investigation may involve taking a measure on the human body, such as a blood test, provided it is not contrary to the rules of art or leading to significant harm. 
The court may infer from a party's refusal to comply with this measure a presumption of the correctness of the factual situation sought to be proven.

###### Article 344-

The decision ordering the technical investigation must include: 
1- The expert's name, surname, and other personal identification details. 
2- The name of the judge appointed to supervise his work when necessary. 
3- A statement of the issues for which his expertise is sought and the urgent measures he is authorized to take. 
4- The amount to be deposited in the court's fund for the expert's expenses and fees, the party required to deposit this amount, the deadline for the deposit, and the amount the expert may withdraw for his expenses and fees. 
5- The deadline by which the expert must submit his report. 
6- The adjournment of the trial to a specific date pending the expert's report.

###### Article 345-

If a party fails to deposit the amount they are required to deposit within the specified deadline according to the provisions of the previous article, the court may draw the consequences it deems appropriate from this failure.

###### Article 346-

After the deposit of the mentioned amount, the clerk notifies the expert of the decision ordering the investigation within three days and invites him to take up his task. 
The expert has the right to review the case file at the clerk's office even before accepting the task, but no documents are handed over to him.

###### Article 347-

The expert may request to be excused from the task within three days from the date of being notified of the decision, and the president of the court that appointed him or the judge who appointed him may excuse him if the reasons he provided are deemed acceptable. 
In urgent cases, the court may decide in its judgment to shorten this period.

###### Article 348-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6
If the expert does not perform his task after accepting it, or delays in submitting his report within the specified period, he is warned to complete his work within a new appropriate period. If he fails to do so and does not provide an acceptable excuse, he is replaced by another and fined a monetary penalty ranging from forty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and required to return to the court's clerk the amount he received for his expenses or fees, in addition to any disciplinary penalty that may be imposed on him and any compensation that may be due to the injured party. 
The judgment replacing the expert and obliging him to return what he received for his expenses and fees is not subject to appeal. If the delay is due to the fault of the party, they are fined from forty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, and the right to rely on the decision appointing the expert may be forfeited.
Any judgment imposing a fine on the expert for failing to perform his duties is notified to the Supreme Judicial Council to be added to his file and then to issue appropriate disciplinary sanctions against him.

###### Article 349-

The expert must set a date to start his work not exceeding fifteen days following the notification of his assignment decision, and he must invite the parties by registered letters or telegrams with acknowledgment of receipt sent at least seven days before that date, informing them of the place, day, and hour of the first meeting. 
In urgent cases, the judgment may stipulate that work begins within the three days following the expert's notification of his assignment decision at most, and in such cases, the parties are invited by telegram with acknowledgment of receipt at least twenty-four hours before the first meeting. In extreme urgency, the judgment may stipulate that the task begins immediately and the parties are invited by telegram to attend immediately. 
The expert notifies the time and place where he will begin the task to the judge appointed to supervise the investigation if appointed. 
Failure to invite the parties results in the nullity of the expert's work.

###### Article 350-

The parties may attend the technical investigation proceedings in person or through their lawyers. They must promptly provide the expert with all documents he deems necessary to carry out his task. If they fail to do so, he informs the court, which decides either to oblige the parties to present the documents under penalty of coercive fine if necessary, or to authorize the expert to disregard the presentation of the documents, or also to deposit his report in its current state.

###### Article 351-

The expert must consider the parties' observations and requests, and if submitted to him in writing, he must attach them to the report if the parties request it. He must indicate in the report the result he based on them.

###### Article 352-

The expert may independently seek the opinion of another expert, but only on a technical issue requiring a different specialization than his own.

###### Article 353-

If the expert's work is obstructed by an obstacle preventing its continuation or if it becomes necessary to expand the scope of his task, he submits a report to the court. 
The court may make an appropriate decision in light of this and extend the deadline for the expert to submit his report if necessary.

###### Article 354-

The court may order the deposit of an additional amount for the expert's expenses and fees if it becomes clear that the originally deposited amount is insufficient. 
It may authorize the expert to receive an advance on account.

###### Article 355-

If a settlement is reached between the parties and the expert verifies it, he submits a report to the court indicating it and that his task has thus become moot. 
The parties may request the court to ratify the settlement to give it executive force.

###### Article 356-

The expert prepares a record of his work, including a statement of the parties' attendance, their statements, and observations signed by them unless they have a reason not to, which is mentioned in the record. It also includes a detailed statement of the expert's work and the statements of the persons he heard on his own initiative or at the parties' request, along with their signatures.

###### Article 357-

The expert must prepare a report containing the results of his work, his opinion, and the grounds on which he bases this opinion, with precision and clarity. 
If there are multiple experts and they disagree, they must prepare a single report stating each of their opinions and reasons. 
If the expert sought the opinion of another expert in a different specialization, this opinion is attached to the report.

###### Article 358-

The expert must deposit his report attached to the minutes in the court registry in exchange for a receipt, and request a detailed statement estimating his fees and expenses.

###### Article 359-

The court registry sends each of the parties a copy of the expert's report immediately upon its deposit, and they have the right to submit their observations on it within ten days from the date of notification. The court may shorten or extend this period if necessary.

###### Article 360-

If the court finds that the expert's report is incomplete or unclear, it may summon the expert for clarification or resort to additional expertise. 
If the court does not accept the expert's report in whole or in part due to a defect in its formulation or a deficiency in its basis resulting from the expert's negligence or error, it may order the expert to refund the fees and expenses received or require him to conduct a new or additional investigation without charge, and notify the Higher Judicial Council.
If the court finds that the report contains serious errors, it shall refer a copy of it to the Higher Judicial Council to be added to the expert's file and then to issue appropriate disciplinary sanctions against him.

###### Article 361-

The expert's fees and expenses are determined by a decision of the president of the court that appointed him or by the individual judge who appointed him. The expert, as well as the parties, have the right to object to this decision before the authority that appointed him within three days from the date of notification. 
The objection is submitted by a petition to the court registry, and it is decided in chambers after summoning the parties, and the judgment issued as a result of the objection is not subject to any means of appeal. 
However, the expert listed in the schedule who is tasked with conducting the investigation for the benefit of the party granted legal aid is obliged to carry out the task free of charge. However, he may still claim his fee from the other party if they are ordered to pay the litigation expenses or from the party granted legal aid after they become solvent.

###### Article 362-

The expert's opinion does not bind the court. If the judgment contradicts the expert's opinion, in whole or in part, the reasons justifying this contradiction must be stated.

## Trial Fourth

### General Provisions One

##### Article 363-

Only the parties have the right to initiate a lawsuit except in cases where the law provides otherwise, and they have the right to proceed with the trial procedures with the burdens that entail, in accordance with the prescribed forms and deadlines. They can also terminate the trial before it concludes with a judgment or by law.

##### Article 364-

The judge oversees the proper conduct of the trial and has the right to grant extensions and take necessary measures for this purpose.

##### Article 365-

The subject of the dispute is determined by the claims of the parties as stated in the summons and briefs. It may be modified by incidental requests that meet the conditions outlined in Article 30.

##### Article 366-

The judge must decide in his judgment on everything that is requested and only on what is requested. Article 367- The parties must present the facts on which they base their claims.

##### Article 367-

The parties must present the facts on which they base their claims.

##### Article 368-

The judge may not base his judgment on facts outside the scope of the trial. However, he may consider the facts presented in the trial even if the parties did not specifically invoke them to support their claims or defenses.

##### Article 369-

The judge decides the dispute according to the legal rules applicable to it.

##### Article 370-

The judge must give the correct legal description to the facts and actions in dispute without being bound by the description given by the parties. He may raise purely legal grounds on his own, regardless of the legal basis invoked by the parties. However, he may not alter the description or legal basis when the parties, by their explicit agreement and regarding rights they are free to dispose of, have restricted it to a description and legal points they intended to limit the discussion to.

##### Article 371-

The judge may request from the parties the clarifications he deems necessary regarding the facts or legal points to rule on the dispute.

##### Article 372-

A judgment cannot be issued against a party who has not been heard or given the opportunity to present their defense.

##### Article 373-

The judge must, in any case, adhere to and enforce the principle of adversarial proceedings. He may not rely in his judgment on reasons or clarifications provided by one party or documents presented unless he has allowed the other parties to discuss them adversarially. Nor can he base his judgment on legal reasons he raised on his own without first inviting the parties to submit their observations on them.

##### Article 374-

When the law permits or necessity requires the adoption of a measure without the knowledge of the opposing party, the latter has the right to appeal the decision that harms him through the appropriate means.

##### Article 375-

Reconciliation between the parties is considered part of the judge's duty.

##### Article 376-

The trial shall be public unless the law requires or permits it to be conducted in private or in chambers.

##### Article 377-

The judge is not required to resort to a translator if he knows the language spoken by the parties.

### Representation in Trial Two

##### Article 378-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6 
Parties must engage a lawyer as an agent in cases where the value of the claim exceeds one million Lebanese pounds or in cases with no specific value, and other cases where the law requires the assistance of a lawyer.

##### Article 379-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6
A lawyer is appointed in a lawsuit or trial by an official contract. However, in cases where the value does not exceed one million Lebanese pounds, the appointment can be made at the court of first instance by a power of attorney organized by the Mukhtar or by a declaration from the principal recorded in the trial session minutes.

##### Article 380-

Appointing a lawyer grants them the authority to perform the necessary acts and procedures to file and follow up on the lawsuit or defend it at all levels of litigation and appeal methods, take precautionary measures, notify judgments, receive them, and execute them, and collect fees, expenses, and judicial securities without prejudice to what the law requires as a special delegation. 
Any restriction in the power of attorney document contrary to the above shall not be invoked against the other party.

##### Article 381-

Without a special delegation, it is not valid to acknowledge the claimed right, waive it, settle, arbitrate, accept or direct an oath, waive the trial, waive the judgment or any method of appeal, lift the seizure, waive securities despite the debt remaining, claim forgery, challenge the judge, challenge the expert, make an actual offer and accept it, or any other action that the law requires a special delegation for.

##### Article 382-

Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996/6/20 
Upon appointing a lawyer, their office becomes the chosen domicile for their client concerning all trial procedures in which the power of attorney was used and the execution procedures of judgments issued as a result of this trial, and they cannot refuse notification. 
Notification to the appointed lawyer, any of their partner lawyers, assistants, or any employees working in their office is valid.

##### Article 383-

If there are multiple agents, each of them may act individually without regard to any contrary provision in the power of attorney document.

##### Article 384-

The agent may delegate other lawyers unless expressly prohibited from delegation in the power of attorney.

##### Article 385-

The client of the lawyer may revoke the power of attorney and dismiss their agent, but this revocation or dismissal does not take effect against the judiciary until it is notified to the court registry.
In this case, the client must appoint a new lawyer; if not, all procedures may be notified to them at the court registry unless they have a known domicile or have chosen a domicile within the court's jurisdiction, in which case they are notified at this domicile.

##### Article 386-

The lawyer may resign from the power of attorney, provided that this resignation is notified to their client and the court registry. They must continue to perform the duties of the power of attorney until another lawyer is appointed in their place or until a reasonable period for this appointment has elapsed, not exceeding fifteen days from the date the client is notified of the resignation. 
If the client does not appoint another lawyer within the aforementioned period, the provisions of the second paragraph of the previous article apply.

### Trial Clerk and Its Functions Third

##### Article 387-

The court registry is composed of a head and clerks and bailiffs who are subject to a special system. The head of the court supervises them and distributes the work among them.

##### Article 388-

The registry staff perform the duties imposed on them by this law and other specific laws and regulations.

##### Article 389-

The head of the registry or his deputy receives all summonses, petitions, briefs, and documents from the clerks, issues a receipt for them, and records them after collecting the legal fees. 
A special file is arranged for each case as stipulated in Article 448.

##### Article 390-

A clerk must assist the court in trial sessions, investigations, and inspections, under penalty of nullity, by drafting the minutes and signing them.

##### Article 391-

The parties or their representatives may review the case file in the court registry and obtain copies of the papers and documents after the head of the registry or the clerk certifies their conformity to the original, after paying the expenses.

##### Article 392-

Court clerks are responsible for arranging and preserving case files, organizing session schedules, trial minutes, and registers designated for recording lawsuits and registering judgments and decisions, whether judicial or administrative.

##### Article 393-

All registers are numbered, and the first and last pages are endorsed by the head of the court or a judge appointed by him for this purpose.

##### Article 394-

The head of the registry or his deputy must deliver to the winning party a copy of the judgment containing the phrase "True copy suitable for execution" and signed by him. This is done after collecting the fees and verifying the judgment's executability. He may also, after the fees have been paid, deliver a true copy to any person except for legal exceptions, in exchange for payment of expenses.

##### Article 395-

The registers containing the originals of judgments and decisions may not be removed from the registry of a court of first instance or appeal except by a special decision issued by the first president of the court of appeal. Similarly, they may not be removed from the registry of the court of cassation except by a decision issued by the first president of this court, based on a request from the public prosecution or any interested party. This decision includes specifying the method of removing and returning the registers as soon as possible.

##### Article 396-

Clerks and bailiffs may not undertake any action within the scope of their duties in cases concerning themselves, their spouses, or their relatives or in-laws up to the fourth degree, otherwise it shall be void.

### Notification Fourth

##### Article 397-

The parties concerned are informed of the content of the trial documents and procedures through notification.
The notification procedures stipulated in this chapter may be followed even if the law specifies another method for informing the parties concerned of the content of the documents or procedures.

##### Article 398-

Notification is carried out by a process server. 
It may also be conducted by police officers or gendarmes. 
It may also be conducted by the clerk in the office.

##### Article 399-

Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996/6/20 
The documents to be notified are delivered to the person himself at his residence, domicile, place of work, or any other place where he is found. They may be delivered at the chosen domicile in cases specified by law. 
If the process server does not know the person to be notified, the documents are delivered at the latter's residence or domicile to someone who declares that he is the intended recipient. Outside the residence or domicile, the documents are only delivered to the intended recipient after verifying his identity through official documents. 
The process server must indicate in the notification report the declaration of the recipient or the method of identity verification mentioned above, including the identity document number. 
If the person to be notified or the person at the chosen domicile refuses to receive the documents, the process server leaves them for him, and the notification is then considered legally completed, even if he refuses to sign the report.

##### Article 400-

Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996/6/20 
If the process server does not find the person to be notified at his residence or domicile, he may deliver the document to someone who declares that he is his agent, works for him, or lives with him, such as spouses, relatives, and in-laws who appear to be over eighteen years old, provided that the interests of the person to be notified do not conflict with theirs. 
If any of the aforementioned persons refuse to receive the documents, the process server leaves them for him, and the notification is then considered legally completed, even if he refuses to sign the report.

##### Article 401-

Repealed according to Law 529 dated 1996/6/20

##### Article 402-

If the law requires the opponent to designate a chosen domicile and he fails to do so, or if the statement of this domicile is incomplete or incorrect, he may be notified at the court office of all documents that could have been notified to him at the chosen domicile, except for the final judgment. 
The documents are notified to the head of the office, and the process server prepares a report according to the conditions stipulated in Article 405, and a copy of the notified document is posted on the court's notice board.

##### Article 403-

Except as provided in special laws, documents are notified as follows: 
1- Concerning the state and other public persons: notified to their legal representative or his substitute. 
2- Concerning companies, associations, and other legal persons, notified at the legal person's headquarters or its branch referred to in Article 101, paragraph 2, or at the foreign legal person's branch in Lebanon or at the agent's headquarters, to its legal representative or the branch manager or the agent or someone who declares that he represents one of them, and if none of them is present, to one of the members or employees present. If the legal person has no headquarters, branch, or agency headquarters, the documents are notified to the legal representative or agent personally or at his domicile. In case the persons mentioned in the previous two paragraphs refuse notification, the provisions of Article 399, paragraph 4 apply to the legal representative or agent, and the provisions of Article 401 apply to the other persons. 
3- Concerning military personnel: notified through the unit command. 
4- Concerning prisoners: notified through the prison director. 
5- Concerning sailors of commercial ships or workers on them: notified through the captain. 
6- Concerning those lacking or with diminished capacity or missing persons: notified to their legal representative. 
If a person with diminished capacity has a judicial supervisor, a copy of the document is notified to him and another copy to the judicial supervisor, and the deadlines run from the date of the last notification.

##### Article 404-

If there are multiple agents or representatives of the person to be notified, notification may be made to one of them.

##### Article 405-

The notification report must include the following details: 
1- The place of notification and the date it occurred, including the day, month, year, and hour. 
2- The name of the person requesting the notification, his surname, profession or job, domicile, and the name of his representative, surname, profession or job, and domicile. 
3- The name of the court that ordered the notification. 
4- The nature of the document being notified. 
5- The name of the person being notified, his surname, profession or job, and domicile, and if his domicile is unknown at the time of notification, his last known domicile. 
6- The name and capacity of the person to whom the document to be notified was delivered. 
7- Mention of the delivery of the document to the person who received it and obtaining his signature. In case of refusal to receive the document or sign, an indication of this refusal and its reason in the report, as well as an indication that the document to be notified was left with the person to be notified himself. 
8- The name of the process server who conducted the notification and his signature. 
The process server must also mention, when necessary, in the notification report the details referred to in Articles 399 and 401.
If the notification involves a judgment or judicial or appellate decision, the notification document must mention the deadline for objection, third-party objection, appeal, or cassation.

##### Article 406-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6
The process server or the person conducting the notification must deposit the notification report in the court office within forty-eight hours at most, otherwise, he is subject to a fine of twenty thousand to forty thousand Lebanese pounds imposed by the court. This report is attached to the case file.

##### Article 407-

If ordinary notification is impossible for any reason, exceptional notification is resorted to after the court verifies the existence of this impossibility.

##### Article 408-

If the person to be notified has no known domicile, exceptional notification is carried out after the court verifies this matter. 
The court verifies that the person to be notified is of unknown domicile based on a thorough investigation conducted by the notification officer with the relatives, neighbors, and acquaintances of the person to be notified and the local chief where he used to reside, in light of the clarifications provided by the person requesting the notification in this regard.

##### Article 409-

The exceptional notification is carried out by the court clerk sending, within a sealed envelope with its seal, a registered letter with acknowledgment of receipt to the last known residence or domicile that the person to be notified may have, and to their chosen domicile if it exists, inviting them to appear at the clerk's office to receive the document addressed to them. It must be mentioned on the envelope addressed to the chosen domicile who can receive the letter. 
If the recipient refuses to receive the letter, the postal employee returns it without delay to the court clerk, annotated with the indication of refusal, and it is attached to the case file to serve as evidence of notification. 
If the postal employee does not find the person to whom the notification is directed at the specified domicile, they explain the situation and return the letter to the court clerk. In this case, as in the case where the person to be notified has no known residence, domicile, or chosen domicile, a copy of the document to be notified is posted on the court's bulletin board for twenty days, and an announcement is published in a daily newspaper designated for judicial announcements, informing the person to be notified of the existence of a notification concerning them in the court. The notification is completed twenty days after the posting of the copy and the publication of the announcement. The notification report is replaced by a certificate from the clerk proving this.

##### Article 410-

When the notification is aimed at expiration if not completed within a certain period, the delivery of the document to be notified for execution stops the running of this period.

##### Article 411-

Notification of documents between lawyers is valid directly, provided that the document to be notified is sent to the other lawyer in two copies, and one of them, which must be submitted to the court, is immediately returned to the colleague after being dated and signed by them as acknowledgment of notification.

##### Article 412-

If the place of notification is outside the court's jurisdiction, its president can send the documents to be notified to the president of the court where the notification is requested.

##### Article 413-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
If the notification is directed to a person residing in a foreign country, it is done by registered letter with acknowledgment of receipt or through the Lebanese embassy or consulate in the mentioned country or according to the rules established in local law. 
If notification is impossible, the court may consider the person to whom the notification is directed as having an unknown residence, and they are notified by the exceptional method.

##### Article 414-

If the notification is directed to a representative of a foreign state or an organization or international body or one of its envoys in Lebanon, it is done through the Ministries of Justice and Foreign Affairs in Lebanon by means of a letter in two copies, the notified party returns the second copy dated and signed to the court ordering the notification.

### Deadlines Fifth

##### Article 415-

If the law stipulates a period for filing a lawsuit, submitting an appeal, or performing an action, this period begins from the date of the act, incident, decision, or notification that is considered by law to trigger it.

##### Article 416-

If the law requires the expiration of a period before taking action, the action cannot occur before the last day of this period has passed.

##### Article 417-

Judicial procedure periods are determined by days, months, years, or also by hours. The period specified in days is calculated from midnight at the start of the period to midnight on the designated day of its expiration. The period specified in months or years is calculated from the day it begins in one of the months or years to the corresponding day in the month or year in which the period ends. If there is no corresponding day, the period ends on the last day of the month. 
The period specified in hours is calculated from the hour it began to the designated hour of its expiration.

##### Article 418-

The day of notification or the occurrence of the event considered by law to trigger the period is not included in the calculation of the period specified in days, months, or years. 
Similarly, the hour in which it began is not included in the calculation of the period specified in hours. 
The period expires at the end of the last day or the last hour of it.

##### Article 419-

If the last day of the period coincides with an official holiday, it extends to the first working day thereafter.

##### Article 420-

If the person to whom the action is directed resides outside Lebanon, the original period is extended by: 
1- Thirty days if residing in one of the Arab countries, Turkey, or Cyprus. 
2- Sixty days if residing in other countries. 
The judge or court may reduce these periods depending on the ease of transportation and urgency of circumstances. 
No one temporarily in Lebanon and personally notified benefits from distance periods.

##### Article 421-

The chosen domicile specified in an explicit agreement or arising from the attorney's authorization is considered the actual domicile concerning distance periods. The court registry is also considered as such when notification is made therein according to the provisions of Articles 402 and 450.

##### Article 422-

All periods specified in this law for exercising a right, if exceeded, lead to the forfeiture of that right.

### Time at Which Judicial Procedures Are Conducted Sixth

##### Article 423-

No procedural or enforcement action shall be valid and shall be considered null if carried out: 
1- On official holidays. 
2- Before seven in the morning and after eight in the evening unless the person concerned with the procedure consents to it or if the procedure is a continuation of what was initiated during the legal time.

##### Article 424-

Exceptions to the provisions of the previous article include: 
1- Procedures for urgent cases. 
2- Procedures that the court orders to be carried out due to circumstances justifying urgency.

### Judicial Assistance Seventh

##### Article 425-

If the condition of one of the parties does not allow them to pay the fees and expenses of the trial, they may request to be granted legal aid.

##### Article 426-

Legal aid is granted to natural persons of Lebanese nationality, as well as to foreigners residing habitually in Lebanon, provided there is reciprocity. 
This aid may be exceptionally granted to legal entities that are non-profit and have their management or operations based in Lebanon.

##### Article 427-

A request for legal aid may be made for the purpose of initiating the primary lawsuit or for defending it. It may also be made, even if for the first time, for the purpose of using appeal methods. 
Submitting this request during the appeal period leads to the suspension of this period until the decision regarding it is notified to the applicant for aid.

##### Article 428-

The request for aid is submitted in a petition exempt from fees and financial stamps, prepared in three copies, and deposited with the court that will hear the case. The clerk retains one copy, sends the second copy to the opponent who may submit written observations within five days, and sends the third copy to the public prosecution, which can also express an opinion within five days. 
If the case is to be brought before a single judge, the request for aid is submitted to the primary chamber in the judge's area.

##### Article 429-

Attached to the request is a certificate from the Revenue and Treasury Departments in the Ministry of Finance (Public Finance City) indicating the direct taxes paid by the applicant for aid, and a certificate from any local authority proving their indigence.

##### Article 430-

Regardless of the financial condition of the applicant for aid, their request is rejected if it is clear that their claim or defense is unacceptable or unfounded. 
The request for aid submitted to the Court of Cassation may be rejected if the appeal does not mention any serious reason for annulment.

##### Article 431-

The court summons the applicant for aid and their opponent to appear before it in the deliberation chamber, and it may consider the request even in their absence.

##### Article 432-

The court clerk notifies the parties and the public prosecution of the content of the court's decision, and this decision is not subject to any appeal.

##### Article 433-

The decision granting legal aid is notified to the Bar Association President, who appoints a lawyer to defend the interests of the person who received the aid.

##### Article 434-

The assistance provided by the lawyer in this manner is free, and they may not charge or attempt to charge any fees or benefits from the person whose interests they are defending. 
However, the court may order the other party, if they lose the case, to pay attorney fees if they have not been granted legal aid.

##### Article 435-

The clerical transactions related to aid are free, and the expenses of necessary measures related to the investigation are borne by the state treasury.

##### Article 436-

In all cases, even before the original lawsuit is filed, the court that granted legal aid may revoke its decision on its own initiative or based on a request from the public prosecution or the Ministry of Finance if the circumstances for which the aid was granted have changed or if it is found to be incorrect. In this latter case, the aid is canceled retroactively.

##### Article 437-

Legal aid ceases upon the death of the aided person and does not have a retroactive effect. The heirs of the aided person may request legal aid if necessary.

##### Article 438-

If the aided person wins the case, the opponent is ordered to pay the expenses, including the expenses advanced for measures related to the investigation.

##### Article 439-

The opponent who has been granted legal aid remains entitled to it for the purpose of executing the judgment or defending when appeal methods are used against them.

##### Article 440-

If the aided person loses the case, no fee is collected from them for the procedures carried out in their favor, and they are not required to refund the amounts advanced by the state treasury unless it is proven or subsequently determined that they are financially capable.

##### Article 441-

The head of the execution department may grant legal aid for execution according to the previous rules.

### Trial Procedures at the Court of First Instance Eighth

##### Article 442-

Disputes are presented to the Court of First Instance: 
- Either by a summons directed by the plaintiff to his opponent, stating the matters for which a judgment is requested. 
- Or by a joint petition in which two disputing parties present the subject of an existing dispute between them and request a decision on it.

##### Article 443-

In the case of presenting the dispute by a joint petition, this petition must include the following: 
1- The name of the court to which it is submitted. 
2- The name of each of the disputants, their surname, profession or occupation, and residence, and if it is a legal entity, its form, name or title, place of business, and the name of its legal representative. 
3- A detailed statement of the subject of the dispute and the issues in disagreement between the disputants, along with each party's demands, reasons, and evidence or arguments supporting these demands. 
4- A statement of the documents on which each of the disputants bases their demands and reasons for defense or arguments, attaching copies of these documents to the petition. 
5- The date of submission of the petition and the signature of each of the disputing parties or their legal representatives, or the signature of their attorneys in cases where representation by attorneys is necessary, with the date of the power of attorney and the authority that certified it, attaching a copy of it to the petition.

##### Article 444-

Upon depositing the joint petition with the court registry and after paying the fee, it is immediately presented to the president, who promptly sets a date for the trial to be communicated to each of the parties without delay by the clerk.

##### Article 445-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 In the case of a claim by one party against another, the lawsuit is filed by a summons that includes the following information: 
1- The name of the court to which the lawsuit is submitted. 
2- The name of each of the plaintiff and the defendant, their surname, profession or occupation, and residence, and if necessary, the name of their legal representative, their surname, profession or occupation, capacity, and residence, and if it is a legal entity, its form, name or title, place of business, and the name of its legal representative, mentioning the name and identity of the attorney if present, attaching a copy of the power of attorney to the summons.
3- The facts of the lawsuit, its reasons, supporting evidence, and the plaintiff's demands, which must be stated clearly and in detail, whether they are original, subsidiary, or precautionary demands, in the demands paragraph concluding the summons. 
4- The date of submission of the summons, and the signature of the plaintiff or their legal representative, or the signature of the attorney if representation is required through them. 
5- A statement of the documents attached to the summons. 
If the plaintiff does not have a residence in the jurisdiction of the court, they must appoint a chosen residence in this area, unless represented by an attorney, in which case their office is considered a chosen residence and they can be notified there wherever this office is located.

##### Article 446-

The plaintiff submits the summons to the court registry accompanied by the supporting documents, and deposits a number of copies equal to the number of defendants, attaching to each copy documents certified by their signature as true to the original.

##### Article 447-

The summons, after paying the fee, is registered on the same day in a special register with a sequential number according to the order of submission, and it is stamped along with the attached documents with the court's seal, noting the registration number and date, and this is indicated on the copies of the summons.

##### Article 448-

The summons, along with the attached documents, is delivered to the clerk in a special file indicating on its cover the name of the court, the names of the parties, the registration number of the summons, and the date of the year. All papers kept in the file are numbered consecutively, and a statement of their particulars and numbers is listed on their cover.

##### Article 449-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23
The defendant must, within fifteen days of receiving the summons, submit a memorandum responding to the lawsuit and attach all supporting documents for their response. It must include the name and identity of each of the defendant and the plaintiff as stipulated in Article 445, and clearly and in detail state the demands in the demands paragraph concluding the memorandum.
The defendant must also, if they do not have a residence in the court's jurisdiction, appoint a chosen residence in this area unless represented by an attorney, in which case their office is considered a chosen residence and they can be notified there wherever this office is located.

##### Article 450-

If one of the parties does not appoint their chosen residence according to the previous provisions or if their statement of this residence is incomplete or incorrect, making notification impossible, all papers may be notified to them at the court registry in accordance with Article 402. The head of the registry must immediately post the notified paper on the court's notice board for the entire period specified for response, attendance, review, or execution of orders, and record a report confirming the posting and another report for its removal.

##### Article 451-

The head of the registry or the clerk gives a receipt for the judicial papers delivered to them and sends their copies for notification within a maximum period of twenty-four hours under penalty of disciplinary action in case of delay without an acceptable excuse.

##### Article 452-

The plaintiff may respond to the defendant's memorandum within ten days from the date of receiving it with a memorandum delivered to the defendant, who has the right to respond to it within a similar period.

##### Article 453-

After the expiration of the deadlines specified in the previous articles, none of the parties may submit any memorandum unless they provide an acceptable excuse or a reason justifying the submission of a new memorandum. In this case, the president of the court or the judge sets a deadline for submitting this memorandum and responding to it if necessary.

##### Article 454-

In the case of multiple memoranda, each party must include in the conclusion of their final memorandum a paragraph containing their demands, including those stated in previous memoranda, and the court is not required to decide on demands presented contrary to these provisions.

##### Article 455-

The court may shorten the deadlines for exchanging memoranda in cases requiring urgency, provided that the period it sets is not less than twenty-four hours. In other cases, it may extend those deadlines at the request of one of the parties if it finds justification for that. The court issues its decision to shorten or extend the deadlines in chambers.

##### Article 456-

On the day following the expiration of the deadlines for submitting briefs, the head of the registry or the clerk must refer the file to the president of the court, who appoints one of its judges to review it for completion if necessary and to prepare the case for pleading within a period specified for him, which can be extended if needed. The president of the court may also undertake this task himself. 
The president or the appointed judge, as well as the single judge, after reviewing the file, may take the measures they deem appropriate for the aforementioned purpose. They may require the parties to provide necessary clarifications on facts or law regarding their claims or defenses and to present the documents they relied upon, respecting their right to discuss any new documents or papers submitted to them. They may also listen to the parties in an attempt to reconcile and settle between them, with or without the presence of their attorneys, according to the parties' request. In all the aforementioned cases, a deadline is set for implementing the decision made, and the parties are warned that if this decision is not implemented, the case will be considered in its current state.

##### Article 457-

Immediately after completing the task outlined in the previous article, the appointed judge returns the case file to the court registry, and the president, if no settlement has been reached between the parties, sets the date for the session in which the case will be heard.

##### Article 458-

In any case, the court may, if it deems it necessary to conduct an investigation, appoint one of its judges to carry it out in accordance with the provisions of Article 135.

##### Article 459-

Amended according to Decree 2411 dated 1992/5/7 
In cases where the value does not exceed eight hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and in urgent cases, the judge may set the date for the session upon the registration of the summons and listen to the parties in the first session without the need for exchanging briefs.

##### Article 460-

The president of the court or his appointed judge, as well as the single judge, may invite the disputing parties to his office and attempt to reconcile them. If they agree on a settlement, even partially, a report is drawn up to confirm it, their signatures are taken on it, and a decision is issued to ratify this settlement, which is enforceable. If the parties refuse the settlement, a report is drawn up to confirm this refusal.

##### Article 461-

The parties may, at any time during the trial, reconcile even partially and request the court or the single judge to issue a decision ratifying this settlement.

##### Article 462-

The parties may submit a joint written declaration stating that they are satisfied with the written defenses outlined in their briefs. If the court deems that there is no need for oral pleadings or any investigation and that the case is ready for judgment, it may decide on it without setting a session for pleading. In this case, a date must be set for issuing the judgment within thirty days from the date of submitting the written declaration, and a registered mail must be sent to each of the parties to inform them of this date. The delay in the arrival of this letter to the parties or any of them is not considered a reason to delay issuing the judgment. 
If the judgment is not issued on the specified date, a new date must be set for its issuance and notified to the parties.

### Presence and Absence of Parties Nine

##### Article 463-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6
On the date set for the hearing before the court of first instance, the parties must appear in person if the value in dispute does not exceed one million Lebanese pounds. They may be represented by lawyers they appoint. In other cases, they may only appear through lawyers representing them according to the provisions of Articles 378 to 386 unless the parties themselves are lawyers. If a party appears and refuses to appoint a lawyer, the case will be heard in their absence, and the judgment will be considered as if they were present.

##### Article 464-

If both the plaintiff and the defendant fail to attend the session without an acceptable excuse, the court shall decide to strike the case from the docket. 
The decision to strike is a special measure of judicial administration and does not prevent the parties or any of them from requesting the reinstatement of the case to the docket and proceeding from the point it reached before being struck.

##### Article 465-

If the plaintiff or the defendant attends any session, the trial is considered as if they were present, even if they subsequently fail to attend.

##### Article 466-

Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996/6/20 
If the plaintiff is absent from the first session without an acceptable excuse and has been notified of the session date, the defendant may request either to strike the case from the docket, to rule on the matter, or to dismiss the summons. 
If the defendant requests a ruling on the matter or the dismissal of the summons, the case is postponed to a second session, and the plaintiff is notified of its date. If the plaintiff is absent from the second session without an acceptable excuse, the court must grant the defendant's request, and its judgment will be considered as if the plaintiff were present. However, in the case of dismissal of the summons, the plaintiff may file the case again if still within the legal time limit.

##### Article 467-

1- If there are multiple plaintiffs and all are absent from the first session, the provisions of the previous article apply. 
2- If some plaintiffs attend and others are absent without an acceptable excuse, the defendant may request the dismissal of the summons for those absent if the subject of the claim is divisible, or request a ruling on the matter, and the provisions of the first paragraph of the previous article apply to the absentees. If the subject of the claim is indivisible, the defendant's request is limited to a ruling on the matter, and the same provisions apply. 
3- If some plaintiffs attend and others are absent with an acceptable excuse, the case must be postponed to a subsequent session, and they are notified of its date. The provisions of the second paragraph of this article may then be applied.

##### Article 468-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
If the defendant alone fails to attend the first session without an acceptable excuse and the session date has been personally notified to them or they have submitted a defense memorandum, the court issues a judgment as if they were present. It does not grant the plaintiff's demands unless it finds them legally valid in form, admissible, and based on a correct foundation. 
If the defendant has not been personally notified and has not submitted a defense memorandum, the court may, on its own or at the plaintiff's request in non-urgent cases, postpone the hearing to a subsequent session, and the defendant is notified of its date. 
The judgment is issued in absentia against the defendant if it is not subject to appeal, and personal notification has not occurred, and no defense memorandum has been submitted, making it subject to objection. If the judgment is subject to appeal or personal notification has occurred, or the defendant has submitted a defense memorandum, the judgment is considered as if they were present.

##### Article 469-

If there are multiple defendants in the same matter and one or some of them fail to attend the first session without an acceptable excuse, the judgment is considered as if all were present if it is subject to appeal or if those absent have been personally notified. 
If the judgment is not subject to appeal, the absent defendants who were not personally notified must be re-notified. The judgment issued thereafter is considered as if all were present if one of the defendants attended or was personally notified in the first or second instance. In the opposite case, the judgment is in absentia.

##### Article 470-

The court must verify the validity of the notification of the absent party, and if it finds it defective, it orders it to be redone correctly for a subsequent session.

##### Article 471-

Failure to attend cannot be confirmed against any party until one hour has passed from the scheduled time for the trial.

##### Article 472-

If the absent party attends the same session or a subsequent session, the decision issued in their absence is considered as if it never existed.

##### Article 473-

The court may not accept new additional or counterclaims, or new evidence presented by the present party against the absent party unless it is notified to the latter and they are given time to submit their response or comments regarding it.

##### Article 474-

If an in absentia judgment is issued and its notification is not requested, and fees are not paid within three months from the date of its pronouncement, it is automatically considered null. 
The nullity only affects the judgment, while the preceding procedures remain in effect.

### Role of the Public Prosecution in the Trial Tenth

##### Article 475-

The public prosecution has the right to initiate proceedings in the cases outlined in Article 8, and in these cases, it shall have the same rights as the parties involved.

##### Article 476-

The public prosecution may intervene or be introduced in the lawsuits specified in Article 8. At any stage of the trial, it then becomes an original party to the dispute.

##### Article 477-

The court may, at any stage of the trial, order the case file to be sent to the public prosecution for its intervention in the cases specified in Article 8, and in this instance, the intervention of the public prosecution is mandatory.

##### Article 478-

The public prosecution shall express its opinion as an associated party in the following cases: 
1- The cases outlined in Article 8 when the public prosecution is not an original party in the trial. 
2- Lawsuits filed against the state regarding liability arising from the actions of judges. 
3- Request for the appointment of a reference. 
In the cases specified in item (1) of the first paragraph, the public prosecution must express its opinion before the court of first instance and the court of appeal within ten days from the date the file is deposited by the court, otherwise, it will be disregarded and the file returned to the court without delay.

##### Article 479-

The public prosecution is not required to appear before the court of first instance, even if it is an original party or an associated party before it, and it may, as appropriate, submit summonses, briefs, memoranda, documents, and evidence to the court or receive them from it or deposit its opinion in writing when necessary. In case of the public prosecution's presence, it is represented by one of the public attorneys. 
The public prosecution represents itself before the court of appeal if it is an original party in the trial but is not required to attend when it is limited to providing a written opinion on the case.

##### Article 480-

In all trials where the public prosecution is an associated party, the parties may not request to speak or submit new briefs after presenting their statements and requests, but they may submit a written statement to the court to correct the facts mentioned by the public prosecution. 
However, the court may, in exceptional circumstances where it deems the acceptance of new documents or supplementary briefs appropriate, permit their submission and the reopening of the pleadings, with the final word given to the public prosecution.

##### Article 481-

The public prosecution has the right to appeal in the cases outlined in Article 8, even if it was not an original party in the initial trial, provided that the appeal period does not exceed six months from the date of the judgment, whether it was notified or not.

### Trial Session Procedures and Their System Eleventh

#### Session Procedures First

###### Article 482-

The court clerk must prepare a list of cases to be presented in each session, arranged according to their sequential numbers and the designated times for their hearing. 
This list is presented to the court president and a copy is posted on the board prepared for this purpose at the court's door before the session begins.

###### Article 483-

The session date is notified to the parties at least three days before it occurs.

###### Article 484-

Court sessions are public under penalty of nullity, unless the court, on its own initiative or at the request of one of the parties, decides to hold them in private to preserve public order, morals, or family privacy, but the judgment in this case is pronounced publicly.

###### Article 485-

The session is held in the deliberation room in a non-public manner. 
The court considers in the deliberation room the urgent matters as well as the judicial matters explicitly specified by law.

###### Article 486-

It is not permissible to publish in newspapers the proceedings of trials in defamation cases and what is prohibited from publication under Article 420 of the Penal Code and the provisions of the Press Law.

###### Article 487-

The parties are called at the designated time for the trial by a bailiff. 
If the defendant appears in person or through his attorney in a case not subject to the exchange of briefs according to the provisions of Article 459, he may request its postponement to a subsequent session to allow him to present his defenses. 
If the defendant appears in person in a case where an attorney must be appointed to represent him and there is a reason preventing him from doing so that the court is convinced of, he may request a postponement to a subsequent session to appoint an attorney and submit a defense brief.

###### Article 488-

The president permits the plaintiff or his attorney to speak first, then permits the defendant or his attorney, and finally the interveners, and in all cases, the last word remains with the defendant, in accordance with the provisions of Article 480.

###### Article 489-

If, before the conclusion of the trial, the composition of the court changes entirely or partially, the discussions must be repeated before the new composition.

###### Article 490-

The parties may request the court, at any stage of the trial, to record what they have agreed upon in the session minutes, signed by them or their attorneys. If they have written what they agreed upon, the written agreement is attached to the session minutes and its content is recorded therein. The court issues in both cases a decision ratifying the agreement, which is enforceable.

###### Article 491-

The clerk creates a record for each trial, signed by him and the president at the end of each session, noting the opening and closing times of the session, the name or names of the judge or judges, the names of the parties and their attorneys, the incidents that occurred, and the information the president orders to be recorded. 
The trial record is an official document, and its forgery is considered forgery of official documents.

#### Session System Second

###### Article 492-

The control and management of the session are entrusted to its president. Any order issued by him for this purpose must be executed immediately.

###### Article 493-

The president may direct questions to the parties or their representatives that he deems useful, make observations he considers necessary, and alert the litigants to the need to address an issue they have neglected. He may also prevent a speaker from continuing if their argument is irrelevant or inappropriate.

###### Article 494-

The president may expel from the courtroom anyone who disrupts its order. If they do not comply, the court may apply the provisions of Article 418 of the Penal Code against them.
If the act that warranted expulsion constitutes a crime deserving a harsher penalty than that specified in the mentioned article, the president shall draft a report against them and refer it to the public prosecution for prosecution. He may issue an arrest order to be executed immediately.

###### Article 495-

The court may, on its own initiative or at the request of one of the parties, order the deletion of offensive or indecent expressions or those that disrupt public order from any document in the trial papers, or require the person who issued it to withdraw the document containing such expressions and replace it with a document free of those expressions under penalty of removal from the file.

###### Article 496-

Subject to the provisions of the Law of Advocacy, the session president orders the drafting of a report on any crime that occurs during its proceedings and the measures he deems necessary for investigation, then orders the referral of the documents to the public prosecution for necessary action.
If the crime committed is a felony or misdemeanor, he may, if necessary, order the arrest of the perpetrator.

###### Article 497-

Subject to the provisions of the Law of Advocacy, the court may try anyone who commits a misdemeanor against its body or one of its members or employees during the session it holds and immediately sentence them to punishment.
The court may also try anyone who gives false testimony during the session and sentence them to the penalty prescribed for perjury. The court's judgment in these cases is enforceable even if appealed.

#### Conclusion of the Trial Third

###### Article 498-

After the conclusion of the pleadings, the presiding judge decides to close the trial and sets a date for issuing the judgment within a period not exceeding six weeks. If it is not issued on the appointed date, he must set another date for it, which is communicated to the parties.

###### Article 499-

Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996/6/20
Each party may submit, within a week following the conclusion of the trial, a written memorandum to complete and clarify the points mentioned in the pleadings. 
The memorandum is submitted through the court registry, and copies are deposited for the number of parties who must, at their responsibility, notify it in the court registry within three days following the one-week period mentioned in the first paragraph. They may submit a reply memorandum within a week from the date of notification. 
The time limits mentioned in this article are reduced to two days in cases pending before the summary jurisdiction.

###### Article 500-

If a new fact occurs or an unknown fact emerges after the conclusion of the trial and before the pronouncement of the judgment, the court may decide, on its own initiative or at the request of one of the parties, to reopen the trial and re-enroll the case in the schedule of pleadings.

### Trial Emergencies Twelfth

#### Joinder and Separation of Claims First

###### Article 501-

The court, on its own motion or at the request of the parties, may decide to consolidate two or more cases pending before it if there is a connection between them that requires, for the proper administration of justice, that the investigation and judgment be conducted together.
The court may also decide to separate the case before it into two or more cases.

###### Article 502-

Decisions to consolidate or separate cases are measures of judicial administration.

#### Suspension of the Trial Second

###### Article 503-

The trial may be suspended based on the parties' agreement not to proceed for a period not exceeding six months from the date the court approves this agreement.

###### Article 504-

In cases other than those where the law mandates or permits the suspension of the trial, the court may decide to suspend it for a specific period or until the occurrence of an event it specifies in its decision. It may also revoke the suspension decision or shorten its duration. 
Once the reason for the suspension ceases, the parties may resume the trial.

#### Interruption of Proceedings Third

###### Article 505-

The trial is interrupted unless it has been concluded in the following cases: 
1- The death of one of the parties in transferable lawsuits. 
2- The loss of litigation capacity by one of the parties. 
3- The removal of the status of the person representing the party in the lawsuit as a legal representative. The interruption applies automatically from the notification of its cause to the other party.

###### Article 506-

The trial is not interrupted by the death of the party's attorney nor by the termination of their agency through dismissal, resignation, or any other reason, and the court may grant the party a period to appoint a new attorney.

###### Article 507-

The interruption of the trial results in the suspension of all ongoing deadlines and the nullification of all procedures that occur during the interruption unless the party affected by the cause of the interruption explicitly or implicitly waives the right to invoke nullification.

###### Article 508-

The trial resumes upon notification of the person who replaces the deceased party or the one who lost litigation capacity or the one whose status was removed, based on the request of the other party, or by notifying the latter based on the request of the former. 
The trial also resumes if the session scheduled for its consideration is attended by the heir of the deceased or the person replacing the one who lost litigation capacity or the one whose status was removed, and they proceed with it.

#### Dismissal of the Trial Due to the Passage of Time Fourth

###### Article 509-

If the trial, regardless of its subject, is left without pursuit for a period of two years since the last valid procedure was conducted, any of the parties may request its dismissal.

###### Article 510-

The period for dismissal does not run in the case of interruption except from the procedure that resumes the trial. In the case of suspension, the period for dismissal continues unless the suspension is stipulated by law or decided by the court for a specific period or until a certain event occurs, in which case the period is interrupted and does not resume until the period expires or the event occurs.

###### Article 511-

The request for dismissal of the trial is submitted to the court before which the case is pending, by a petition served to the opponent or by a plea made against the opponent who undertakes any procedure to proceed with the trial after the two years have elapsed.
The petition or plea for dismissal of the trial must be submitted, under penalty of inadmissibility, before making any request, plea, defense, or undertaking any procedure related to the trial.

###### Article 512-

Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996/6/20 
1- The trial is mandatorily dismissed when its conditions are met, but the court cannot decide it on its own initiative.
2- If the court, with its means of evidence, finds that the trial has been left without pursuit for five years since the last valid procedure was conducted, it may decide to dismiss it on its own initiative without summoning the parties by a final decision effective on its original.
3- Any lawsuit or seizure notation, regardless of its type and source, is erased after ten years from its registration on the property record if the interested party does not renew the registration by a fee-exempt petition submitted to the court where the case is pending or to the competent head of the execution department.
4- The request to erase the lawsuit or seizure notation is submitted by petition to the head of the primary chamber within whose jurisdiction the property is located. The head of the primary chamber conducts a thorough and comprehensive investigation and orders the publication of the petition summary in the official gazette and in two local newspapers he appoints. He makes his decision twenty days after publication either by accepting the request if it is found that the lawsuit or seizure file is missing or by rejecting the request if it is found that the lawsuit or seizure file still exists. The erasure decision is issued in a final form and is effective on its original.
5- The provisions of paragraphs 3 and 4 of this article apply one year after the enactment of this law. The period suspended under Law No. 90/50 dated 1991/5/23 is not included in the ten-year period calculation.

###### Article 513-

If one of the parties to the trial consists of multiple persons and one or some of them submit a request for dismissal of the trial or a plea for its dismissal, all of them benefit from it. If the procedure interrupting the dismissal period is directed to one or some of them, the period is interrupted for all of them.
If the other party consists of multiple persons, the request for dismissal or the plea must be submitted against all of them. If one or some of them undertake a procedure interrupting the dismissal period, the others benefit from it.

###### Article 514-

The judgment of dismissal of the trial results in the dismissal of all its procedures, including the summons and the dismissal of judgments issued therein with evidence procedures.
However, it does not lead to the dismissal of the effect resulting from the interruption of the statute of limitations, nor does it dismiss the right, final judgments, or the procedures based on these judgments or the declarations made by the parties and the oaths they have taken.
The parties may rely on the investigation procedures and expert works that have been completed unless they are invalid in themselves.

###### Article 515-

When the appeal or objection is dismissed, the contested judgment is considered final, even if not notified. When the request for retrial is dismissed before the judgment accepting the request, this request is dismissed by itself, but after the judgment accepting it, the advanced rules concerning appeal or first instance apply as appropriate.

###### Article 516-

The period specified for the dismissal of the trial applies to all natural and legal persons, even those lacking or with diminished capacity, and they retain the right to revert to their guardians or administrators.

###### Article 517-

The costs of the trial that has been dismissed are borne by the party who initiated the lawsuit.

#### Waiver of Trial and of Right Fifth

###### Article 518-

The plaintiff may withdraw from the trial at any stage it is in.

###### Article 519-

The withdrawal is not complete without the defendant's consent. However, this consent is not necessary if the defendant has not yet submitted a response containing a defense on the merits, a plea of inadmissibility, or a counterclaim at the time of withdrawal.

###### Article 520-

The defendant's objection is not considered if it is not based on a legitimate reason.

###### Article 521-

The withdrawal can be explicit or implicit, as can the defendant's consent.

###### Article 522-

Withdrawal from the trial results in the cancellation of all its procedures, including the summons, and the withdrawing party is liable for costs. However, it does not cancel the effect of the interruption of the statute of limitations, nor does it affect the right on which the lawsuit was based.

###### Article 523-

Withdrawal from the appeal does not require the consent of the appellee unless it is accompanied by reservations or if the latter has previously submitted an incidental request or a cross-appeal. This withdrawal necessarily implies the appellant's acquiescence to the judgment. However, it is considered null if another party subsequently files an appeal according to the applicable procedures.

###### Article 524-

Withdrawal from the objection does not require the consent of the original plaintiff unless the latter has previously submitted an additional request. 
This withdrawal, made without reservation, implies the objector's acquiescence to the judgment.

###### Article 525-

If the withdrawal is limited to a specific procedure or document of the trial, the consent of the other party is not required for its completion unless they have a legitimate interest in this procedure or document. 
This withdrawal results in the procedure or document being considered as if it never existed.

###### Article 526-

Withdrawal from the judgment entails withdrawal from the right established therein.

###### Article 527-

The plaintiff may, at any stage of the trial, withdraw from the claimed right. This withdrawal extinguishes the right, terminates the lawsuit, and obligates the plaintiff to pay costs and compensation due to the opponent if necessary. The plaintiff must hand over to the latter the documents related to the claimed right.
Partial withdrawal from a right, whether explicit or implicit, does not in itself imply a total withdrawal from this right.

## Provisions Fifth

### Issuance of Judgments First

##### Article 528-

Deliberation for issuing judgments, under penalty of nullity, is conducted among the judges who participated in the hearing and concluded the trial in their presence. 
The deliberation shall be confidential.

##### Article 529-

Judgments are issued by unanimous decision or by majority. In the latter case, the dissenting judge must record their dissent.

##### Article 530-

Judges must sign the judgment before it is pronounced, and the clerk must sign it immediately thereafter, otherwise the judgment is void.

##### Article 531-

The court may pronounce the judgment in the session following the conclusion of the hearing, or it may postpone its issuance to another nearby session that it specifies.

##### Article 532-

If it is necessary to postpone the issuance of the judgment a second time, the court shall declare this in the session, specifying the day on which it will be pronounced and stating the reasons for the postponement in the record.

##### Article 533-

The judgment is pronounced by the president or one of the judges who participated in the deliberation, in a session where their presence is not all required. 
The pronouncement of the judgment must be public, otherwise the judgment is void, unless the law provides otherwise.

##### Article 534-

The pronouncement of the judgment may be limited to reading its dispositive part.

##### Article 535-

The judgment is issued at the court's headquarters unless otherwise provided. 
The date of pronouncement of the judgment is considered the date of the judgment itself.

##### Article 536-

The clerk prepares a record to document the pronouncement of the judgment, signed by the president and the clerk.

##### Article 537-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The judgment must include the following details: 
1- Its issuance in the name of the Lebanese people, explicitly stated therein. 
2- The name of the court that issued it. 
3- The names of the judges who participated in its issuance. 
4- The name of the public prosecutor who expressed an opinion in the case. 
5- The place and date of its issuance. 
6- The names, titles, and descriptions of the parties. 
7- The names of the parties' representatives. 
8- The presence or absence of the parties. 
9- A summary of their requests, reasons for them, and defenses and objections. 
10- A summary of the evidence and legal arguments relied upon by the parties. 
11- The opinion of the public prosecutor, if any. 
12- The reasons for the judgment and its dispositive part. 
The details listed in numbers 2, 6, 9, and 12 above are mandatory under penalty of nullity of the judgment. 
The judgment must also, under penalty of nullity, resolve all issues raised by the parties and state the appropriate reasons for that. 
Failure to include or the inaccuracy of one of the mandatory details does not result in the nullity of the judgment if it is proven by the trial record or by any other means that the provisions of the law have been observed in reality.

##### Article 538-

The court may, within the limits of the law, decide in the judgment it issues to grant the convicted person a period to execute it, provided it states the reasons that led to this decision. 
The granted period runs from the date of the judgment if it is in person, otherwise from the date of its notification. 
Granting the period does not prevent taking precautionary measures.

##### Article 539-

The period mentioned in the previous article cannot be granted, and if granted, it must be revoked at the request of the opposing party: 
1- In the case of bankruptcy or insolvency of the convicted person. 
2- In the case where the convicted person has committed an act that led to the reduction of the special securities given to the judgment creditor under a contract, or has failed to provide the latter with the securities promised under a contract. 
3- In the case of seizure of the convicted person's assets or part of them by other creditors.

### Court Expenses Second

##### Article 540-

Trial expenses include court fees, witness compensation, expert fees, expenses of procedures with officially set tariffs, and attorney fees.

##### Article 541-

The court must, when issuing the judgment that concludes the dispute, rule on trial expenses on its own initiative.
Trial expenses are charged to the losing party.
If there are multiple losing parties, the expenses may be divided among them equally or in proportion to each party's interest as determined by the court. If they are charged with expenses without specifying the share each must bear, the expenses are divided equally among them.
Parties are jointly liable for expenses if they are jointly liable for the original obligation adjudicated.

##### Article 542-

The court may order the winning party to bear all or part of the expenses if the right was acknowledged by the losing party before the lawsuit was filed, or if the winning party caused additional or unnecessary expenses through their fault, or if they left their opponent unaware of decisive documents in their possession or the content of those documents.

##### Article 543-

If each party is found to be unjustified in some of their claims, the court may distribute the expenses among them as it sees fit or charge them to one party.

##### Article 544-

Intervention expenses are charged to the intervener if their intervention is deemed inadmissible or their claims are rejected.

##### Article 545-

An attorney may be personally charged with expenses related to a trial, procedure, or enforcement action they conducted beyond the scope of their authority.

##### Article 546-

Expenses related to an unjustified trial, procedure, or enforcement action are borne by the attorney or judicial assistant who conducted them, without prejudice to any compensation they may claim if necessary. This also applies to expenses related to a trial, procedure, or enforcement action that is void due to their error.

##### Article 547-

The amount of expenses is specified in the judgment that resolves the case, and if not specified, the court clerk shall indicate it at the bottom of the enforceable copy of the judgment or in a subsequent statement considered as an executive document.

##### Article 548-

An objection to the decision on expenses can be filed within three days from the date of notification of the judgment or the statement of expenses, by a declaration to the court clerk exempt from fees.

##### Article 549-

The objection is submitted to the court that issued the judgment, which will consider it in chambers after summoning the parties or the objecting party to appear within twenty-four hours if such a summons is necessary.

##### Article 550-

A party granted legal aid is not charged with trial expenses.

##### Article 551-

The court must award compensation for any damage arising from a claim, defense, or plea intended to be malicious. It may also, when it finds it unfair to leave expenses not included in trial expenses on the party who incurred them, require the other party to pay them the amount it determines.

### Effects of Judgments Three

##### Article 552-

A judgment is judicial if it is issued in an existing dispute between parties, and final if it is issued without any existing dispute.

##### Article 553-

The final judgment is the one that resolves the essence of the dispute as defined in Article 365, or that resolves one of its aspects or a plea or defense related to it, and it is final concerning what it resolves. The final judgment removes the case from the court's jurisdiction.
A final judgment is conclusive when it is not or no longer subject to appeal by ordinary means of appeal. 
And the judgment is definitive - or irrevocable - if it is no longer subject to appeal by any ordinary or extraordinary means of appeal.

##### Article 554-

Any decision issued before resolving the essence of the dispute concerning one of the investigation or evidence measures is preliminary. 
The preliminary decision does not have the authority of res judicata concerning the essence of the dispute. However, the court must adhere to it unless a new or unknown fact arises, or the court discovers matters that justify its amendment or reversal.

##### Article 555-

Any decision that orders a precautionary or urgent measure necessitated by the circumstances of the case during its consideration is temporary.

##### Article 556-

Final judgments, from the time they are issued, have the authority of res judicata concerning every dispute resolved in accordance with Article 303. 
They also have executive force according to the provisions of Article 564. 
The effect of judgments extends to the successors of the parties and applies for the benefit of partners of the judgment creditors under a joint or indivisible obligation according to the rules established in the law in this regard.

##### Article 557-

Decisions issued in matters other than nationality, which may have an impact on it, do not produce their effect on nationality by law and do not bind the court competent to consider its issues.

##### Article 558-

Whatever the statute of limitations on the disputed right, this period is ten years concerning the right established in the judgment. 
The statute of limitations does not apply to a judgment that denies the existence of a claimed right or to a judgment that establishes a right not subject to expiration by the statute of limitations.

##### Article 559-

The judgment is considered declaratory of the right, so its effects revert to the date of the claim of the right before the judiciary, provided that the judgment that causes a change in the person's status or capacity or the judgment issued in execution matters is constitutive and has no effect except from the date of its pronouncement.

### Correction and Interpretation of Judgments Fourth

##### Article 560-

The court shall correct any purely material errors in its judgment, whether they are clerical or arithmetic, by issuing a decision on its own initiative or upon request after summoning the parties and hearing them, unless the judgment is contested by one of the ordinary means of appeal.
The request for correction of material errors is not subject to any fee.
The court clerk shall record the correction on the original copy of the judgment, sign it along with the presiding judge, and register it in the margin of the judgment in the register. The previously delivered copy shall be destroyed after being retrieved, and the judgment issued with the correction shall be notified in the same manner as the judgment itself.

##### Article 561-

It is permissible to appeal the judgment issued with the correction if the court exceeds the limits stipulated in the first paragraph of the previous article, using the permissible means of appeal for the judgment subject to correction. However, the judgment rejecting the correction cannot be independently appealed.

##### Article 562-

The parties may request the court that issued the judgment to interpret any ambiguity or obscurity in it, unless this judgment is contested by one of the means of appeal.
The request is submitted according to the procedures established for filing a lawsuit. The judgment issued with the interpretation is considered in all respects as complementary to the judgment it interprets and is subject to the same rules regarding means of appeal as that judgment.

##### Article 563-

If the court neglects to rule on some substantive requests, the concerned party may file a new lawsuit regarding them if the judgment is not appealed.

### Execution of Judgments Fifth

#### General Conditions for the Execution of Judgments First

###### Article 564-

A judgment acquires enforceable power from the date of its issuance if it is final, or from the date it becomes final unless the sentenced party is granted a grace period for execution or the party in whose favor the judgment is issued is granted expedited execution.

###### Article 565-

The head of the registry or the clerk delegated by him delivers a copy of the judgment suitable for execution, stamped with the court's seal and signed by him, and after it is annotated with the phrase "Certified true copy suitable for execution" to the party benefiting from the execution of the judgment, after verifying that the judgment is enforceable. 
A second enforceable copy cannot be delivered to the same party except in the case of loss of the first copy, and the court that issued the judgment decides promptly on the request and the disputes related to it after summoning the parties.

###### Article 566-

Judgments cannot be enforced compulsorily except after their notification, except as stipulated by law or the judgment's operative part requiring its execution in its original form.

###### Article 567-

The evidence of the enforceable nature of the judgment is derived from its content when it is not subject to any appeal that suspends execution or is associated with expedited execution. 
This evidence is derived in other cases from the compliance of the sentenced party, or from the notification of the judgment and from a statement showing, in comparison with this notification, the absence of an objection or appeal within the legal period. 
Each party has the right to request from the court to which an appeal can be submitted a statement showing the absence of an objection or appeal or indicating the date of submission of the appeal if it occurs.

###### Article 568-

Judgments issued by foreign courts are enforced in Lebanon in the cases and according to the conditions specified in this law.

###### Article 569-

Courts may, even on their own initiative, impose a coercive fine to ensure the execution of judgments issued by them.
The coercive fine is distinct from compensation and can be temporary or final, and is originally considered temporary unless the court declares its final nature. 
In the event of partial or total non-execution or delay in execution, the court that decided the fine proceeds to liquidate it. 
The court cannot modify the amount of the final fine upon liquidation unless it is proven that the non-execution of the judicial judgment is due to force majeure. However, it may modify or cancel the temporary fine even if non-execution is proven.

#### Expedited Execution Second

###### Article 570-

Immediate execution may not be initiated unless it is stipulated in the judgment, except in cases where the judgment is enforceable by law. 
Judgments considered enforceable by law include, in particular, decisions issued in urgent matters, decisions or orders issued on petitions, and decisions ordering temporary or precautionary measures within the scope of the trial, as well as any other judgment or decision for which the law provides for expedited execution.

###### Article 571-

The court must order expedited execution, upon the request of the interested party, in the following cases: 
1- If the judgment was issued based on a previous final judgment or one subject to expedited execution, or if it was issued in execution of such a judgment. 
2- If the judgment is based on an official document or a recognized ordinary document or on an acknowledgment.

###### Article 572-

The court may order expedited execution, upon the request of the interested party, in commercial cases and cases where urgency is present. 
Expedited execution may be applied to the entire judgment or part of it. 
In the cases specified in the first paragraph, the court may order the deposit of the adjudicated amount with an acceptable bank, with authorization for expedited execution if the deposit is not made.

###### Article 573-

Subject to the provisions of Articles 575 and 576, expedited execution may only be ordered in judgments specifically designated for such execution.

###### Article 574-

Expedited execution may be subject to the provision of adequate security to guarantee any obligations of restitution or compensation that may arise from the execution in the event of the judgment being annulled and the case being dismissed. 
The court may authorize at any time the replacement of the original security with equivalent security.

###### Article 575-

If expedited execution is not requested when it is mandatory, or if requested and the court neglects to order it, the interested party may request the Court of Appeal, either through a separate petition or within an original appeal they submit or in their response to their opponent's appeal, to issue a decision for expedited execution. The court must decide on the request promptly and in chambers after the opponent's response or the expiration of the response period set by the court.
If this request is submitted through a separate petition, it is not subject to fees and security.

###### Article 576-

If the judgment rejects the request for expedited execution, this aspect may be appealed, and the Court of Second Instance shall decide on this appeal in chambers and promptly.

###### Article 577-

If a judgment with expedited execution is appealed, the Court of Appeal may, in all cases, decide, upon the request of the interested party, to suspend the expedited execution if it is clear that the consequences of the execution exceed reasonable limits given the circumstances of the case, or if the grounds for the appeal suggest the judgment may be annulled. 
The court may, when deciding to suspend execution, require the provision of security or order measures it deems sufficient to protect the rights of the judgment creditor. 
The court must decide to suspend execution in cases where the law prohibits expedited execution.
The aforementioned authorities also apply, in the event of an objection, to the court to which this appeal is submitted.

###### Article 578-

Expedited execution does not include court costs, fees, fines, and compensation for damages caused by the lawsuit.

### Summary Proceedings Sixth

##### Article 579-

The single judge may, in his capacity as a judge for urgent matters, consider requests for taking urgent measures in civil and commercial matters without addressing the essence of the right, while retaining the special jurisdiction granted to the head of the execution department.
In the same capacity, he may take measures aimed at removing the clear infringement on rights or legitimate situations.
In cases where the existence of the debt is not subject to serious dispute, the judge for urgent matters may grant the creditor a temporary advance on account of his right.

##### Article 580-

The judge with territorial jurisdiction in urgent matters is:
- Either the single judge whose jurisdiction includes the basis of the dispute or falls within the jurisdiction of the primary chamber or any other court within his district.
- Or the single judge in whose district the subject of the urgent lawsuit arose.

##### Article 581-

No request for any measure from the judge for urgent matters related to a case pending before the Court of Appeal may be made unless the initial judgment was issued in favor of the person requesting such a measure and is not in conflict with this judgment.

##### Article 582-

The urgent lawsuit is considered in the session held by the judge on the day and hour he appoints. The notice period for the lawsuit is a full day unless the judge decides to shorten this period.
The judge may authorize summoning the parties within the period he appoints, either to the court, the site of the dispute, or his residence, even on official holidays and outside legal working hours. In this case, he appoints a bailiff to deliver the summons and the decision to shorten the period.

##### Article 583-

The judge for urgent matters issues his decision in the lawsuit brought before him without delay.

##### Article 584-

The decision of the judge for urgent matters does not have the authority of res judicata concerning the essence of the right. However, he may not amend or cancel it unless new circumstances arise that justify it.

##### Article 585-

The decision of the judge for urgent matters is enforceable immediately without a bond unless the judge orders the provision of a bond.
He may, if necessary, order the execution of the decision in its original form.

##### Article 586-

The decision of the judge for urgent matters is not subject to objection. However, it may be appealed in matters where the judgments of first-instance courts can be appealed, within eight days from the date of notification of the decision. The Court of Appeal decides on it according to urgent procedures. The appeal does not suspend execution.

##### Article 587-

The judge for urgent matters may order a coercive fine on the party who refuses to execute his decision. He may also temporarily settle it.

##### Article 588-

The records of the decisions of the judge for urgent matters are kept in his office.

### Temporary and Precautionary Measures Seventh

##### Article 589-

The judge presiding over the case, as well as the judge of urgent matters, taking into account the provisions of Article 581, may, upon the request of one of the parties, with or without a guarantee, take all temporary and precautionary measures that would preserve rights and prevent harm, such as sealing, inventorying assets, imposing judicial custody, selling perishable goods, and describing the situation.

##### Article 590-

The rules and procedures specified for appealing the decisions of the judge of urgent matters apply to the appeal of the decisions issued in accordance with the provisions of the previous article and to the time limit for their appeal.

##### Article 591-

It is permissible to retract or amend decisions related to temporary and precautionary measures if the circumstances justifying them change.

##### Article 592-

Decisions related to temporary and precautionary measures are executed in their original form.

##### Article 593-

In cases that require taking a temporary or precautionary measure without summoning and hearing the opponent, the provisions related to orders on petitions apply.

### Ex Parte Decisions and Orders on Petitions Eighth

#### Ex Parte Decisions First

###### Article 594-

Decisions in summary proceedings are issued without litigation in matters that the law requires to be subject to judicial oversight due to their nature or the status of the applicant.

###### Article 595-

The summary request is submitted by a petition to the competent judge or court and is considered in chambers.

###### Article 596-

The judge initiates the investigation on their own in a non-public manner and conducts all inquiries deemed useful. They may listen to any person who can provide insight into the subject of the request or whose interests may be affected by the decision issued.

###### Article 597-

The judge may base their decision on all facts related to the request presented to them, even if they were not invoked by the applicant.

###### Article 598-

The decision is issued in chambers or in a non-public manner unless the law stipulates that it be pronounced publicly. It must include appropriate reasoning. The judge or court may order its execution in its original form.

###### Article 599-

The summary decision does not have the authority of res judicata. Subject to the following provisions, the judge who issued it may retract or amend it, based on a request from the interested party, if new circumstances arise or reasons become apparent that were not known at the time of issuance, provided that this does not affect a right acquired by a third party in good faith based on the mentioned decision.

###### Article 600-

The judge may authorize others to review the case file under their supervision and obtain a copy of it after proving their legitimate interest in this and within the limits of this interest.

###### Article 601-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
Subject to the provisions of Article 86, Paragraph 1, Clause 3, a third party harmed by the issuance of the summary decision may object to it within eight days from the date of its notification or any of its execution procedures, before the judge or court that issued it, by a petition stating the reasons for the objection and notifying the beneficiary of the decision with an invitation to appear before the judge or court. If the decision was issued by the president of the preliminary chamber, the objection is submitted before this chamber. The objection period for the state and public institutions with administrative status is thirty days from the date of notification. 
If the summary decision or any of its execution procedures is not notified to the harmed third party, the latter may challenge it by way of objection according to the provisions of the previous paragraph throughout the statute of limitations on their right. The objection is considered judicially and urgently.

###### Article 602-

A harmed third party has the right to file a lawsuit to annul the summary decision due to its violation of the law before the competent court to consider the subject matter throughout the statute of limitations based on their right. However, if the decision or any of its execution procedures is notified, the period for filing the mentioned lawsuit is thirty days from the date of this notification.

###### Article 603-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The applicant who submitted a summary request and whose request was rejected may appeal the rejection decision. If the decision was issued by the president of the preliminary chamber, the appeal is submitted by way of objection before this chamber within eight days from the date of notification. 
If the decision was issued by the single judge or the preliminary chamber, the appeal is submitted by way of appeal before the Court of Appeal within eight days from the date of notification. This period is thirty days for the state and public institutions with administrative status. 
The appeal is submitted through the clerk of the judge or court that issued the decision. The judge or court may, after reviewing it, retract or amend the decision; otherwise, the case file is referred to the Court of Appeal. The clerk of the judge or court promptly notifies the concerned party of the order to reconsider or refer. 
The Court of Appeal decides on the appeal according to the procedures followed in summary matters before the first instance court. 
The appeal by a third party on the decision issued in the appeal is accepted according to the provisions of Articles 601 and 602.

#### Orders on Petitions Second

###### Article 604-

Orders on petitions are temporary decisions issued without litigation in cases where it is permissible to issue the order without summoning and hearing the opponent, and they are subject to the following provisions while taking into account specific texts.

###### Article 605-

The request is submitted to the summary affairs judge unless the law states otherwise, in which case the request is submitted to the president of the competent court. 
In the event of a pending dispute before the judiciary, the request is submitted, as appropriate, to the single judge or the president of the primary or appellate chamber, and the provisions of Article 581 are observed.

###### Article 606-

The request is submitted to the judge or the president of the competent court with a petition in two copies, including the facts of the request and its grounds, and specifying a chosen domicile for the applicant within the court's jurisdiction if they do not have a real domicile mentioned in the petition, and the supporting documents for the request are attached. 
In cases of extreme urgency, the petition may be submitted to the judge at his residence and outside legal working hours.

###### Article 607-

The judge must issue his order by writing it on one of the two copies of the petition submitted to him within a maximum period of two days. He must state the reasons on which the order is based.

###### Article 608-

The court clerk must deliver the applicant the second copy of the petition with the order written on it the day after its issuance at the latest.

###### Article 609-

The order is enforceable in its original form by force of law and without a bond unless the judge stipulates, in the text of the order, the provision of a bond.

###### Article 610-

The provisions of Articles 596, 597, and 599 to 603 apply to orders on petitions, except that third-party objections are considered according to the procedures followed by the summary affairs judge. 
The objection to the order issued by the president of the appellate chamber is submitted to this chamber.

###### Article 611-

Raising the case to the court of subject matter does not prevent the judge who issued the order from retracting or amending it.

###### Article 612-

The order issued on a petition lapses if it is not submitted for execution within thirty days from the date of its issuance in the absence of an appeal against it, or from the date of the decision rejecting this appeal if it occurs. This lapse does not prevent the issuance of a new order.

## Methods of Appealing Judgments Sixth

### General Provisions One

##### Article 613-

A judgment may only be annulled by using the appeal methods specified in the law, taking into account the provisions of Article 602.

##### Article 614-

A judgment may only be appealed by the party against whom it was rendered or by the party harmed by it. An appeal is not accepted from someone who has acquiesced to the judgment or from someone who has been granted all their requests unless the law provides otherwise.

##### Article 615-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
Judgments issued during the trial may only be appealed with the judgment that concludes the trial. Exceptions to this are: 
1- A judgment that orders the suspension of the trial. 
2- A judgment that rejects a request for intervention or joinder. 
3- A judgment that accepts or rejects the decisive oath. 
4- A judgment that orders the division of joint property, its sale, or the liquidation of a company or estate.
5- A judgment that resolves one of the points of dispute or one of its aspects when it is expedited before resolving other points or aspects. 
6- Temporary judgments. 
Appealing these judgments does not remove the issuing court's jurisdiction over other points or aspects of the dispute and does not prevent the continuation of the trial in matters not related to the appealed judgment.

##### Article 616-

The period after which the right to appeal expires begins from the date of notification of the judgment, unless the law specifies another date from which it starts. 
The period applies simultaneously to the notifier and the notified party.

##### Article 617-

If a judgment is issued in solidarity or in an indivisible matter among the defendants, the notification to one of them makes the period applicable only to that individual. 
If a judgment is issued in favor of several parties in solidarity or in an indivisible matter, each of them has the right to invoke the notification received by one of them.

##### Article 618-

Failure to observe the appeal periods results in the forfeiture of the right to appeal, and the court shall declare the forfeiture on its own initiative.

##### Article 619-

The appeal period is interrupted by the death of the defendant, the loss of their legal capacity, or the removal of the status of their legal representative in the lawsuit. The period does not resume until the judgment is notified to the successor of the deceased, the incapacitated, or the one whose status has been removed.

##### Article 620-

If the plaintiff dies during the appeal period, this period is not interrupted, and the defendant must file their appeal within it. This appeal is valid even if directed against the plaintiff or their heirs collectively without naming them, provided it is sent to their last known address. Once the appeal is filed and sent as described, it must be re-notified to all heirs by name and status, either personally or at their respective addresses, or by any other legal notification method before the scheduled hearing or within the period set by the court, after the appellant has been notified of the inheritance inventory or obtained such a judgment. 
If the plaintiff loses legal capacity or if their status is removed, or if their legal representative dies during the appeal period, this period is not interrupted, and the defendant must file the appeal within it. This appeal is valid even if directed and notified to the one who lost capacity or whose status was removed, provided it is re-notified to the successor, personally or at their address, or by any other legal notification method before the scheduled hearing or within the period set by the court. 
The incidental appeal period does not apply to the respondent until the second notification is made as described in the previous paragraphs.

##### Article 621-

For the purpose of this notification, the plaintiff who receives the appeal is presumed to reside at the address specified in the judgment notification document.

##### Article 622-

The appeal period is suspended upon the submission of a request for legal aid until the decision on this request is notified.

##### Article 623-

The appeal period does not apply to the public prosecution except from the date of its notification. In every case where the public prosecution is represented or gives an opinion, the clerk must promptly notify it of a copy of the judgment issued without waiting for the payment of its fees. The provisions of Article 481 are observed.

##### Article 624-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
Only the party who filed the appeal benefits from it, and it is only enforceable against the party against whom it was filed. However, if the judgment is issued in an indivisible matter or in a joint obligation or in a lawsuit requiring the involvement of specific persons, those who missed the appeal period or acquiesced to the judgment may intervene in the appeal filed within the period by another party. If they do not, the court orders the appellant to include them in the proceedings. If the appeal is filed against one of the plaintiffs within the period, the others must be included. 
In any case, if the appeal is filed by one of the defendants in an indivisible matter or in a joint obligation and the decision in this appeal is in their favor, all other defendants benefit from this decision even if they did not intervene or were not included in the appeal.

##### Article 625-

The guarantor and the party seeking the guarantee benefit from the appeal filed by either of them in the judgment issued in the original lawsuit if their defense is united. If an appeal is filed against one of them, the other may be included in it.

##### Article 626-

An error in the description given by the court to its judgment does not affect the right to appeal it.

##### Article 627-

Decisions related to judicial administration are not subject to any appeal.

##### Article 628-

If an appeal or defense is filed abusively, the filer is liable for compensation and the fines stipulated in Articles 10 and 11.

##### Article 629-

If contradictory judgments are issued by different courts and become final, only the judgment issued by the highest court is considered. If issued by the same court or courts of equal rank, only the most recent judgment is executed.

##### Article 630-

There are two types of appeal methods:
1- Ordinary methods, which are objection and appeal. 
2- Extraordinary methods, which are third-party objection, retrial, and cassation request, including suing the state regarding liability arising from judges' actions, which do not generally suspend the execution of the judgment.

### Ordinary Means of Appeal Second

#### Objection First

###### Article 631-

The objection is an appeal aimed at the court retracting a judgment issued by it in absentia. 
The objection is only accepted from the party judged against in absentia according to the provisions of Article 468, paragraph 3.

###### Article 632-

The period for objection is fifteen days from the date of notification of the judgment.

###### Article 633-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The objection is submitted by means of a summons to the court that issued the contested judgment, and the rules established for the summons of the lawsuit must be observed. It must include a statement of reasons, otherwise it is void.

###### Article 634-

The objection reopens the dispute before the court on the points decided in the in absentia judgment so that they are decided anew in fact and law. 
The contested judgment is not annulled except by the issuance of a judgment that decides to retract it.

###### Article 635-

The trial in the objection is conducted according to the rules and procedures followed by the court that issued the contested judgment.

###### Article 636-

The court considering the objection reassesses the acceptance of the plaintiff's and objector's demands anew according to the original request and in accordance with the ordinary rules.

###### Article 637-

A new objection is not accepted from someone against whom the judgment was issued in absentia a second time.

#### Appeal Second

###### Article 638-

Appeal is a challenge submitted to the court of second instance with the intent to annul or amend a judgment issued by the court of first instance.

###### Article 639-

All judgments issued by the courts of first instance are subject to appeal except those exempted by a provision in the law.

###### Article 640-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 and Decree 2411 dated 1992/5/7 
Considering the value of the disputed matter, judgments resolving a dispute with a specific value not exceeding three million Lebanese pounds are not subject to appeal. 
The value of the disputed matter is considered as of the date of filing the appeal. 
The provisions of the second paragraph of this article apply to pending cases and are effective immediately upon the publication of this law.

###### Article 641-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 and Decree 2411 dated 1992/5/7 
Contrary to the provisions of the previous article, an appeal is permissible even if the value of the disputed matter does not exceed eight hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if based on one of the following reasons: 
1- Lack of functional or subject-matter jurisdiction. 
2- Nullity of the judgment due to a defect in it or nullity of the essential procedures on which the judgment was based. 
3- Contradiction in the judgment's operative part that makes its execution impossible. 
4- Omission to rule on one of the claims. 
5- Judgment on matters not claimed or more than what was claimed.

###### Article 642-

An appeal may be submitted immediately after the issuance of the final judgment and before its notification if the fee has been paid.

###### Article 643-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 and Law 529 dated 1996/6/20 
Except in cases where the law specifies a special period for appeal, this period is: 
- Eight days from the date of notification of the judgment for appealing the judgments of the summary affairs judge, judgments resolving execution problems issued by the head of the execution department, and decisions ordering temporary measures. 
- Thirty days from the date of notification of the adversarial judgment for appealing other judgments issued by the courts of first instance. 
When no specific text determines the time when the appeal period begins, this period starts from the date of notification of the judgment. 
In the case of multiple judgments issued in one case, it is possible to appeal those that are appealable separately or to appeal them with the final judgment within the legally specified periods.

###### Article 644-

An appeal is submitted by any party in the trial with an interest in it, unless they have waived it.

###### Article 645-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
An appeal may only be directed against parties in the primary court, taking into account the special rules for provisional decisions. 
An appeal may be directed against any of the parties in the primary trial.

###### Article 646-

The appellee may file an incidental appeal challenging the appealed judgment even after acquiescing to it or after the expiration of its appeal period. 
If multiple judgments are issued in the case and the original appeal only addresses one of them, the incidental appeal may address this judgment and the other judgments even after acquiescing to them or after the expiration of their appeal periods.

###### Article 647-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The original appellant, if appealing a judgment against their opponent that was not covered by their appeal, may in turn file an additional appeal challenging this judgment and any other judgment issued in the dispute not covered by their previous appeal. 
They may also, after addressing some aspects of the judgment in their appeal and their opponent's incidental appeal addressing other aspects, file an additional appeal challenging the remaining aspects of the judgment not covered by their original appeal.

###### Article 648-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
An incidental appeal may also be filed against another appellee or any party in the primary trial, even if not an appellee, provided the incidental appellant had claims against them in the primary trial that were dismissed. 
The party against whom an incidental appeal is filed may file a counter-incidental appeal even after acquiescing to the judgment or after the expiration of its appeal period.

###### Article 649-

A party not directed by the appeal and who was a party in the primary trial may file an incidental appeal against the judgment they acquiesced to or whose appeal period has expired if they are harmed by the original appeal or the incidental appeal filed by another.

###### Article 650-

An incidental or additional appeal must be filed with the first memorandum submitted by the appellant. However, an incidental appeal filed by someone other than the appellee remains acceptable until the conclusion of the trial.

###### Article 651-

If the incidental or additional appeal is filed after the appellant's acquiescence or after the expiration of the original appeal period, its acceptance is contingent upon the continuation of the appeal from which it originated. If this appeal is not accepted in form or the appellant withdraws, the incidental or additional appeal is nullified, subject to the provisions of Article 523.

###### Article 652-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
Intervention in the appeal is permissible for anyone with an interest unless they were a party or represented in the primary trial or were present in another capacity. 
The mentioned person may also be introduced in the appeal.

###### Article 653-

In cases where reconciliation is possible, the right to appeal may be waived. 
Waiver is not valid before filing the lawsuit, but it is permissible after filing and is done by explicit agreement before the judgment is issued, and after issuance by acquiescing to it explicitly or implicitly. 
Voluntary execution of the judgment without reservation is considered acquiescence to it.

###### Article 654-

From the moment the appeal is filed, the court of first instance loses the right to resolve issues related to the interpretation of its judgment and its execution problems related to the subject or to correct material errors contained therein, and these matters are referred to the court of appeal during the case review. As for issues arising after the issuance of the appellate judgment, the right to review them returns to the court of first instance in case of judgment confirmation and to the court of appeal in case of its annulment.

###### Article 655-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The appeal is submitted by a petition filed with the registry of the court to which it is submitted, and the rules established for the petition before the court of first instance must be observed. It must be signed by an appeal lawyer and include a statement of the appealed judgment by mentioning the court from which it was issued and its date, the reasons for the appeal, and the requests. A certified copy of the appealed judgment must be attached, as well as the documents supporting the appeal unless they are already filed in the case file in which the contested judgment was issued. 
The reasons for the appeal must be stated explicitly, and it is not sufficient to refer to the briefs submitted in the initial trial. 
The appellant, if his appeal is original, must deposit the security stipulated in the Judicial Fees Law. 
This security is forfeited in favor of the state treasury if the appeal is rejected and is returned to the appellant if he is granted his requests or some of them or if he withdraws his appeal.

###### Article 656-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6
The registry of the Court of Appeal must request the inclusion of the initial trial file the day after the appeal is submitted.
The registry of the court that issued the judgment must send this file within seven days at most from the date of the request, and this period is reduced to three days in urgent cases unless the Court of Appeal decides on shorter periods. This court shall impose a fine of ten thousand to forty thousand Lebanese pounds on anyone who neglects to request the inclusion of the file or to send it within the period, by a judgment that is not subject to appeal.

###### Article 657-

The rules and procedures followed in the court of first instance regarding the exchange of briefs, deadlines, notifications, trial procedures, and issuance of judgments apply to the appeal unless the law provides otherwise. 
The appellate decision is issued in absentia and is subject to objection if the appellee failed to appear and was not personally notified or through his lawyer and did not submit a defense brief.

###### Article 658-

The investigation of the case and its preparation for pleading is conducted by a counselor appointed by the President of the Court of Appeal for this purpose. This is in accordance with the provisions of Article 456. 
The appointed counselor may verify the submission of the appeal within the deadline. If he finds that it was submitted after its expiration, he shall immediately present the matter to the court to make a decision on it. 
The issue of suspending the execution of the appealed judgment, which was mistakenly described as final, is also presented to the court.

###### Article 659-

The appeal reopens the case adjudicated before the Court of Appeal for a new decision on the facts and the law.

###### Article 660-

The Court of Appeal's review of the dispute is limited to the aspects explicitly or implicitly addressed by the appeal and those related to it. 
The entire case is reopened before the Court of Appeal if the appeal is not limited to certain aspects only, or if it aims to annul the judgment, or if the subject of the dispute is indivisible.

###### Article 661-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23
The parties may invoke new reasons, defenses, and arguments in support of the claims submitted by them before the court of first instance and may present new documents and evidence. 
A request by the party aiming to confirm the appealed judgment is considered an adoption by him of the reasons for this judgment that do not conflict with what he claims in the appeal.

###### Article 662-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
No new request is accepted in the appeal unless it is a counter-request or a request derived from the original request or implicitly included in it, or if it aims at set-off, or if it is a defense to reject the opponent's requests, or if it aims to resolve issues arising from third-party intervention or from the occurrence or discovery of a fact. Requests aiming at the same result sought before the court of first instance are also accepted, even if based on a new legal basis. 
However, new requests remain acceptable if the opponent does not object to their acceptance.

###### Article 663-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
Requests for interest, arrears, rent allowances, and other appendices that have become due since the issuance of the judgment and requests for compensation for damages resulting from the judgment or since its issuance are not considered new requests and can be raised on appeal as additional requests by means of a brief.

###### Article 664-

If a final judgment dismissing the case for a reason not related to the subject is appealed, the Court of Appeal, if it annuls this judgment, must consider the subject. 
The same rule applies in the case of annulling the judgment related to the subject due to the nullity of the trial procedures or the judgment.

###### Article 665-

The Court of Appeal may decide at any time to suspend the execution of judgments mistakenly described as final.

###### Article 666-

After hearing the pleadings, the opinion of the Public Prosecution is sought in the cases stipulated by law.

###### Article 667-

The appellate decision that confirms the initial judgment is considered an adoption of the reasons for this judgment that do not conflict with its reasons.

### Extraordinary Means of Appeal Third

##### Article 668-

Appeal by extraordinary means and the specified period for its use do not suspend execution unless the law provides otherwise or the court decides to suspend execution for serious reasons, with or without a bond.

##### Article 669-

Extraordinary means of appeal may only be used in cases specified by law.

##### Article 670-

The appellant must deposit the security amount stipulated in the Judicial Fees Law. 
This security is forfeited to the benefit of the state treasury if the appellant fails in their appeal, and it is returned to them if the judgment is issued in their favor, even partially, or if they withdraw the appeal before the judgment is issued.

#### Objection by Third Parties First

###### Article 671-

The objection by a third party is an appeal aimed at reversing or amending the judgment in favor of the objecting third party. 
The objection by a third party reopens the dispute for the objector concerning the aspects of the judgment it addresses, to be decided anew in fact and law.

###### Article 672-

All judgments are subject to objection by a third party unless the law provides otherwise. The objection by a third party is also accepted against an appellate decision even if it has become final by rejecting the cassation request filed against it.

###### Article 673-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The objection by a third party is permissible for any person with an interest who was neither a party nor represented in the trial in which the contested judgment was issued.

###### Article 674-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The objection by a third party is permissible for creditors and other successors to challenge any judgment issued against their predecessor in rights if it is tainted with fraud or deceit directed at them or if they present reasons or defenses specific to them.

###### Article 675-

If the law restricts the right to litigate to a specific person or several specific persons, others who are deprived of the right to litigate cannot challenge the judgment by objection by a third party.

###### Article 676-

If the judgment is indivisible concerning several parties involved, the appeal by objection by a third party is not accepted unless all these parties are summoned to the trial.

###### Article 677-

Anyone who does not resort to objection by a third party may invoke the res judicata of the adjudicated case.

###### Article 678-

There are two types of objection by a third party: original and incidental.

###### Article 679-

The period for objection by a third party to judicial judgments is set at two months from the date the objector is notified of the judgment or any of its execution procedures. If this notification does not occur, the right to object remains, unless the law provides otherwise, until the right of the objector is extinguished by the passage of time, provided that the incidental objection by a third party is accepted without adherence to the period.

###### Article 680-

The original objection by a third party is submitted to the court that issued the contested judgment by a summons filed in its registry. The rules and procedures followed by this court apply to it.

###### Article 681-

The incidental objection by a third party is submitted to the court before which the contested judgment was invoked against the objector, in the context of another trial, where the latter was neither a party nor represented, when that court is of the same or higher grade than the court that issued the contested judgment and the dispute in which the judgment was issued falls within its jurisdiction. If one of the aforementioned conditions is missing, the objection must be submitted originally to the court that issued the judgment.

###### Article 682-

The incidental objection by a third party is submitted with a list of demands that includes the reasons for the objection.

###### Article 683-

The court before which the contested judgment is invoked by objection by a third party may decide, depending on the circumstances, either to disregard this appeal and continue the trial or to suspend the trial until the objection by a third party is resolved by a final judgment.

###### Article 684-

The objector must provide evidence that the contested decision was issued incorrectly in fact or law.

###### Article 685-

The judgment issued in the objection by a third party according to the demands contained therein shall either reverse the contested judgment or amend it within the limits affecting the rights of the objector. The original judgment retains its effects among the parties involved, even concerning the aspects that were annulled. 
However, the judgment issued in the objection by a third party shall have the res judicata effect against all parties who were summoned to the trial in accordance with the provisions of Article 676.

###### Article 686-

The judgment issued in the objection by a third party is subject to appeal by the same methods applicable to judgments of the court from which it was issued.

###### Article 687-

The objection by a third party is permissible against criminal judgments concerning civil disputes resolved in conjunction with the public prosecution. 
The original objection is submitted before the civil court located in the area of the criminal court that issued the judgment and is of the same grade and competent to consider the value of the disputed matter. 
All provisions stipulated in this law apply to the objection by a third party in this case.

#### Retrial Second

###### Article 688-

A request for retrial is an appeal aimed at reversing a judgment that has acquired finality as defined by Article 553, in order to reconsider the dispute anew in fact and law.

###### Article 689-

A request for retrial may only be made by the parties to the judgment or their representatives.

###### Article 690-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
A request for retrial may only be made for one of the following reasons: 
1- If fraud committed by the party in whose favor the judgment was issued or by their agent affected the issuance of the judgment and was discovered by the applicant for retrial thereafter. 
2- If the applicant for retrial obtained decisive documents in the dispute after the judgment was issued, which the party in whose favor the judgment was issued had withheld or prevented from being presented. 
3- If, after the judgment, there is an admission of forgery of the documents on which it was based or if it was adjudicated as forged. 
4- If the judgment was based on an oath, testimony, expert opinion, or translation that was adjudicated after its issuance as false or forged. 
5- If the judgment was based on a previous judgment that was later annulled, modified, or reversed, taking into account the provisions of Article 733, paragraphs 2 and 3.

###### Article 691-

In all the cases outlined in the previous article, a request for retrial is not accepted unless the applicant could not, without fault on their part, invoke the reason they are relying on through the use of an ordinary appeal before the judgment became final.

###### Article 692-

The period for requesting a retrial is thirty days starting from the day the applicant became aware of the reason on which the request is based, provided that the contested judgment was issued or became final and was notified to them before they became aware of the mentioned reason. If it was notified to them afterward, the period does not commence until the date of notification of the judgment if it was final or from the date it became final after notification, taking into account the provisions of the previous article. 
The applicant for retrial bears the burden of proving the date they became aware of the reason on which their request is based.

###### Article 693-

The applicant for retrial must summon all parties to the contested judgment under penalty of non-acceptance of their request.

###### Article 694-

The request for retrial is submitted to the court that issued the judgment by a summons deposited with the registry of this court, and the rules established for summons before the court of first instance must be observed. It must include a statement of the contested judgment, its date, the reasons for retrial, and the requests, otherwise it is void.

###### Article 695-

The rules and procedures followed by the court to which the request for retrial is submitted apply to the consideration of the request.

###### Article 696-

The party against whom the request for retrial is directed may, in turn, submit an incidental retrial request within fifteen days of being notified of this request, by means of a memorandum that includes the reasons and demands.

###### Article 697-

If a plaintiff files an original lawsuit based on a previous judgment and the period for appealing this judgment by requesting a retrial has not expired, the defendant may submit an incidental retrial request provided that the lawsuit is filed with the court that issued that judgment or another court of its grade or higher. 
If the court to which the lawsuit is submitted is of a lower grade than the court that issued the judgment, the retrial request must be submitted originally to this latter court, and in this case, the applicant for retrial has the right to request the court hearing the original lawsuit to suspend its decision until the original retrial request is submitted and a judgment is issued on it. The court may decide, based on the circumstances of the case, to accept this request or reject it and continue to consider the original lawsuit.

###### Article 698-

The court to which the request for retrial is submitted may first decide on the admissibility of this request and then consider the subject matter. It may also rule on the acceptance of the retrial request and the subject matter in a single judgment if the parties have submitted their requests on the subject matter before it.

###### Article 699-

The decision issued accepting the request for retrial annuls the contested judgment and orders the return of the deposited security amount.

###### Article 700-

Acceptance of the retrial request entails reconsideration of the aspects addressed by this request and what is related to it by virtue of correlation or indivisibility and what is a necessary result of the retrial.

###### Article 701-

A request for retrial is not accepted against a judgment that was appealed by a previous retrial request, except for a reason that appeared after the judgment issued in the first appeal.

###### Article 702-

The judgment issued rejecting the request for retrial or the judgment issued on the subject matter of the dispute after accepting this request cannot be appealed by a retrial request.

#### Distinction Third

###### Article 703-

Appeal by way of cassation is an appeal submitted to the Supreme Court for the purpose of overturning the decision due to its violation of legal rules.

###### Article 704-

Appeals by way of cassation are accepted for decisions issued by the Courts of Appeal that conclude the litigation, unless a contrary provision exists. 
Decisions issued by the Court of Appeal before the decision concluding the litigation are accepted for appeal by way of cassation according to the provisions of Article 615.

###### Article 705-

Appeal by way of cassation is not permissible for default judgments except after the expiration of the objection period against them.

###### Article 706-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
Appeal by way of cassation is permissible even if the contested decision was issued in favor of or against a person who was not a party to the trial. 
In urgent matters, appeal by way of cassation is permissible even without litigation.

###### Article 707-

The Public Prosecutor at the Court of Cassation, on his own initiative or at the request of the Minister of Justice, may appeal by way of cassation for the benefit of the law in any decision subject to annulment that none of the parties requested to annul within the legal period or the parties waived the request to annul, when the decision is based on a violation of the law or an error in its application or interpretation. 
He may also appeal by way of objection for the benefit of the law against decisions and for the reasons stated in Article 95, Clause 4. 
The appeal by way of cassation or objection is submitted within a period of one year from the date of the decision by a petition signed by the Public Prosecutor. The court considers the appeal in chambers without summoning the parties. The parties do not benefit from this appeal.

###### Article 708-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
Appeal by way of cassation is permissible for the following reasons:
(1)- Violation of the law or error in its application or interpretation, and the appellant must specify the text, legal principle, or legal rule that was violated or erroneously applied or interpreted, and the aspects of the violation or error. 
(2)- Violation of rules of functional or subject-matter jurisdiction. 
(3)- Contradiction in the operative paragraph of the same decision making it impossible to execute. 
(4)- Omission to decide on one of the claims. 
(5)- Judgment on matters not requested by the parties or more than what they requested. 
(6)- Lack of legal basis for the contested decision such that its factual reasons are insufficient or unclear to support the legal solution decided therein. 
(7)- Distortion of the content of documents by stating facts contrary to what is contained therein or contradicting the clear and explicit meaning of their texts. 
(8)- Contradiction between two judgments issued at the final level in the same case by different courts or by the same court.

###### Article 709-

Amended according to Decree 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
Appeal by way of cassation is not permissible for decisions issued in cases where the value of the claim does not exceed six million Lebanese pounds, and if the value does not exceed this limit, the appeal is only accepted for the second, third, fourth, fifth, and eighth reasons stated in Article 708 of this law. The value of the disputed matter is considered as of the date of submitting the cassation. 
The provisions of the second paragraph of this article apply to pending cases and are effective upon the publication of this law.

###### Article 710-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The period for appeal by way of cassation is two months unless a specific contrary provision exists. 
When no specific provision determines the time from which the period for appeal by way of cassation begins, this period starts from the date of notification of the decision. In the case of multiple appellate decisions issued in one case, it is possible to appeal those that can be appealed separately or with the final decision within the legally specified period.

###### Article 711-

Appeal by way of cassation is permissible before the notification of the appellate decision, provided its fees are paid.

###### Article 712-

Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996/6/20 
The respondent may submit an incidental appeal within thirty days from the date of being notified of the original appeal against the decision addressed by the original appeal, even after acquiescing to it or the expiration of the cassation period. If multiple decisions were issued in the case and the original appeal addressed only one of them, the incidental appeal may address this decision and all other decisions, even after acquiescing to them or the expiration of the appeal periods against them.

###### Article 713-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The original appellant, in case his opponent appeals a decision not addressed by the original appeal, may in turn appeal by way of additional cassation request, this decision and any other decision not addressed by his previous request. 
He may also, after addressing in his original appeal some aspects of the decision and his opponent's incidental appeal addressed other aspects of it, submit an additional appeal for the remaining aspects of the decision not addressed by his original appeal. 
The additional appeal is submitted in both previous cases within fifteen days from the date of notification of the incidental appeal submission.

###### Article 714-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23
An incidental appeal may also be submitted, within the same period specified in the first paragraph of Article 712, against another opponent in the original appeal or any opponent in the appellate trial, even if not a respondent, provided the incidental appeal submitter had claims directed against him in the appellate trial that were dismissed. 
The one against whom an incidental appeal is directed may submit a counter-incidental appeal even after acquiescing to the decision or the expiration of the appeal period, within fifteen days from being notified of the incidental appeal.

###### Article 715-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
Anyone who was not directed an appeal and was a party in the appellate trial may submit an incidental appeal against the decision he acquiesced to and even if the appeal period has expired, provided he is harmed by the original appeal or the incidental appeal submitted by others. The appeal remains admissible in this case as long as no decision has been issued in the case.

###### Article 716-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The incidental or additional appeal is submitted by a memorandum. 
If submitted after the acquiescence of the one raising it or after the expiration of the original appeal period, its acceptance is contingent on the continuation of the appeal from which it originated. If this appeal is not accepted in form or the appellant withdraws it, the incidental or additional appeal is nullified, subject to the provisions of Article 736.

###### Article 717-

The original appeal is submitted by a petition deposited at the registry of the Court of Cassation, and it can be submitted through the Court of Appeal that issued the contested decision, which forwards it with the case file to the Court of Cassation after registering the contested decision in the special register.

###### Article 718-

The appeal for cassation must be signed by an attorney in the appeal and must include, in addition to the information related to the names of the parties, their descriptions, and the domicile of each, a statement of the contested decision by mentioning the court that issued it and its date, as well as a statement of the reasons for the defect and the requests. A certified copy of the contested decision must be attached, along with the supporting documents for the appeal unless they are already filed in the case file from which the decision to be annulled was issued.

###### Article 719-

A number of copies equal to the number of parties must be deposited with the appeal for cassation for notification to them unless they are represented by a single attorney, in which case one copy is sufficient.

###### Article 720-

The original appellant for cassation must deposit in the judicial treasury the security amount specified by the law on judicial fees and must submit with the appeal for cassation the receipt voucher proving this deposit. In the case of multiple appellants with a unified interest in a single appeal, one security is sufficient. Those exempted by a legal provision are exempt from depositing the security.

###### Article 721-

The appeal for cassation is not admissible if it does not meet its legal requirements, but the appellant can correct and complete the deficiencies if the deadline for requesting cassation has not expired; otherwise, the right to correct or complete the deficiencies is forfeited.

###### Article 722-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6 If the appeal for cassation has been deposited with the registry of the court that issued the contested decision, this registry must send all the documents related to the appeal to the Court of Cassation the day after the appeal is submitted. The registry of the Court of Cassation must request within two days of the deposit of the appeal for cassation or its arrival to it, the inclusion of the case file with all its components. The registry of the court that issued the decision must send the file within seven days at most from the date of the request. The Court of Cassation shall impose a fine of ten thousand to forty thousand Lebanese pounds on anyone who neglects to request the inclusion of the file or to send it within the deadline.

###### Article 723-

Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996/6/20 and Law No. 144 dated 1999/10/29 The appeal by way of cassation does not suspend the execution of the contested decision before this decision is annulled unless the Court of Cassation decides to suspend the execution against a guarantee whose type and amount it determines. However, the Court of Cassation may not decide to suspend the execution of decisions related to alimony, custody, and expedited execution decisions unless there is an important reason justifying it. Except for the cases specified in the previous paragraph, the execution department must stop the execution when the executed against proves that he included in his appeal a request to suspend the execution until the Court of Cassation issues its decision on this request within the specified deadline in the following paragraph. The Court of Cassation must immediately upon receiving the request notify it to the appellee, who is given a week to respond, and the Court of Cassation must decide on the request to suspend execution within a month from the expiration of this period, otherwise, the execution continues. The Court of Cassation may allow the continuation of execution at the request of the judgment creditor provided that the adjudged amount is deposited in an acceptable bank or a guarantee is provided to ensure the results of that execution in case the decision to be executed is annulled.

###### Article 724-

The appellant for cassation has thirty days from the deposit of his appeal to submit a list detailing the reasons for the appeal entrusted to it.

###### Article 725-

The appellee has thirty days from the date of notification to submit a list responding to the appeal for cassation, and he may also submit another list within a similar period responding to the detailed list. The appellant has the right to reply within fifteen days, and his opponent has the final right to reply within a similar period.

###### Article 726-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 The appellee, even after the expiration of the cassation period, may involve in the appeal any party in the case in which the contested decision was issued, who was not directed to the appeal if he has an interest in involving him. The involved party may deposit with the registry of the Court of Cassation within fifteen days from the date of his notification, a list of his defense accompanied by the documents he deems necessary to submit.

###### Article 727-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 Any party in the case in which the contested decision was issued, who was not directed to the appeal, may intervene in the case of this appeal to request its rejection. His intervention is by depositing a list of his defense, accompanied by supporting documents, with the registry of the Court of Cassation before the appeal is decided.

###### Article 728-

New reasons are not accepted before the Court of Cassation unless they are purely legal reasons or arise from the decision to be annulled unless a contrary provision is provided.

###### Article 729-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 Within three days following the submission of the appeal for cassation, the president of the chamber handling the case appoints a counselor from its counselors to monitor the procedures and alert the parties to any deficiencies to complete them within the legal deadlines. He then prepares within three months from the end of the exchange of lists a report outlining the facts of the case, the reasons for the appeal, and the legal solutions he proposes. The report remains confidential to the parties until the final decision is issued. The president of the chamber may undertake these tasks himself.

###### Article 730-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 The appeal file is referred to the Public Prosecution to express its opinion within fifteen days in the cases stipulated in Article 478.

###### Article 731-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 The Court of Cassation first considers in the deliberation chamber the formal acceptance of the appeal and the availability of cassation reasons. If it decides. If it decides to reject the appeal, it rules to uphold the contested decision. The Court of Cassation may reject the appeal by substituting an erroneous reason in the decision with a purely legal reason or also by disregarding an erroneous legal reason it deems superfluous. It may annul the contested decision by adopting a purely legal reason related to public order on its own initiative. If the court adopts a purely legal reason on its own initiative, the provisions of Article 373, paragraph 3, are observed.

###### Article 732-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 Subject to the provisions of Article 737, paragraph 3, and the provisions related to suing the state regarding liability arising from the actions of judicial judges, decisions issued by the Court of Cassation cannot be appealed by any means of appeal.

###### Article 733-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The parties revert, concerning the points addressed by the cassation, to the state they were in before the issuance of the annulled decision. 
The annulment results, without the need for a new decision, in the nullification of all judgments and procedures subsequent to the annulled decision if they were issued based on it, or as an application or execution of it, or if they were necessarily linked to it. The appellant has the right, upon the issuance of the cassation decision, to request the recovery of the funds paid in execution of the annulled decision without attributing any fault to the appellee due to the execution. 
If the cassation is limited to a part of the decision, it remains effective in the other parts unless they are consequent to the annulled part.

###### Article 734-

In the event of the annulment of the contested decision, the Court of Cassation may directly decide on the subject of the case if it is ready for judgment, otherwise, it sets a date for hearing the pleadings or conducting what it deems necessary for investigation. In this case, the procedures followed in the Court of Appeal are applied, and the parties may submit new requests, defenses, and means to the extent they are admissible on appeal, and the Court of Cassation rules on the case anew in fact and law, except for the aspects not addressed by the cassation.

###### Article 735-

If the case requires investigation, the Court of Cassation specifies the matters to be investigated and assigns one of its advisors to carry it out.

###### Article 736-

The waiver of the appeal before the Court of Cassation is not complete without the consent of the appellee if it includes reservations or if the appellee has previously filed an incidental appeal. The opposition of the appellee is not considered if it is not based on a legitimate reason. 
The waiver necessarily implies the appellant's acquiescence to the decision. However, it is considered as if it never occurred if another party later files an appeal according to the applicable procedures. 
The waiving party bears the costs of the appeal they waived unless otherwise agreed.

###### Article 737-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23
The claim of forgery of any ordinary or official document submitted to the Court of Cassation is subject to the provisions of Articles 180 to 202. 
The chamber of the Court of Cassation handling the appeal in which the allegedly forged document was submitted considers the forgery case. 
The decision issued in the forgery case is subject to appeal by way of retrial and third-party objection.

###### Article 738-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 and Law 529 dated 1996/6/20 and Law 4 dated 1989/1/5 
The rules, effects, and procedures applicable before the Court of Cassation apply to cassation requests considered by the General Assembly, unless otherwise provided. 
All decisions issued by the General Assembly, regardless of their subject, are not subject to any means of appeal, including suing the state regarding liability arising from judges' actions. 
The procedures before the Court of Cassation are followed, except for the appeal period, in the cases specified in clause 3 of Article 95. 
The procedures before the Court of Cassation are also followed in the cases specified in clause /4/ of Article /95/, including the appeal period which starts from the date of notification of the decision subject to objection. 
The objection does not suspend the execution of the contested decision unless the General Assembly decides to suspend execution against a guarantee specifying its type and amount, provided that the General Assembly may not suspend the execution of decisions related to alimony, custody, and expedited execution decisions unless there is an important reason justifying it. 
The public prosecution is represented in the public trial by the public prosecutor or his delegate from the public attorneys, and it expresses its opinion on the cases presented.

###### Article 739-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
Subject to the provisions of Article 6 of the Law of October 21, 1980, concerning the consideration of individual labor disputes and disputes arising from the application of the Social Security Law, the reasons, procedures, and effects of cassation provided for in this law apply to appeals against judgments issued by labor arbitration councils. 
Appellate decisions issued in demarcation and liberation cases are subject to appeal by way of cassation according to the rules provided in this section.

###### Article 740-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The term "cassation" is replaced by the term "distinction" in any text where it appears in this sense.

#### Suing the State Regarding Liability Arising from the Acts of Judicial Judges Fourth

###### Article 741-

The state may be sued regarding liability arising from the actions of a judge, whether they are involved in judgment, investigation, or the public prosecution, in all cases where such a lawsuit is permitted by a specific provision and in the following cases: 
1- Refusal to administer justice. 
2- Deception or fraud. 
3- Bribery. 
4- Gross error that a judge who pays ordinary attention to their duties is assumed not to commit.

###### Article 742-

Before filing a lawsuit against the state due to a judge's refusal to administer justice, the aggrieved party must warn the judge twice to perform their duty with two petitions, each separated by seven days, directed to them through the court clerk. The clerk must forward them within twenty-four hours under penalty of disciplinary sanctions in case of delay. 
After ten days have passed since the submission of the second petition without the judge responding to the applicant's request in any way, the lawsuit against the state becomes admissible.

###### Article 743-

The General Assembly of the Court of Cassation shall consider the lawsuit filed against the state in the aforementioned cases.

###### Article 744-

The lawsuit must be filed within two months from the date of notification of the judgment or action or the date the conditions for refusal to administer justice are met according to the provisions of Article 742, unless it is based on fraud, deception, or bribery and this reason was not known until after the notification of the judgment or action, in which case the period begins from the date of knowledge of that reason.

###### Article 745-

The lawsuit is filed by a summons directed to the state, and it must include a statement of the judgment or action complained of by the plaintiff and the reason or reasons on which the lawsuit is based and the supporting evidence. 
The parties in whose favor the judgment was issued must be included in the trial.

###### Article 746-

The summons is not accepted unless it is signed by a lawyer expressly authorized to file the mentioned lawsuit. 
However, if the concerned party is unable to appoint a lawyer and the Bar Association President refuses to appoint a lawyer to file the lawsuit based on the Law of Advocacy, the concerned party may sign the summons themselves after proving this refusal.

###### Article 747-

The plaintiff must deposit a security equivalent to the security for a cassation appeal with their summons.

###### Article 748-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6 
If the summons contains offensive phrases not justified by the right of defense, its signatory is subject to a fine ranging from four hundred thousand to eight hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, imposed by the General Assembly, without prejudice to disciplinary or criminal prosecution.

###### Article 749-

Filing the summons against the state does not result in the suspension of the execution of the judgment complained of; however, the General Assembly may decide to suspend the execution or allow it according to the rules and conditions stipulated in Article 723.

###### Article 750-

The General Assembly first examines whether the lawsuit meets its legal conditions and the seriousness of its reasons, and thus its admissibility. 
If it is decided not to accept the lawsuit or if the request is rejected on the merits, the plaintiff loses the security they deposited and is ordered to compensate the defendant as estimated by the General Assembly.

###### Article 751-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The judge attributed with the cause of the lawsuit may intervene in the trial at any time to present their statements and request compensation against the plaintiff if necessary. 
The judge may not be involved in the trial except by a decision from the General Assembly based on a request from the defendant. 
The judge attributed with the cause of the lawsuit may not perform any of their duties related to the plaintiff from the time the summons is filed.

###### Article 752-

If the lawsuit is accepted, the decision is notified to the defendant within three days, and they may submit a written response within fifteen days from the date of notification. This response is notified to the plaintiff, who has the right to reply within a similar period. 
After the plaintiff submits their reply, the defendant may submit their final response within fifteen days of receiving the reply, then a session for pleading is set, and the trial is conducted in secret. The public prosecution presents its opinion in writing or orally.

###### Article 753-

In the event of a judgment confirming the request based on refusal to administer justice, the defendants are ordered to compensate the plaintiff for the damage caused to them and to refer the main lawsuit to another judge for consideration.

###### Article 754-

In the event of a judgment confirming the lawsuit based on deception, fraud, bribery, or gross error, the judgment or action complained of is annulled, and the plaintiff is compensated for the damage caused to them.

###### Article 755-

The annulment of the judgment or action complained of returns the case to the state it was in before the judgment or action complained of, and proceedings resume based on a list of demands.

###### Article 756-

The judge whose judgment or action was annulled does not participate in considering the main lawsuit and is automatically removed from considering it. 
If the lawsuit was filed regarding a judgment or action issued by a chamber of the court, the main lawsuit is referred to another chamber after the annulment of the judgment or action.

###### Article 757-

If the judgment or decision complained of was executed before the decision in the lawsuit filed against the state was issued, and then a contrary judgment or decision was issued that could not be executed for some reason, the aggrieved party may resort again to the court that issued the judgment or decision that could not be executed to request compensation against the other party for the damage caused to them and not compensated for. 
The judgment or decision issued in the compensation request is subject to the same appeal procedures as the judgment or decision that could not be executed.

###### Article 758-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
If the judgment is issued against the state for compensation, it has the right to recourse against the judge before the General Assembly of the Court of Cassation. 
The state may also recourse against the party in whose favor the annulled judgment or decision was executed, as referred to in Article 757, to the extent of the compensation it has borne due to this execution, in accordance with Article 754. The lawsuit is filed before the General Assembly of the Court of Cassation.

###### Article 759-

If a judgment is issued against the state, it may, in the cases specified in clauses 2, 3, and 4 of Article 741, file a lawsuit to challenge the judge before the General Assembly of the Court of Cassation, within the time limits and according to the procedures stipulated in this section, considering the state as the plaintiff, with the aim of annulling the mentioned judgment and then reconsidering the case anew according to the provisions of Articles 755 and 756. The state may demand appropriate compensation from the judge in the same lawsuit in case of annulment of the judgment, and it has the right to revert to the other party according to the provisions of Article 757.

###### Article 760-

Judgments issued in lawsuits filed against or by the state shall be notified to the Supreme Judicial Council and the Judicial Inspection Authority.

###### Article 761-

The provisions of this fourth section (Articles 741 to 760) shall apply immediately upon the publication of this law in the Official Gazette to all pending lawsuits challenging judges before the General Assembly of the Court of Cassation. The plaintiff shall have a period of two months to correct their lawsuit according to these provisions, starting from the publication of this law.

# Disputes and Various Procedures Second

## Arbitration First

### Rules of Arbitration in Domestic Law First

##### Article 762-

Amended according to Law No. 440 dated 29/7/2002 
The contracting parties may include in the commercial or civil contract concluded between them a clause stipulating that all amicable disputes arising from the validity, interpretation, or execution of this contract shall be resolved through arbitration. The state and public law entities, regardless of the nature of the contract subject to the dispute, may resort to arbitration. As of the effective date of this amending law, the arbitration clause or arbitration agreement in administrative contracts shall not be valid unless approved by a decree issued by the Council of Ministers based on the proposal of the competent minister for the state or the supervisory authority for public law entities.
Text of Article (762) before its amendment by Law No. 440 dated 29/7/2002:
The contracting parties may include in the commercial or civil contract concluded between them a clause stipulating that all amicable disputes arising from the execution or interpretation of this contract shall be resolved through arbitration.

##### Article 763-

The arbitration clause is not valid unless it is written in the main contract or in a document referred to by this contract. 
It must include, under penalty of nullity, the appointment of the arbitrator or arbitrators by their persons or their qualifications or a statement of the method by which they are appointed.

##### Article 764-

If, after the dispute arises, an obstacle occurs in appointing the arbitrator or arbitrators - due to one of the parties or when applying the method of their appointment, their appointment is requested from the President of the Primary Chamber. 
If the President of the Primary Chamber finds that the arbitration clause is clearly void or insufficient to allow the appointment of the arbitrator or arbitrators, he issues a decision confirming this and declares that there is no place for their appointment. The void arbitration clause is considered as if it never existed.

##### Article 765-

An arbitration contract is a contract by which the parties agree to resolve an amicable dispute arising between them through the arbitration of one or several persons.

##### Article 766-

The arbitration contract is not proven except in writing. 
It must include, under penalty of nullity, the determination of the subject of the dispute and the appointment of the arbitrator or arbitrators by their persons or their qualifications or a statement of the method by which they are appointed. 
The arbitration contract is considered void if the appointed arbitrator refuses the task assigned to him.

##### Article 767-

The parties may agree to resolve a dispute through arbitration even if it is the subject of a lawsuit before the judiciary. They can agree that the resolution be according to the provisions of foreign law or foreign custom.

##### Article 768-

The task of the arbitrator is not assigned to anyone other than a natural person, and if the arbitration contract appoints a legal person, its task is limited to organizing the arbitration. 
The arbitrator must not be a minor, under guardianship, deprived of his civil rights, or bankrupt unless his status is restored.

##### Article 769-

The arbitrator must accept the task assigned to him, and this acceptance is proven in writing. 
If there is a reason for recusal in the person of the arbitrator, he must inform the parties, and in this case, he may not accept the task except with the consent of these parties. 
After accepting the task, the arbitrator may not withdraw without a serious reason, otherwise, he may be liable for compensation to the injured party.

##### Article 770-

Amended according to Law No. 440 dated 29/7/2002
Arbitrators may not be dismissed except by the consent of all parties, and they may not be recused from judgment except for reasons that occur or appear after their appointment. 
The recusal is requested for the same reasons that a judge is recused. 
The recusal request is submitted to the Primary Chamber located in the area of the agreed arbitration center, otherwise to the Primary Chamber in Beirut, within fifteen days from the date the recusal requester becomes aware of the arbitrator's appointment or the date the reason for recusal appears thereafter. 
The court's decision in this regard is not subject to any appeal.
Text of Article (770) before its amendment by Law No. 440 dated 29/7/2002:
Arbitrators may not be dismissed except by the consent of all parties. They may not be recused from judgment except for reasons that occur or appear after their appointment. The recusal is requested for the same reasons that a judge is recused. 
The recusal request is submitted to the Primary Chamber located in the area of the agreed arbitration center, otherwise to the Primary Chamber in Beirut, within five days from the date the recusal requester becomes aware of the arbitrator's appointment or the date the reason for recusal appears thereafter.

##### Article 771-

If there are multiple arbitrators, their number must always be odd, otherwise, the arbitration is void. 
If the parties appoint two arbitrators or an even number of arbitrators, another arbitrator must be added, chosen as specified by the parties, otherwise by agreement of the appointed arbitrators, and if they do not agree, he is appointed by a decision of the President of the Primary Chamber.

##### Article 772-

If a natural or legal person is appointed to organize the arbitration, the task of arbitration is entrusted to an arbitrator or several arbitrators accepted by all parties. 
If this acceptance does not occur, the person tasked with organizing the arbitration invites each party to appoint one arbitrator and himself appoints the necessary arbitrator to complete the arbitration panel when necessary. If the parties fail to appoint an arbitrator, the person tasked with organizing the arbitration appoints him. 
It is permissible to directly appoint arbitrators according to the provisions of the second paragraph.

##### Article 773-

If no time limit is specified in the arbitration agreement, whether a clause or a contract, the arbitrators must perform their task within six months at most from the date the last arbitrator accepts his task. 
The time limit, whether agreed or legal, may be extended either by agreement of the parties or by a decision of the President of the Primary Chamber issued upon the request of one of the parties or the arbitration panel.

##### Article 774-

In the cases stipulated in Articles 764, 771, and 773, the President of the Primary Chamber referred to in Article 770, paragraph 2, issues his decision promptly upon the request of one of the parties or the arbitration panel. This decision is not subject to any appeal. 
However, the decision referred to may be appealed when the president has declared in it that there is no place for appointing the arbitrator or arbitrators for one of the reasons specified in the second paragraph of Article 764, and the Court of Appeal considers the appeal promptly.

##### Article 775-

The parties may agree in the arbitration clause, the arbitration contract, or a separate contract that the arbitration be ordinary or absolute, and they may authorize the arbitrator or arbitrators to reconcile the parties.

##### Article 776-

In case of doubt regarding the description of arbitration, it is considered ordinary arbitration. 
In ordinary arbitration, the arbitrator or arbitrators apply the rules of law and the procedures of ordinary litigation, except for those that are inconsistent with the principles of arbitration, especially the rules outlined in this section. 
The parties may exempt the arbitrator or arbitrators from applying the procedures of ordinary litigation or some of them, except those related to public order, provided they are consistent with the rules and principles of arbitration. The exemption cannot specifically include the principles stipulated in articles 365 to 368 and 371 to 374. 
The exemption mentioned is only established by an explicit provision in the arbitration agreement or in a separate agreement.

##### Article 777-

In absolute arbitration, the arbitrator or arbitrators are exempted from applying the rules of law and the procedures of ordinary litigation and judge according to equity. 
This exemption excludes the rules of law related to public order and the fundamental principles of litigation procedures, especially those related to the right of defense and the reasoning of the judgment, as well as the rules specific to the arbitration system. 
Absolute arbitration is only established by an explicit provision in the arbitration agreement or in a separate agreement.

##### Article 778-

The dispute is presented to the arbitrator or arbitrators by the parties jointly or by the one who is more urgent.

##### Article 779-

The investigation is conducted by the arbitrators collectively unless the arbitration contract allows them to delegate one of them for this purpose. 
The arbitrators listen to the statements of third parties without administering an oath. 
The arbitrators refer to the judge or the president of the competent court to hear the dispute in the absence of arbitration to carry out the following: 
1- Ruling on witnesses who fail to appear or refuse to answer with the penalties prescribed in this law.
2- Issuing judicial delegations.

##### Article 780-

If one of the parties possesses evidence, the arbitrators may order its presentation.

##### Article 781-

Subject to any special agreement between the parties, the arbitration proceedings end: 
1- By the dismissal of the arbitrator, their death, the occurrence of an impediment preventing them from performing their duties, or their deprivation of civil rights. 
2- By the arbitrator's refusal or recusal from judging. 
3- By the expiration of the arbitration period.

##### Article 782-

The interruption of arbitration proceedings is subject to the provisions of articles 505 to 508.

##### Article 783-

Unless there is an opposing agreement, the arbitrator may decide on the incident of applying the line according to the provisions of articles 174 to 178.
If forgery is claimed regarding a document presented in the arbitration proceedings, the arbitrator must suspend the proceedings until the incident is resolved by a decision from the competent preliminary chamber to hear the dispute or the judge in the area competent to hear the dispute in the absence of arbitration. The arbitration period is suspended and does not resume until the arbitrators are notified of the decision issued in the incident.

##### Article 784-

If an incidental issue arises during arbitration that falls outside the jurisdiction of the arbitrators, or if a document is contested, or if criminal proceedings are initiated regarding its forgery or a criminal incident related to the dispute, the arbitrators suspend their work, and the period specified for the judgment is suspended until the arbitrators are notified of the final judgment issued in that incidental issue.

##### Article 785-

If one of the parties disputes before the arbitrator the principle or extent of the jurisdiction to hear the case presented to them, they have the authority to decide on this dispute.

##### Article 786-

Third-party intervention in the dispute before the arbitrators is not allowed unless the parties agree to it.

##### Article 787-

The arbitrator or arbitrators determine the date on which the case is considered under review or deliberation in preparation for issuing the decision. 
From this date, it is no longer permissible to submit any request, reason, observation, or document unless requested by the arbitrator or arbitrators.

##### Article 788-

In the case of multiple arbitrators, deliberation among them is conducted secretly, and the decision is issued unanimously or by majority.

##### Article 789-

Amended according to Law No. 440 dated 2002/7/29 
Arbitrators decide the dispute according to the rules specified in article 776 unless the parties authorize them in the arbitration contract to decide it as absolute arbitrators, in which case they apply the rules specified in article 777. 
The arbitrator, in the context of an ongoing arbitration dispute, may order the taking of temporary or precautionary measures deemed necessary by the nature of the dispute according to article 589 of this law. 
The arbitrator may issue interim decisions and may decide on part of the requests before issuing the final decision ending the dispute.
Text of article (789) before its amendment by Law No. 440 dated 2002/7/29:
Arbitrators decide the dispute according to the rules specified in article 776 unless the parties authorize them in the arbitration contract to decide it as absolute arbitrators, in which case they apply the rules specified in article 777.

##### Article 790-

The arbitration decision must include: 
1- The name of the arbitrator or the names of the arbitrators who issued it. 
2- The place and date of its issuance. 
3- The names, titles, and descriptions of the parties and their representatives. 
4- A summary of the facts, requests, and supporting evidence presented by the parties. 
5- The reasons for the decision and its operative part.

##### Article 791-

The arbitration decision is signed by the arbitrator or arbitrators who issued it. 
If a minority of them refuse to sign, the other arbitrators indicate this, and the decision has the same effect as if signed by all of them.

##### Article 792-

Upon the issuance of the arbitration decision, the case is removed from the arbitrator's hands. 
However, the arbitrator retains the authority to interpret the decision, correct any errors or omissions, and complete it if it fails to address one of the requests. The provisions of articles 560 to 563 apply in this regard. 
However, the interpretation, correction, or completion of the decision by the arbitrator is only permissible within the period specified for deciding the dispute, and after this period, the court that would have jurisdiction in the absence of arbitration undertakes the interpretation, correction, or completion of the decision.

##### Article 793-

For the purpose of granting the enforceable form to the arbitration decision, the original of this decision must be deposited with the registry of the preliminary chamber referred to in article 770- paragraph 2, either by one of the arbitrators or the most urgent party. A copy of the arbitration agreement, certified as a true copy by the arbitrators or a competent official authority or the head of the registry after reviewing the original, must be attached to the original decision. The court clerk prepares a report of this deposit.

##### Article 794-

The arbitral award, from the moment it is issued, has the authority of res judicata concerning the dispute it resolved.

##### Article 795-

Amended according to Legislative Decree No. 20 dated 1985/3/23 and Law No. 440 dated 2002/7/29
The arbitral award is not enforceable except by an order on a petition issued by the president of the primary chamber where the original decision was deposited, based on a request from the concerned parties, after reviewing the decision and the arbitration agreement.
If the subject of the arbitration dispute falls under the jurisdiction of the administrative judiciary, the enforceable form is granted by the president of the State Council. In case of refusal, an objection can be made to his decision before the Council of Cases.
The dispute referred to in this paragraph is understood to be the dispute that may arise between the contracting parties in the administrative contract regarding the interpretation or execution of this contract, without requests for annulment due to exceeding the limit of authority, which remains exclusively within the competence of the administrative judiciary.
Text of Article (795) before its amendment by Law No. 440 dated 2002/7/29:
The arbitral award is not enforceable except by an order on a petition issued by the president of the primary chamber where the original decision was deposited, based on a request from the concerned parties, after reviewing the decision and the arbitration agreement.
If the subject of the arbitration dispute falls under the jurisdiction of the administrative judiciary, the enforceable form is granted by the president of the State Council. In case of refusal, an objection can be made to his decision before the Council of Cases.

##### Article 796-

The enforceable form is placed on the original arbitral award deposited and on the original submitted by the applicant for this form, and this latter original is returned to him immediately.
The decision refusing the enforceable form must include a statement of reasons, and the enforceable form may only be refused for one of the annulment reasons stipulated in Article 800.

##### Article 797-

The rules related to the expedited execution of judgments apply to arbitral awards. In the case of appeal or annulment proceedings, the president of the appellate chamber to which the appeal is submitted grants the enforceable form to the arbitral award associated with expedited execution. The Court of Appeal may decide on expedited execution in the cases and under the conditions specified in Article 575.

##### Article 798-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23
The arbitral award is not subject to objection.
This decision may be challenged by a third-party objection before the competent court that would have jurisdiction over the case if not for the arbitration, taking into account the provisions of Article 681, paragraph 1.

##### Article 799-

The arbitral award is subject to appeal unless the parties have waived the right to appeal in the arbitration agreement.
The arbitral award issued by an absolute arbitrator is not subject to appeal unless the parties have expressly reserved the right to file this appeal in the arbitration agreement, in which case the Court of Appeal considers the case as an absolute arbitrator.

##### Article 800-

If the parties have waived the right to appeal or have not expressly reserved the right to appeal as indicated in the previous article, it remains possible for them to challenge the decision issued by the arbitrators by way of annulment despite any contrary agreement.
The challenge by way of annulment is only permissible in the following cases:
1- The decision was issued without an arbitration agreement or based on a void or expired arbitration agreement.
2- The decision was issued by arbitrators not appointed according to the law.
3- The decision exceeded the time limit set for the arbitrator or arbitrators.
4- The decision was issued without observing the right of defense for the parties.
5- The decision does not include all its mandatory data related to the parties' claims, reasons, and supporting means, the names of the arbitrators, the reasons for the decision, its operative part, its date, and the signatures of the arbitrators on it.
6- The decision violates a rule related to public order.

##### Article 801-

If the court to which the annulment challenge is submitted annuls the arbitral award, it considers the subject matter within the limits of the task assigned to the arbitrator, unless the parties agree otherwise.

##### Article 802-

The appeal and the challenge by way of annulment are submitted to the Court of Appeal within whose jurisdiction the arbitral award was issued.
Both the appeal and the challenge by way of annulment are permissible from the issuance of the contested decision, but they are not accepted if submitted after thirty days from the notification of the decision given the enforceable form.

##### Article 803-

Unless the arbitral award is expedited in execution, the time limit for both the appeal and the challenge by way of annulment suspends the execution of the decision, and the challenge submitted within the time limit also suspends its execution.

##### Article 804-

Amended according to Legislative Decree No. 20 dated 1985/3/23 and Law No. 529 dated 1996/6/20 and Law No. 440 dated 2002/7/29
Both the appeal and the challenge by way of annulment are submitted, investigated, and decided according to the rules and procedures established for litigation before the Court of Appeal.
The description given by the parties to the method of challenge when submitting it may be modified or clarified until the end of the challenge period.
The decision issued by the Court of Appeal in the cases mentioned in the first paragraph is not subject to challenge by objection and is subject to cassation according to general rules.
Subject to the provisions of Article 5 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the arbitral award in absolute arbitration is not subject to cassation unless the Court of Appeal annuls the mentioned decision. In this case, cassation is limited to the reasons for annulment.
Text of Article (804) before its amendment by Law No. 440 dated 2002/7/29:
Both the appeal and the challenge by way of annulment are submitted, investigated, and decided according to the rules and procedures established for litigation before the Court of Appeal.
The description given by the parties to the method of challenge when submitting it may be modified or clarified until the end of the challenge period. The decision issued by the Court of Appeal in the cases mentioned in the first paragraph is subject to challenge by objection and cassation according to general rules.

##### Article 805-

The decision granting the enforceable form is not subject to any challenge.
However, the appeal of the arbitral award or the challenge by way of its annulment implicitly, within the limits of the litigation before the Court of Appeal, constitutes a challenge to the decision of the enforceable form or a removal of the authority of the judge competent to issue it.

##### Article 806-

The decision refusing the enforceable form is subject to appeal within thirty days from the date of its notification. In this case, the Court of Appeal may, at the request of the parties, consider the reasons that these parties could have invoked against the arbitral award by way of appeal or annulment as appropriate.

##### Article 807-

The rejection of the appeal or the rejection of the challenge by way of annulment, in whole or in part, grants the enforceable form to the arbitral award or to its sections that were not annulled or invalidated.

##### Article 808-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The arbitral award is subject to challenge by way of retrial for the reasons and under the conditions specified for challenging judgments in this manner. 
This challenge is submitted to the Court of Appeal within whose jurisdiction the arbitral award was issued, and the decision issued by the Court of Appeal is subject to challenge by way of cassation and by way of third-party objection.

### International Arbitration Second

#### General Provisions First

###### Article 809-

Arbitration related to international trade interests is considered international. 
The state and other public legal entities have the right to resort to international arbitration.

###### Article 810-

The arbitration agreement may directly appoint the arbitrator or arbitrators, or refer to an arbitration system to determine the method of their appointment. 
If there is any difficulty in appointing the arbitrator or arbitrators in arbitration taking place in Lebanon or where the Lebanese Code of Civil Procedure is applied, the more urgent party may, if there is no contrary clause, request the appointment by a decision issued by the President of the Preliminary Chamber according to the conditions specified in Article 774 whenever necessary. In the field of applying international arbitration rules, the Beirut Court replaces the court of the arbitration center located abroad.

###### Article 811-

The arbitration agreement may directly specify, or refer to an arbitration system, the procedures to be followed in the arbitration proceedings. It may also subject these proceedings to a specific procedural law determined in the agreement. 
If there is no provision in the agreement, the arbitrator applies, as deemed appropriate, the procedures he finds suitable, either directly or by resorting to a specific law or an arbitration system.

###### Article 812-

When international arbitration is subject to Lebanese law, the provisions of Articles 762 to 792 do not apply unless there are no special agreements, and subject to the provisions of Articles 810 and 811.

###### Article 813-

The arbitrator resolves the dispute according to the legal rules chosen by the parties, or otherwise according to the rules he finds appropriate. In all these cases, he considers commercial customs. 
He resolves the dispute as an absolute arbitrator if the parties' agreement specifies his task in this manner.

#### Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards Issued Abroad or in International Arbitration Second

###### Article 814-

Arbitral awards are recognized and given enforceable status if the person invoking them proves their existence and they are not clearly contrary to international public order. 
The existence of the arbitral award is proven by presenting its original accompanied by the arbitration agreement or certified copies of these documents authenticated by the arbitrators or any competent authority. If these documents are in a foreign language, they must be translated by a sworn translator.

###### Article 815-

The provisions of Articles 793 to 797 apply to the arbitral award. 
If the arbitration took place abroad, a certified copy of the arbitral award may be submitted for the purpose of registration and granting enforceable status.

#### Methods of Appeal Against Arbitral Decisions Issued Abroad or in International Arbitration Third

###### Article 816-

The decision that refuses to recognize an arbitral award issued abroad or in international arbitration or to grant it enforceability is subject to appeal.

###### Article 817-

The appeal of the decision granting recognition or enforceability is only permissible in the following cases: 
1- The decision was issued without an arbitration agreement or based on an invalid or expired arbitration agreement. 
2- The decision was issued by arbitrators not appointed according to the law. 
3- The decision exceeds the time limit set for the arbitrators. 
4- The decision was issued without observing the right of defense for the parties. 
5- The decision violates a rule related to international public order.

###### Article 818-

The appeal mentioned in the previous articles is not accepted after thirty days from the notification of the initial decision.

###### Article 819-

The international arbitral award issued in Lebanon is subject to annulment in the cases mentioned in Article 817.
The order granting enforceability to this decision is not subject to any appeal. However, the appeal of this latter decision by way of annulment implicitly includes, within the limits of the dispute before the Court of Appeal, an appeal of the enforceability decision or a removal of the jurisdiction of the judge competent to issue this decision. 
The appeal is submitted to the Court of Appeal in whose jurisdiction the arbitral award was issued. 
The appeal is permissible from the date of issuance of the decision. However, it is not accepted after thirty days from the date of notification of the decision granted enforceability.

###### Article 820-

Unless the arbitral award is immediately enforceable, the appeal period suspends its execution, and the execution is also suspended by the appeal submitted within the period.

###### Article 821-

Amended according to Law No. 440 dated 29/7/2002 
Articles 804 new and 805 paragraph 2 apply to this section, excluding other articles related to methods of appeal in domestic arbitration.
Text of Article (821) before its amendment by Law No. 440 dated 29/7/2002:
Articles 804 paragraph 1 and 805 paragraph 2 apply to this section, excluding other articles related to methods of appeal in domestic arbitration.

## Actual Offer and Deposit. Second

#### Article 822-

The debtor who wishes to discharge his obligation towards his creditor may offer to the latter, through the notary public, the item or amount he considers himself indebted with, and deposit it with the same notary public or, if it is a sum of money, deposit it through and in the name of the latter in an acceptable bank or in the treasury.
If the item offered cannot be transported to the notary public's office, the debtor offers the creditor to receive it at a specified location, and the notary public gives the necessary authorization for its delivery.
The notary public shall draft a report to document the offer and deposit, including a clear identification of the item offered and its location, and shall promptly notify the person to whom the offer is made with a copy.

#### Article 823-

The creditor must take a stance by accepting or rejecting the offer, either by a statement recorded on the notification document or by a statement submitted to the notary public within forty-eight hours at most from the date of notification, and acceptance cannot be conditional or reserved. In case of rejection of the offer, the notary public must notify the debtor.
If the creditor declares acceptance of the offer, the notary public may deliver to him the item or amount deposited with or in his name or located at the place specified in the offer. If he does not claim it, he bears the risk of its loss, and the debtor is discharged from the debt.
If the creditor rejects the offer and the item offered is not in the possession of the notary public and can be transported, the debtor may request from the urgent matters judge within two days from the date of being notified of the creditor's rejection to authorize its deposit at the location designated by the judge. If the item is intended to remain where it is, the debtor may request the aforementioned judge to place it under custody.

#### Article 824-

The debtor, under penalty of losing the effects of the offer and deposit, must file a lawsuit within ten days from the date of being notified of the creditor's rejection to prove the validity of the offer and deposit.
The creditor has ten days from the date of issuing his rejection to file a lawsuit to prove the invalidity of the offer and deposit.
The lawsuit filed to prove the validity or invalidity of the offer and deposit is submitted according to the rules established for filing lawsuits.
This lawsuit may be submitted as an incidental request in an original lawsuit according to the procedures related to incidental requests.

#### Article 825-

The judgment declaring the validity of the offer and deposit announces the discharge of the debtor from the date of the offer and deposit, and from the date of deposit, the interest on the debt amount ceases to accrue, the debtor's liability for delay in payment is lifted, and the expenses and risks are transferred to the creditor.

#### Article 826-

The debtor may make the offer in the session before the court without further procedures if the person to whom the offer is directed is present.
The court decides, upon rejection of the offer, to deposit the offered amount in the treasury in exchange for a receipt in its name. The clerk drafts a report documenting the deposit and what was mentioned in the session report regarding the offer and its rejection. If the item offered in the session is not money, the offeror must request the court to appoint a custodian for it. The judgment issued appointing the custodian is not subject to any appeal.
The offeror may immediately request a judgment declaring the validity of the offer.

# Execution Third

## General Provisions First

### The Execution Department and Its General Jurisdiction One

##### Article 827-

A department for execution is linked to the Court of First Instance, headed by the single judge in the area to which it belongs. In the case of multiple single judges, it is headed by the one assigned this task. 
The head of the execution department is assisted by one or more execution officers from the judicial assistants. 
The term "execution department" replaces the term "enforcement department" in any text where it appears.

##### Article 828-

The execution department is responsible for executing judgments, decisions, and orders issued by courts of all kinds that include obligations requiring execution by taking measures on assets or persons, official documents, and other documents that the law permits to be executed, and for ordering precautionary seizures, while observing the provisions of laws that assign such tasks to other authorities.
Regarding judgments issued by criminal courts, execution is limited to personal rights. 
If the judgment is enforceable in its original form, it may be executed either by the court's registry that issued it or by the execution department.

##### Article 829-

Except where a contrary provision exists, the head of the execution department is competent to issue decisions and orders related to execution, and is exclusively competent to resolve the substance of issues related to execution procedures, making decisions on them promptly.
The head of the execution department may decide, according to the procedures followed in urgent matters, to suspend execution and require the party raising a non-procedural issue to refer to the court of substance within a deadline set for them, under penalty of continuing execution if the referral is not made within the deadline. Based on a lawsuit filed by the debtor of a monetary debt against the creditor within the warning period, aiming to grant them time for payment, the head may decide, according to the conditions outlined in Articles 538 and 539, to grant the debtor a period not exceeding six months without preventing precautionary measures from being taken. 
In all cases, the head of the execution department may temporarily suspend execution with or without a guarantee, even without summoning the opponent, until a decision is issued.

##### Article 830-

Jurisdiction for executing judicial judgments, decisions, and orders lies with the department located at the center of the Court of First Instance that heard the adjudicated case, or at the center of the Court of Appeal if the judgment was issued by this court or its president in a case filed directly with either. 
Jurisdiction for executing foreign judgments and Lebanese or foreign arbitration decisions lies with the department competent to execute court judgments issued by its president's decision of enforceability. 
Jurisdiction for executing official and ordinary written documents and other directly executable papers lies with the department to which the actual or chosen domicile of the debtor belongs, or their residence if they have no domicile, or the domicile of one of the multiple debtors, or the place designated for fulfilling the obligation, unless execution concerns movable or immovable property, in which case jurisdiction lies with the execution department in the area where the property is located. In the case of multiple properties in different locations, jurisdiction lies with the department in the area where one of these properties is located. 
The provisions of this article apply to precautionary seizures.

##### Article 831-

If the assets to be executed upon, or some of them, are located outside the area of the department requested to execute, it must delegate the department in whose area the assets are located to carry out the execution tasks and deposit the collected assets.

##### Article 832-

The execution officer, under the supervision of the head of the department, performs all necessary execution tasks, especially the following: 
1- Receiving petitions and documents, registering them in the records with sequential numbers, and providing the submitter with a receipt without a stamp, organizing a file for each case, and a report in which transactions and the president's decisions are recorded, and this report is signed.
2- Collecting amounts paid in settlement of the debt and depositing them in the treasury fund and distributing them, and collecting amounts obtained from the sale of seized assets and depositing them in an acceptable bank according to the president's decision and distributing them. 
The execution officer may, when necessary, seek the assistance of public force directly or through the department's presidency or the public prosecution. They may place seals without prior authorization from their superior.

##### Article 833-

Anyone who unlawfully resists the execution officer after being informed of their official capacity is subject to the penalty stipulated in Article 379 of the Penal Code.

##### Article 834-

Employees of execution departments are prohibited, under penalty of the punishment stipulated in Article 364 of the Penal Code, from purchasing themselves or through intermediaries or on behalf of others, assets offered at public auction or seized by the department to which they belong.

### General Rules in Execution Second

##### Article 835-

Forced execution is not permitted except with an enforceable instrument. Enforceable instruments are judgments, decisions, judicial orders, enforceable arbitration awards, official and ordinary documents, and other papers that the law considers directly enforceable.

##### Article 836-

Subject to the provisions of expedited execution, a judgment is not subject to forced execution unless it has the finality status as defined in Article 553.

##### Article 837-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The execution request is submitted with a petition deposited at the execution office and includes the name of the applicant for execution, their surname, domicile, and capacity, as well as the name of the person against whom execution is sought, their surname, domicile, and capacity, along with a statement of the instrument to be executed, the amount of the debt or the nature of the obligation, and the assets to be seized. The instrument to be executed must be attached to the request. 
The petition must also include the designation of a chosen domicile for the applicant for execution within the jurisdiction of the execution office if they do not have a domicile there.
If the applicant for execution does not designate a chosen domicile in the petition in the aforementioned case, the office of the execution department is considered their chosen domicile, and notifications related to them are then made to the head of the execution department, and a copy of the document to be notified is posted on the notice board at the department's door. 
Any objection to the execution must include the designation of a chosen domicile for the objector within the jurisdiction of the execution office if they do not have a domicile there, otherwise, the provisions of the previous paragraph must be followed.
The person against whom execution is sought, who does not have a domicile within the jurisdiction of the execution office, must designate a chosen domicile in that jurisdiction by a declaration recorded on the document notifying them of the execution request or procedural warning, or submit it to the execution officer within the warning period, otherwise, the provisions of the third paragraph of this article apply. 
If the applicant for execution or the person against whom execution is sought is represented by a lawyer, their office is considered their chosen domicile, and they may be notified there wherever this office is located. 
The previous rules apply whether the execution is requested by the creditor or by the debtor voluntarily.

##### Article 838-

The instrument to be executed must be notified to the person against whom execution is sought, personally or at their domicile, with a warning for voluntary execution within a maximum period of five days. Notification of the instrument is dispensed with if it has been previously notified to the person against whom execution is sought. The enforceable judgment is executed on its original without warning.

##### Article 839-

If the execution of the judgment or instrument is contingent upon fulfilling an obligation or providing a guarantor, the applicant for execution must attach to their petition the documents proving the fulfillment of the obligation or the provision of the guarantee. Instead of a guarantee, a sum of money, securities, or guarantees acceptable to the judge may be deposited, or the applicant for execution may accept the deposit of the execution proceeds with an acceptable bank or the delivery of the adjudicated item to a custodian. The opponent may dispute before the execution office against the applicant for execution regarding the solvency of the guarantor or custodian or the sufficiency of the deposited money and provided guarantees, and the decision issued in this regard is not subject to any appeal.

##### Article 840-

Creditors of the person against whom execution is sought, if their debt meets the legal conditions for execution, have the right to participate in the execution seizure proceedings on movable or immovable property according to the rules stipulated in this law. 
Anyone who legally or contractually replaces the creditor in their right takes their place in the execution procedures taken.

##### Article 841-

If the debtor dies or loses capacity or the legal representative's status is removed before submitting the execution request, execution is not permitted against their heirs or successors except after five days from the date of notifying them of the enforceable instrument. 
After submitting the execution request, the provisions of Articles 505 to 508 apply.

##### Article 842-

If the creditor or debtor dies and a dispute arises regarding the status of the heirs or it is impossible to appoint them, the head of the execution office may, upon the request of the claimant of inheritance or the interested party, impose a precautionary seizure and appoint a representative for the heirs.

##### Article 843-

If a full year passes without the applicant for execution or one of the participants in the execution proceedings taking action to follow it up, these proceedings are nullified by a decision made by the head of the execution office upon the request of one of the parties involved or automatically, after notifying the parties to submit their comments within a five-day period, unless a decision to suspend execution has been issued or a legal obstacle has prevented the continuation of the execution proceedings. 
This nullification results in the invalidation of the execution request and subsequent procedures unless their effects have been exhausted. The nullification does not eliminate the effect of interrupting the statute of limitations.

##### Article 844-

The provisions of Articles 10 and 11 of this law apply to the applicant for execution and the objector to this execution if they are abusive in their request or objection.

##### Article 845-

In principle, the rules of execution for a monetary debt apply to execution under a specific obligation. The judgment issued for the custody, preservation, or delivery of a minor to the guardian may be executed forcibly, even if it requires the use of force and entering the home. It may be re-executed whenever necessary.

##### Article 846-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6
Parties in execution must seek the assistance of a lawyer in cases exceeding the value of one million Lebanese pounds.

### Execution of Written Instruments and Commitments Third

##### Article 847-

Every creditor with a personal or real right arising from a contract or commitment proven by an official or ordinary document may request the execution of this document against their debtor directly through the competent execution department.
The enforceable official document is the original document or the first copy identical to the original. In case of loss of the first copy, the judge of urgent matters decides on the request to issue a second enforceable copy after duly summoning the parties.

##### Article 848-

The execution request is submitted to the execution department with jurisdiction according to the third paragraph of Article 830.

##### Article 849-

A copy of the execution request related to a real property right is notified to the real estate registry office through the assistant office for registration in the real estate register. The copy may be delivered to the execution requester for deposit with this reference.
The real estate registrar must notify the execution department without delay of the registration or any obstacle preventing it.

##### Article 850-

The execution department notifies the executed against party with a copy of the execution request and the document to be executed, warning them to fulfill within ten days or to submit their objection to the execution within this period before the competent court. Upon the expiration of this period without submitting the objection, the document becomes unchallengeable except for the reason of total or partial absence of the right.
This last appeal does not stop the execution unless it is based on forgery.
If forgery of the document is claimed before the criminal courts, the head of the execution department decides to suspend the execution until the claim is resolved by a final decision. If forgery is claimed before the civil court, this court decides on the request to suspend the execution, and its decision is notified to the execution department for implementation.
The first paragraph of this article must be included in the notification document under penalty of nullity of this notification.

##### Article 851-

The executed against party may object to the execution within the ten-day period mentioned in the previous article by submitting a summons to the competent court in the area where the execution department is located. They must attach any documents they have to their summons.

##### Article 852-

Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996/6/20
The court clerk notifies the execution department with a copy of the summons containing the objection to the execution on the day it is submitted. The objection does not stop the execution of debt documents, but the court may suspend this execution or condition it on a guarantee if it finds that the objection is based on serious grounds.
If the subject of the execution is not a debt document, the objection to it suspends the execution until the first instance court issues a judgment dismissing it.
In all cases, the objection or suspension of execution does not prevent taking precautionary measures to preserve the right of the execution requester.
The judgment dismissing the objection to the execution or determining the execution requester's right in a specific manner is enforceable immediately and executed on its original. However, the court may condition its execution on providing a guarantee it specifies.
Half of the proportional fee due on the execution of judicial judgments and official documents is collected for the execution of debt documents.
The provisions of this article, as amended by this law, apply only to execution requests submitted after its enactment, and previously submitted requests remain subject to the legal provisions in force at the time of their submission.

##### Article 853-

If the executed against party does not object to the execution or explicitly declares that they do not object to it, they are exempt from the non-urgent portion of the judicial fees, and the execution is carried out without collecting this portion from the execution requester.

##### Article 854-

If the objection only concerns part of the claimed right, the execution continues for the other part.

##### Article 855-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6
Both the objector to the execution and the execution requester must be represented by a lawyer before the court unless the subject of the dispute has a specific value not exceeding one million Lebanese pounds.

##### Article 856-

Appeals against judgments in execution objections that are appealable must be filed within ten days from the date of their issuance if the parties are informed of this date, without the need to submit a copy of them.

### Subject of Execution and What Cannot Be Seized Fourth

##### Article 857-

The debtor may, at any stage of the proceedings before the sale takes place, deposit an amount of money equal to the debt of the creditors and participants in the seizure, including interest and expenses. This deposit results in the removal of the seizure from the seized assets and its transfer to the deposited amount, which is allocated to satisfy the debt of the creditors and participants exclusively.

##### Article 858-

A creditor with a right of privilege, mortgage, or insurance on one or some of the debtor's assets is not obliged to first execute on these assets.

##### Article 859-

If the value of the debt for which the precautionary seizure was made is less than the value of the seized assets, the debtor may request the head of the execution department to limit the seizure to some of these assets, provided that their value is not less than twice the value of the debt for which the seizure was made. This is done through a lawsuit filed according to the procedures prescribed for urgent cases, involving all the seizing creditors. 
The seizing creditors have priority in satisfying their rights from the assets on which the seizure is limited. If the seizure relates to real estate, the decision to limit the seizure must be registered in the real estate registry to confirm the mentioned priority right.

##### Article 860-

Amended according to Legislative Decree No. 20 dated 1985/3/23 and Legislative Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7
and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6
Seizure cannot be imposed on assets that the law prohibits from being seized and on the following assets: 
1- State assets and other public legal entities. 
2- Foreign state assets, except those subject to private law dealings. 
3- Rights inherent to the debtor's person. 
4- Private correspondence. 
5- The author's right to his works and artistic effects before their publication, and his right to republish, translate, or present them in a new form. 
6- Endowment property. 
7- Easement rights and accessory real rights if requested to be seized independently of the related property. 
8- Items prepared for clothing and necessary bedding for the debtor and his family. 
9- Items necessary for the debtor to perform his religious duty. 
10- Items prepared for consumption, fuel, and types of income necessary for the debtor and his family's sustenance for two months, and what the farmer's land needs in terms of seed grains for the season. 
11- Tools specific to the debtor's work, and books necessary for his profession, not exceeding a value of two million Lebanese pounds. The debtor retains the right to choose what to keep. 
12- Machines and tools used for education and the application of sciences and arts or their practice within the limits and conditions specified in the previous clause. 
13- One cow or six sheep or ten goats and the materials necessary to feed them for two months for those who use them for their craft or work. 
14- Items or amounts determined by the judiciary for alimony or for a specific purpose. 
15- Family compensation, cost of living compensation, and amounts granted to employees, workers, and servants as aid. 
16- Severance compensation for public sector employees and their retirement pensions, provided that they may be seized up to half for a state debt or food alimony established by a judgment, with food alimony taking precedence over state debt. 
17- Amounts or funds gifted or bequeathed with a stipulation of non-seizure or non-assignment. The period of seizure prevention for these amounts or funds is determined to be ten years from the date the gifted or bequeathed person takes possession, and only creditors who become creditors after the mentioned period have the right to seize the mentioned funds or amounts. 
18- The debt that constitutes a provision for a commercial paper in circulation. 
19- Canceled. 
20- The entire commercial establishment and its intangible elements without prejudice to the provisions of bankruptcy and Legislative Decree No. 11 issued on July 11, 1967. However, its tangible elements may be seized through executive seizure. 
The provisions of the Banking Secrecy Law are observed.

##### Article 861-

The provisions of the previous article do not apply concerning paragraphs 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 to the creditor claiming the price of the items mentioned in these paragraphs and in the possession of the debtor or for their maintenance expenses, nor to the creditor whose debt arose from providing foodstuffs.

##### Article 862-

If the execution officer finds promissory notes or bills of exchange belonging to the debtor during the seizure, he shall take possession of them and collect their value. If their maturity date is distant, the head of the execution department orders their sale at public auction and allows the buyer to collect their value.

##### Article 863-

Subject to the provisions of Article 15 of Legislative Decree No. 25 issued on May 4, 1943, concerning work emergencies, and Article 57 of the Social Security Law issued on September 26, 1963, wages and retirement pensions of employees, workers, and servants, and salaries of public sector employees may only be seized according to the following percentages: 
1- One-tenth of what does not exceed the official minimum wage. 
2- One-fifth of what exceeds this limit and does not exceed three times it. 
3- One-third of what exceeds three times it and does not exceed six times it. 
4- Half of what exceeds six times it and does not exceed nine times it. 
5- The full amount of what exceeds nine times it. 
The original salary, wage, or retirement pension considered for determining the seizable value includes any amount exceeding this salary as a supplement, such as bonuses and other increases. 
Severance compensation for employees, workers, and servants may only be seized according to the aforementioned percentages, provided that the official minimum wage is calculated on an annual basis.

##### Article 864-

Subject to the provisions of clause 5 of the previous article, wages and retirement pensions of employees, workers, and servants, their severance compensations, and salaries of public sector employees may be seized up to half in the following cases: 
1- For a state debt. 
2- For the price of foodstuffs. 
3- For alimony debt.

##### Article 865-

Assignment is only permissible for another part of the salaries, wages, retirement pensions, and severance compensations mentioned in the previous articles equivalent to the seizable part.

## Provisional Seizure Second

#### Article 866-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The creditor may request the head of the execution department to authorize the imposition of a precautionary seizure on the debtor's assets to secure his debt. However, this seizure is not permissible for a debt that is not due or conditional on an unfulfilled condition, except in the cases specified in Article 111 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts. 
If the debt is not evidenced by a document, the head of the execution department may decide to impose a precautionary seizure whenever there is evidence suggesting the existence of this debt.

#### Article 867-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The request for seizure is submitted with a petition accompanied by the debt documents and other necessary documents.
If the debt is not specified in amount, the head of the execution department must temporarily estimate it, adding to the principal debt the due interest, one year's interest not yet due, and the expected fees and expenses.

#### Article 868-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The head of the execution department issues a decision to seize, reject, or restrict it with a guarantee or temporary estimation of the debt without prior warning to the debtor. 
The decision rejecting the seizure request is subject to appeal within the deadline and according to the procedures related to orders on petitions. As for the decision to impose the seizure and the temporary estimation of the debt, it can be appealed before the judge who issued it within five days from the date of notification, and this appeal is considered according to the procedures followed in urgent matters.

#### Article 869-

The execution officer carries out the necessary actions and procedures to impose the seizure on the assets decided to be seized and notifies the seizure decision to the real estate registry office through the assistant office if it concerns real estate, or to the competent official departments for keeping the records of the seized assets or documenting the transactions related to them, as well as notifying the seizure decision to the debtor after the seizure is imposed.
The procedures applicable to the seizure of movable property are applied to the precautionary seizure of movables, and the procedures applicable to the seizure of real estate are applied to the precautionary seizure of real estate, except for those that do not align with the nature and purpose of the precautionary seizure.

#### Article 870-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The seizure is nullified if the seizing party does not submit a request to execute his executive document or a claim to the competent court to rule in his favor for the debt causing the seizure, within five days from the date of the seizure decision, unless this request or claim has been previously submitted. The seizing party must prove that he has done so within five days from the date of receiving a written notification from the execution department, otherwise, the head of the execution department will automatically declare the nullification of the seizure. 
However, it is permissible to submit a request to execute a non-due debt document to prevent the nullification of the seizure, provided that execution procedures are not initiated before maturity. 
A copy of the request to execute the document or the claim mentioned in the first paragraph is notified to all departments to which the seizure decision was notified. The notification is carried out at the request of the seizing party through the execution department or the court clerk, as appropriate. 
The execution department notifies the decision of the nullification of the seizure to all departments to which the seizure decision was notified to delete its annotation.

#### Article 871-

The precautionary seizure is converted into an executive seizure upon the issuance of an enforceable judgment proving the creditor's right, and if the seizure is based on a document or paper directly enforceable, it is not converted until the expiration of the warning period without objection to the execution.

#### Article 872-

The executive seizure proceedings take their normal course at the request of the seizing party without the need for a new seizure, and the head of the execution department declares the conversion of the precautionary seizure into an executive seizure, and the execution officer notifies this conversion to the real estate registry office if the seized asset is real estate or to the competent department if it is an item subject to registration with this department.

#### Article 873-

The person whose assets are seized may request the head of the execution department, in confrontation with the seizing party, to lift the seizure if he provides a guarantee that ensures the creditor's right equivalent to the value of the debt causing the seizure and its accessories. 
The head of the execution department estimates the nature and amount of this guarantee.

#### Article 874-

The seizure can be lifted at the request of the seizing party without the need to notify and summon the person whose assets are seized.

#### Article 875-

Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996/6/20 
The precautionary seizure on movables prevents the person whose assets are seized from disposing of the property in a manner transferring ownership or arranging any rights on it.
If the seized asset is real estate or movable, its records are preserved, and the transactions related to it are documented in the official departments. The person whose assets are seized can dispose of it or arrange any rights on it and divide it, provided that the new owner or the right acquirer bears the consequences of this seizure and the results of the main lawsuit related to the debt causing the seizure. In all cases, the exploitation of the seized asset and the enjoyment of its yield remain with the person whose assets are seized unless the head of the execution department appoints a judicial custodian for this asset.

#### Article 876-

If the assets seized as a precaution are in the possession of a third party, the officer executing the seizure delivers to this person a copy of the seizure decision and a copy of the report related to the seizure of the assets in his possession.

## Sequestration of Entitlement Third

#### Article 877-

Anyone with a right of privilege or pursuit over movable property may request from the head of the enforcement department where those items are located to authorize the imposition of a claim seizure on them.

#### Article 878-

In cases where the true owner is legally entitled to claim ownership of movable property from the possessor, that owner may request authorization to impose a claim seizure on it.

#### Article 879-

The rules applicable to precautionary seizure are followed in claim seizure, but it cannot be lifted in exchange for a guarantee.

#### Article 880-

The judgment establishing the right includes a ruling to return the seized item to its true owner or to the place where it should be.

## Seizure with a Third Party Fourth

#### Article 881-

Every creditor has the right to request from the head of the execution department to seize what belongs to his debtor with a third party from the following funds: 
1- Monetary amounts and debts, even if deferred or conditional. 
2- Securities priced or priceable on the stock exchange and issued in the form of shares or nominal or mixed bonds, and revenues and profit shares in companies. 
3- Shares in companies even before their dissolution, regardless of the contrary provisions in Article 909 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts and the preemptive rights of purchase belonging to the company and other partners, provided that the provisions of Article 897, paragraph 3 of the present law are observed. 
4- Fungible items and movable property.

#### Article 882-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The request for seizure is submitted with a petition accompanied by debt documents and other necessary documents. 
- If the debt for which precautionary seizure is requested with a third party is not secured by a document, the head of the execution department may decide to impose this seizure whenever he has evidence suggesting the existence of the mentioned debt. However, this seizure is not permissible to secure a debt that is not due or conditional on an unfulfilled condition except in the cases specified in Article 111 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts.

#### Article 883-

A creditor whose liability is occupied by a debt in favor of his debtor may request the seizure of this debt under his hand unless it has been settled by way of set-off. This is done by notifying the seizure to the seized party. 
The head of the execution department, upon a request submitted by the seized party or any interested party facing the seizer, may order the latter to deposit the money in the department's treasury or an acceptable bank within a specified period. If not deposited within this period, the seizure is automatically annulled and its annulment is declared by a decision from the head of the department upon a request submitted by the depositor facing the seizer. 
The head of the execution department considers each of the mentioned requests according to the procedures followed in urgent matters.

#### Article 884-

If the debt causing the seizure is not of a specified amount, the head of the execution department must estimate its value temporarily, provided that the principal debt includes the due interest, one year's interest not yet due, and the expected fees and expenses.

#### Article 885-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The head of the execution department issues a decision for precautionary seizure with a third party or its rejection or its restriction with a guarantee or the temporary estimation of the debt without prior warning to the debtor. 
The decision rejecting the seizure request is subject to appeal within the deadlines and according to the procedures related to orders on petitions. As for the decision imposing the seizure and the temporary estimation of the debt, it is subject to appeal before the judge who issued it within five days from the date of its notification. This appeal is considered according to the procedures followed in urgent matters. 
The provisions of Articles 873 and 874 apply to the seizure with a third party in its precautionary stage.

#### Article 886-

The seizure covers every debt that arises for the debtor in the liability of the seized party until the time of his declaration of what is in his liability unless the seizure is specific to a certain debt or a debt due periodically. 
If the seized party has several branches, the seizure only applies to the branch specified by the seizer, and if the seizer does not specify a particular branch for the seized party, the seizure automatically applies to the main office located in Lebanon and its branches therein, and the notification is made in this case to the main office.

#### Article 887-

Subject to the provisions of the Banking Secrecy Law, no element of the current account may be seized independently, but the balance may be seized, and the notification of the seizure to the seized party results in the suspension and liquidation of the account, for the purpose of executing the seizure, based on previous transactions even if they have not been recorded in it.

#### Article 888-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The seizure decision and its documents are notified without delay to the seized party, requiring him to declare within five days what is in his liability of money or debt by stating the items and the amount of the debt or its balance, its cause and conditions, the transfers that occurred regarding it, and the seizures imposed on it. The text of Article 890 is included in the notification document. 
The seizure decision and its documents are not notified to the seized party until after the notification reaches the seized party. The notification must be sent to the seized party within a maximum period of five days from the date of receipt of the notification document by the seized party. 
In the case of the seized party or the seized party residing outside Lebanon, the notification is made to him according to the provisions of Article 413.

#### Article 889-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The seized party submits his declaration in response to the seizure decision, recording it on the notification memorandum or the seizure report, or submitting it by petition or sending it by registered letter with acknowledgment of receipt within five days of the notification. 
The seized party must submit an additional declaration of any subsequent seizure or transfers on the debt after the first declaration and any destruction of the property within five days from the date of his notification of the seizure or transfer or the occurrence of the destruction incident. 
The execution officer must notify the seizer without delay of the content of the declaration submitted by the seized party to enable him to dispute it if necessary. 
The original and additional declarations are exempt from any fee or financial stamp.

#### Article 890-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
If the seized party does not send the original declaration within the specified period, he becomes liable to the seizer for the amount that was the reason for the seizure unless he presents an excuse worthy of acceptance as determined by the court. 
If the seizer estimates the amount of the seized party's debt, the latter is only liable for what the seizer has determined.

#### Article 891-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6
Any seizer or seized party may dispute the validity of the seized party's declaration by summoning him before the competent court according to general rules.
If it appears that the seized party acted in bad faith, he shall be fined from ten thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, preserving the right of the seizer to compensation for the damage caused by this conduct due to the delay and expenses incurred. 
If the disputed declaration relates to movable property, the execution officer, based on the president's authorization, may enter the location of those items and seize them. If the seized party hides them or attempts to hide them in bad faith, he is subject to the penalty for embezzlement and destruction of seized property.

#### Article 892-

The seizure entails: 
1- The detention of the seized property in its entirety under the control of the garnishee from the date of notification of the seizure, preventing the latter from delivering or paying it to the debtor or offsetting it against the debt. 
2- Preventing the debtor from receiving the asset or collecting the debt, or from waiving it, reducing its value, granting a grace period to his debtor, or disposing of the seized property to the detriment of the seizing party. 
3- Considering the garnishee as the custodian of the seized asset. 
The seizure does not stop the accrual of interest on the garnishee, but the accrual of this interest stops upon deposit. 
If the seizure is on a nominal bond, it prevents the disposal of the principal, interest, and returns.

#### Article 893-

The head of the execution department may, upon the request of the debtor, decide according to the procedures followed in urgent matters to limit the seizure to a part of the seized property sufficient to settle the debt. 
The seizing party has a privilege on the part where the seizure is limited, and the debtor may collect the other part from his debtor.

#### Article 894-

The garnishee may voluntarily deposit the seized funds with the department's treasury or an acceptable bank even if the dispute over the seizing party's debt is ongoing. The seizure remains on the deposited funds and amounts. 
The head of the execution department, upon a request from the seizing party or the debtor against the garnishee, may order the latter, following the procedures in urgent matters, to deposit the seized funds in the department's treasury or an acceptable bank within a specified period. If the garnishee fails to deposit within the specified period, both the seizing party and the debtor may take precautionary measures on the garnishee's funds to protect their rights. 
The execution officer must inform the seizing party and the debtor of the deposit within five days.

#### Article 895-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The provisional seizure with a third party is nullified if the seizing party does not submit a request to execute his executive document or a claim to the competent court to rule on his debt, which is the reason for the seizure, within five days from the date of notification by the execution department upon the debtor's request, notifying the garnishee of the seizure decision, unless he has previously submitted such a request or claim. The seizing party must prove that he has done so within five days from the date of receiving a letter in this regard from the execution department, otherwise, the head of the execution department will automatically declare the nullification of the seizure. 
However, it is permissible to submit a request to execute a non-due debt document to prevent the nullification of the seizure, provided that execution procedures are not initiated before maturity. 
The execution department notifies the third party of the decision to nullify the seizure. 
The provisions regarding the conversion of a provisional seizure into an executive seizure, as stipulated in articles 871 and 872, apply to the seizure with a third party.

#### Article 896-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The garnishee, upon an order decided by the head of the execution department in the execution phase and within a maximum period of five days, must deliver to this department, considering the provisions of article 890, what he has acknowledged, or what satisfies the seizing party's debt and the value of expenses if the declared amount exceeds them or if the garnishee neglected to declare and did not obtain a decision accepting his excuse, or what the court ruled in the declaration dispute. He may deduct the expenses he incurred as estimated by the head of the execution department. 
The garnishee must accompany the delivery with a detailed statement of the seizures and assignments on the seized funds. 
The seizing party, in case the garnishee fails to deliver according to the provisions of the previous paragraph, may execute on the garnishee's funds in the same execution process without needing to obtain an executive document against him. 
After the execution department deducts the transaction expenses, it distributes the remaining funds received from the garnishee to the appearing seizing parties up to the date of the order mentioned in the first paragraph, then delivers the balance to the debtor if there are no other seizing parties who appeared after the mentioned date, and if the amount is insufficient to satisfy the appearing seizing parties up to the date of the previously mentioned order, proportional distribution is conducted. Preference rights and the provisions of articles 898 and 899 are observed.

#### Article 897-

If the seizure involves movable assets, upon executing the seizing party's document, they must be sold according to the rules established for the sale of movables without the need for a new seizure. 
If the seized property is a debt not yet due, it may be sold at public auction by order of the head of the execution department and through the execution officer, unless otherwise provided by law. 
If the seized property is a share in a company, it is sold according to the rules stipulated in articles 937 to 944 to the extent that they are consistent with the nature of this property. In cases where a legal provision grants partners the right to approve the buyer, the partners have a ten-day period from the date of notification of the referral decision to the company's headquarters to exercise this right. If they do not declare their approval to the execution department within this period according to legal conditions, the buyer has the right to resort to liquidating the sold share. The price is distributed according to the provisions of articles 990 and following.

#### Article 898-

If the debtor assigns the debt before the notification of the seizure to the garnishee, the seizure is not considered. 
If the assignment is after the notification of the seizure to the garnishee and before the notification of the seizure to the debtor, the assignee is considered as the second seizing party and may participate with the seizing party to the extent of his share in the debt unless the seizing party has become privileged. If the assignment occurs after the notification of the seizure to both the garnishee and the debtor, it does not affect the seizing party.

#### Article 899-

If the assignment of the debt occurs after the notification of the seizure to the garnishee and before its notification to the debtor, and then a second seizure occurs after the assignment, the distribution is as follows: 
First, the share of the first seizing party is determined by conducting a proportional distribution among the three parties involved, then the surplus is given to the assignee with preference over the second seizing party.

## Enforcement Seizure Fifth

### Enforcement Seizure on Movable Property First

#### General Provisions on Seizure First

###### Article 900-

Execution is primarily carried out on movables through seizure and applies to movable objects and assets, and bearer or endorsable securities in the possession of the debtor.

###### Article 901-

The seizure is void if not preceded by a warning delivered by the execution department to the debtor at least twenty-four hours and at most five days before the seizure, unless the head of the execution department decides, at the creditor's request, to deliver the warning and the seizure report simultaneously. In this case, the seizing party bears the costs of the seizure if the debtor fulfills the obligation within two days from the date of seizure, unless the debtor had been warned before the execution request by a notary or by registered mail to pay the debt and did not comply.

###### Article 902-

The person against whom the seizure is made may object to the warning sent to him by the execution department or to the seizure by summoning his opponent before the head of the execution department, who will consider the objection according to the provisions of Article 829.

###### Article 903-

The execution officer must proceed to impose the seizure decided by the head of the execution department at the location of the objects and funds to be seized and enter the debtor's house after announcing his official status. The search of the debtor's house is only conducted in the presence of the local mayor or a member of the judicial police. 
The seizure report is organized at the place of seizure unless necessity dictates otherwise. 
The presence of the seizing party during the seizure process can be excluded if requested by the person against whom the seizure is made.

###### Article 904-

If the debtor or a member of his family or his employees refuse to allow entry to the house, workplace, or warehouse, or if they are called and no one answers, or if they refuse to open locked doors, boxes, or safes, the execution officer may break the doors and locks, provided this is done in the presence of the local mayor or a member of the judicial police. He may temporarily seal the doors with red wax and place a notice prohibiting tampering with the seals without the knowledge of the execution department under penalty of legal action, or he may appoint a guard to protect the assets. 
The execution officer may, if necessary, seek the assistance of public force to carry out his task.

###### Article 905-

The seizure report must include: 
1- The identity of the creditor and the debtor and their respective domiciles. 
2- The appointment of a chosen domicile in the area of the execution department for the seizing party and the person against whom the seizure is made, if they do not have a real domicile in that area or have not previously chosen a domicile there. 
3- The actions taken by the execution officer, the obstacles and objections encountered, and the decisions made regarding them. 
4- A description of the seized objects and funds, including their type, characteristics, quantity, weight, or measurement, and their approximate value. 
5- The appointment of a custodian to receive the seized funds after listening to the statements of those present from both parties and recording them.

###### Article 906-

The person against whom the seizure is made may be appointed as the custodian of the seized funds unless there are serious reasons to fear their dissipation. He cannot refuse the custodianship.

###### Article 907-

If no one accepts the custodianship and the person against whom the seizure is made is not present, the execution officer must take the necessary measures to preserve the seized funds by depositing them in a secure place.

###### Article 908-

The custodian must sign the seizure report, and if he does not, the reasons preventing him from doing so must be noted, and a copy of it must be delivered to him. The execution officer must explain to him the responsibilities placed on him and warn him that any destruction, embezzlement, or concealment of the seized objects or refusal to deliver them exposes him to criminal and civil liability.

###### Article 909-

The custodian may not use, exploit, or lend the seized funds. However, if the custodian is the owner or has the right to use them, he may use them for their intended purpose unless prohibited by the head of the execution department in the seizure decision or a subsequent decision. 
If the seizure is on livestock, tools, or machinery necessary for the management or exploitation of land, a factory, a workshop, or an establishment, the head of the execution department may assign the custodian or another person to manage and exploit them.

###### Article 910-

The funds become seized as soon as the seizure report is organized, even if not delivered to a custodian. Article 911- The head of the execution department may decide on a fee for the custodianship from public expenses if the custodian is not the person against whom the seizure is made.

#### Special Procedures for Seizing Certain Types of Movable Property Second

###### Article 912-

The produce connected to the land, trees, or standing crops cannot be seized separately from the property except in the six weeks preceding their maturity. This seizure is carried out in the manner of an executive seizure. The seizure is executed by drafting a report that prevents the debtor from disposing of the produce, and it is assessed by an expert. The head of the execution department may appoint a custodian for it if necessary.

###### Article 913-

When seizing the produce or crops in the situation specified in the previous article, the execution officer must specify in the report the location of the land, its area, the type of crops and trees, their number, and what is expected to be harvested or produced from them.

###### Article 914-

The right to harvest the produce is sold by auction; however, the head of the execution department may delegate the task of harvesting to a custodian or the seizer himself if the maturity has reached a level where there is a risk of damage to the fruits or crops. In such a case, the harvested fruits or crops are sold according to what the head of the execution department decides under the provisions of Article 923. The custodian or seizer is reimbursed for what they spent on harvesting the produce.

###### Article 915-

If the seizure involves jewelry or ingots of gold, silver, or precious metal, and jewels or precious stones, they must be weighed, their descriptions accurately determined, and valued by an expert, then transferred in a sealed package.

###### Article 916-

The execution department deposits money, securities, valuable items, and jewelry in its safe or in one of the accepted banks.

###### Article 917-

If the seizure is on assets kept in a safe rented by the debtor from a bank or on assets displayed in a public exhibition, the execution officer must immediately appoint the bank manager or the exhibition manager as a custodian for them. 
In the first case, the safe is sealed with red wax until it can be opened and its contents inventoried in the presence of the debtor or the local mayor or a member of the judicial police. 
The custodianship ends when the execution department receives the seized assets.

#### Participation in Seizure Third

###### Article 918-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
Creditors of the debtor under seizure may not impose a second executive seizure on the seized assets. However, they may request to participate in the seizure by submitting a petition to the execution department accompanied by documents supporting their rights. They must choose a domicile within the department's jurisdiction if they do not have one, unless they are represented by a lawyer, in which case the lawyer's office is considered their chosen domicile and they can be notified there wherever this office is located. 
Creditors of the debtor under seizure may request a new seizure on assets not covered by the first seizure. After the decision to impose the new seizure is issued, the execution officer may inventory the previously seized assets in the presence of the custodian, if present, and record a report of the seizure of the new assets, handing these assets over to the same custodian or another custodian. 
Creditors must bear the expenses if their request does not result in the discovery of new assets.

###### Article 919-

The execution officer must notify the request for participation in the seizure to the seizing party, the debtor under seizure, and the custodian. The notification of participation in the seizure is considered a seizure on the proceeds obtained from the sale of the seized asset unless the request for participation in the seizure was submitted after the cessation of the sale. In this case, its effect is limited to the remaining proceeds after satisfying the seizing party and the participants in the seizure before the cessation of the sale.

###### Article 920-

The head of the execution department may, when previously seized assets are located in different places, decide according to the circumstances to gather all the assets in one location and unify the sale procedure.

#### Sale Procedures Fourth

###### Article 921-

The head of the execution department must decide to sell the seized assets at public auction within five days from the date of the seizure report.

###### Article 922-

The sale takes place at the location of the seized assets or in the nearest market or any other place designated by the head of the execution department.

###### Article 923-

If the seized assets are subject to spoilage or price fluctuations, the head of the execution department must decide, upon the request of the interested parties or the custodian, to sell them at any time in the manner deemed appropriate, without necessarily adhering to the procedures stipulated in this section.

###### Article 924-

The execution officer sets a date for the sale, specifying the day and hour, and announces the sale by publishing in daily newspapers, the official gazette, posting on walls in the city or town square, on the announcement board at the entrance of the execution department, and at the location of the seized assets, at least eight days and no more than fifteen days before the scheduled sale date.

###### Article 925-

Amended according to Decree 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Law 529 dated 1996/6/20 
The head of the execution department determines the number of publications and announcements based on the value of the seized assets and designates the daily newspapers. He may suffice with posting if the value does not exceed one million Lebanese pounds.

###### Article 926-

It is permissible to entrust village chiefs with posting announcements in designated places.

###### Article 927-

The posting is verified by a certificate from the execution officer, the bailiff, or the village chief, and the publication is verified by providing a copy of the newspaper.

###### Article 928-

Amended according to Decree 2411 dated 1992/5/7 
If the execution officer estimates that the value of the seized asset does not exceed one hundred and sixty thousand Lebanese pounds and the debtor does not dispute this estimate, it suffices with the estimated amount. Otherwise, the head of the execution department appoints an expert to estimate the value of the seized asset, and the estimated value is mentioned in the auction announcements. The sale cannot be completed unless the offered price reaches sixty percent of the estimated value.

###### Article 929-

Gold, silver items, and precious jewelry are weighed accurately, and their value is estimated by an expert. The value of antiques is also estimated, and the estimated value is mentioned in the auction announcements. They cannot be sold for less than nine-tenths of this value.

###### Article 930-

The execution officer initiates the auction procedures at the designated time and place and awards the asset to the highest bidder who pays the highest price. Assistance from the municipal auctioneer or another auctioneer chosen by the execution officer may be sought, and their fee is determined from the sale proceeds and considered part of the execution expenses. 
The execution officer records all procedures conducted before him in a report, stating the name of each bidder and the price reached for each item or transaction.

###### Article 931-

If no bidders appear at the scheduled auction time, the head of the execution department must determine the amount to be reduced from the auction price and then postpone the sale date for at least fifteen days and no more than thirty days. The same publication procedure followed before the first auction is repeated before the new auction date. 
The head of the execution department may expand the publication and posting procedure, and the reduced price must be mentioned. The head of the execution department must repeat the postponement and reduction until a buyer comes forward. 
The provisions of this article apply immediately upon the publication of this law.

###### Article 932-

The sale price is paid immediately, and the execution officer cannot grant the buyer any grace period.

###### Article 933-

If the buyer refuses or is unable to pay the price, the seized assets are re-offered for sale at his expense, and the auction is conducted immediately if possible. The defaulting buyer bears the difference between the price he offered and the final paid price, along with any additional expenses incurred. The sale report serves as an enforceable document against him for the price difference and mentioned expenses. 
The defaulting buyer does not benefit from any increase in price.

###### Article 934-

The sale must cease when the value of the sales reaches an amount sufficient to cover the expenses and the debts of the seizing creditor and the participants in the seizure. The sale proceeds are allocated to settle the debts, and the seizure ends on the assets not sold.

###### Article 935-

Anyone who purchases movable property in good faith at an auction and pays the price becomes its owner definitively, subject to the provisions of Article 306, Paragraph 1.

###### Article 936-

If the seizing creditor refrains from continuing the execution procedures despite being notified by the execution department of a request from a participant in the seizure to continue those procedures, and five days have passed since receiving this notification, this participant may, by decision of the head of the execution department, replace the seizing creditor to continue the execution. This substitution is communicated to the debtor.

#### Procedures for the Sale of Shares and Bonds Fifth

###### Article 937-

Subject to the special provisions of the Beirut Stock Exchange system, shares of any kind and negotiable bonds are sold at public auction by the Beirut Execution Department. Other execution departments must send the papers to be sold to this department by mail in sealed envelopes with declared value.

###### Article 938-

The head of the execution department may, if the bonds or shares offered for sale are significant, seek the assistance of one of the specialists in the stock exchange or banks in some preparatory procedures for the sale. In such a case, he must decide on the necessary advertising procedures, taking into account the legal provisions and regulations related to stock exchange sales.

###### Article 939-

The creditor shall prepare a list that includes the identity of the parties involved, their domicile, the type of right to be sold, its nominal and actual value, the document proving it, the securities and rights attached to it, the determination of the starting price, and the bidding conditions. The execution officer must invite the concerned parties to review the list and submit their observations or objections in a petition addressed to the head of the execution department within five days of receiving the invitation, otherwise, they lose their right to do so.

###### Article 940-

The head of the execution department decides on the objections according to the procedures outlined in Article 829. He may suspend the sale for important reasons.

###### Article 941-

The head of the execution department sets a date for the sale, preceded by the publication and posting process in the same manner and within the deadlines stipulated in Articles 924 to 927. 
If the sale is not conducted according to the aforementioned conditions, the provisions of Article 931 apply.

###### Article 942-

The auction is conducted publicly before the head of the execution department, who issues a final decision awarding the sale to the last bidder. A valid copy of the decision for execution is not delivered to the buyer until the price is paid and the sale conditions are fulfilled.

###### Article 943-

The head of the execution department may require the legal entity issuing the original bond to transfer it to the name of the buyer or make it a bearer bond according to the latter's preference, unless prohibited by the law or the system governing this bond.

###### Article 944-

If the buyer does not pay the price within ten days of the issuance of the award decision, the head of the execution department, upon the request of the creditor or one of the concerned parties, sends a warning to do so within three days. If the buyer fails to pay, the sale is repeated at his expense, and the advertisements must state that the sale is conducted at the expense of the defaulting buyer and mention the initial price set for the auction and the price at which the first award ended. The final award decision must obligate the first buyer to cover the price with the additional expenses caused by him. The latter does not benefit from any increase in the price.

#### Claim for the Recovery of Seized Property Sixth

###### Article 945-

Anyone claiming ownership of the seized movables may object to the seizure before the Head of the Execution Department and request the release of these movables from seizure. They must deposit in advance the publication expenses if applicable and present any documents they have and clarify the evidence proving their right. The execution officer must then summon, through special memorandums or registered letters with acknowledgment of receipt, the objector, the seizer, the participants in the seizure, and the person against whom the seizure was made to a session before the Head of the Execution Department. The head examines the objection according to the procedures followed in urgent cases. 
Execution is suspended immediately upon filing the objection until the Head of the Execution Department issues a decision regarding it.

###### Article 946-

If all parties involved acknowledge the objector's ownership of the claimed property, this property is released from seizure and handed over to the objector. If they disagree, the Head of the Execution Department may, upon determining the seriousness of the dispute, decide to temporarily remove the property from sale and deposit it in a designated place or hand it over to a custodian until the dispute is resolved. They may require the objector to provide a guarantee to cover any damage that may affect the seizer, the person against whom the seizure was made, or the participants in the seizure.
The objector must file a lawsuit against the seizer, the participants in the seizure, and the person against whom the seizure was made to prove their right before the competent court within five days from the issuance of the Head of the Execution Department's decision; otherwise, execution resumes, and any measures taken to stop it are nullified. The court clerk notifies the Execution Department of a copy of the summons on the day it is filed. Execution remains suspended until a judgment is issued dismissing the lawsuit in whole or in part, and this judgment is enforceable immediately.

###### Article 947-

Anyone claiming ownership of the seized property may file their lawsuit even after the auction sale if the buyer is in bad faith.

### Enforcement Seizure on Real Estate Second

#### Seizure and its Effects First

###### Article 948-

The request for execution on the property or on a common share in it, or on the real property right, or on a floor or apartment registered in the real estate register according to the Law on the Organization of Ownership of Buildings Composed of Several Floors or Apartments is submitted to the competent execution department or to the execution department where the property or all the properties to be executed upon are located in its area, by a request from the creditor accompanied by the executive document and a statement from the real estate registry office about the property or properties to be executed upon, indicating their ownership and related rights and burdens, as well as their descriptions or contents. 
If the property is not subject to the real estate registry system, the statement is issued by the local mayor or by the real estate registry office based on the special register, and if the property is under determination and liberation, the statement is issued by the real estate judge.

###### Article 949-

If the debtor's properties are located in areas belonging to different execution departments, the execution procedure must be handled by the department competent for this procedure, provided that its procedures regarding properties belonging to other departments are carried out by delegating these departments unless the properties are contiguous or fall within the scope of a single project investment, in which case a single execution is carried out at the department to which the project center or one of the properties belongs.

###### Article 950-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The execution officer sends a warning to the debtor immediately upon receiving the creditor's request, which includes instructing him to: 
1- Pay within five days. 
2- Appoint a chosen domicile within the department's jurisdiction if he does not have a domicile there or has not previously chosen one, within the period mentioned in the previous clause, otherwise, the department's office is considered his chosen domicile, unless he is represented by a lawyer, in which case his office is considered his chosen domicile and he can be notified there wherever this office is located. 
It also includes mentioning the type of property or real right to be seized, the property number, and the area in which it is located.
A copy of the document to be executed is attached to the warning, unless it has already been notified to the debtor, in which case a reference to the document, the date of its notification, and the amount of the debt required is sufficient.

###### Article 951-

If the owner of the property or the owner of the real right is not the debtor, the execution officer must send him a copy of the warning.

###### Article 952-

Upon the expiration of the warning period without the debt being paid, the head of the execution department, at the creditor's request, decides to seize the properties. It is permissible, at the request of the latter, to decide on the seizure and notify the warning simultaneously to the debtor, and the provisions of Article 901 are applied in this case. 
The execution officer must immediately send a copy of the seizure decision to the real estate registry office through the assistant office to which the property belongs, and the latter must record it in the daily register upon its arrival and then refer it to the real estate registry office for registration in the property's real estate sheet. 
If the property is not subject to the real estate registry system, the execution officer sends a copy of the seizure decision to the local mayor, who must record the seizure immediately in the book he has or in a book created for this purpose, and another copy to the competent real estate registry office, which must record the seizure immediately in a special register it maintains for each village or town or real estate area, and the notification to the registrar and the mayor can be done by the concerned party, and the mentioned authority must return the notification document to the execution department signed by him next to his official seal and with the date of notification mentioned, and if the property is under determination and liberation, a copy of the seizure decision is notified to the real estate judge to record the seizure on the determination and liberation report.

###### Article 953-

The real estate registrar must send to the execution department within five days of receiving the seizure decision a statement proving: 
1- The date of recording the seizure in the daily register and in the real estate sheet or in the special register related to properties not subject to the real estate registry system.
2- A summary of the rights, burdens, seizures, and precautionary restrictions on the property. 
The mayor must also send to the execution department within the same period a statement proving the date of recording the seizure in the book he has and a summary of the rights, burdens, seizures, and precautionary restrictions on the property not subject to the real estate registry system. 
The real estate judge must also send to the execution department within the same period a notification containing the data mentioned in the previous paragraph and recorded in the determination and liberation report when the seizure is on a property under determination and liberation.
The real estate registrar, the real estate judge, and the mayor must, when there is a legal impediment preventing the recording of the seizure, return the papers with this impediment mentioned to the execution department, which notifies the seizer without delay, and they must also place a precautionary restriction on the seizure.

###### Article 954-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
Within five days of receiving the response from the real estate registrar, the real estate judge, or the mayor confirming the recording of the seizure, and after the debtor has in any case been notified of the warning and its period has expired, the head of the execution department appoints an expert to accompany the execution officer to the property location and conduct an inspection in the presence of the mayor or a member of the selection council or two witnesses from the local residents to verify the description of the property, determine its boundaries, contents, and value. If this work takes more than one day, it is carried out consecutively as required by the circumstances. 
The execution officer prepares a report describing the property and notifies a copy of it to the authorities mentioned in Article 952, which must record in the registers, books, or reports they have and mentioned in that article a reference to this report and what it proves contrary to the restrictions, and the execution applicant may register new constructions on behalf of his debtor, and the registration fees are added to the execution expenses.

###### Article 955-

The execution applicant must advance a sufficient deposit to cover the inspection and expert expenses as estimated by the head of the execution department when submitting his request.

###### Article 956-

If there are multiple execution applicants on a single property, the one who first registered his seizure has the priority right to pursue the execution.
However, it is permissible for someone who registered his seizure later to request from the head of the execution department, in a petition submitted to him and for serious reasons, to be allowed to substitute the earlier registrant in proceeding with the procedures. The head's decision is subject to appeal by the methods used to appeal orders issued on petitions.

###### Article 957-

Every creditor becomes, from the moment of registering their seizure or participation in the seizure in the real estate register, the Mukhtar's book, the special register related to properties not subject to the real estate registration system, or in the determination and liberation report, a party in the execution process. Also, every holder of a real right or registered creditor becomes a party in this process from the moment they are notified of any of its procedures.

###### Article 958-

Upon registering the seizure or participation in it as mentioned in the previous article, the seizing or participating party acquires a real right on the seized property.

###### Article 959-

From the moment of registering each seizure and participation in it as outlined in Article 957, the following do not apply to the seizers and participants in the seizure: 
1- The actions of the debtor that would transfer ownership of the property, divide it, or establish a real right on it, unless the concerned parties deposit a sufficient amount to settle the debts of these creditors and their accessories before the sale and notify them of the deposit. These amounts are seized and allocated to settle their debts exclusively. The head of the execution department, after five days from notifying the mentioned creditors of the deposit and in the absence of objections from any of them, must cancel the seizure. Upon the depositor's request, they may reduce the deposited amounts to the actual amount of the debts and return the excess to the depositor. The head of the execution department considers objections to the deposit and requests to reduce the deposited amounts according to the procedures followed in urgent cases. 
2- Leases made by the debtor unless they do not lead to a right of extension and do not exceed one year for buildings and three years for agricultural lands, and are accompanied by the permission of the head of the execution department, who takes the necessary measures to preserve the rental payments to be added to the price upon distribution.

###### Article 960-

Lease contracts, settlements regarding the lease, and the transfer of it and its payments, free from fraud and documented with a correct date before the registration of the seizure, are valid against the seizers, participants in the seizure, and auction participants without violating the rules related to the real estate register.

###### Article 961-

The registration of the seizure results in the retention of the property's revenues and fruits subsequent to the registration, making them not subject to any non-real estate seizure. These revenues and fruits are added to the price upon distribution.

###### Article 962-

The rent or the owner's share in sharecropping is seized in the hands of the tenant or farmer as a garnishee without the need for any procedure other than notifying the latter not to pay the debtor. The execution officer may issue the notification during or after inspecting the property. The head of the execution department, upon the request of the creditor or debtor, may order the deposit of the due payments in an acceptable bank.

###### Article 963-

If the property is not rented or handed over to a farmer, the debtor is considered its guardian, obliged to preserve it, deliver it to the execution department for sale, and responsible for its fruits, except those necessary for their and their family's livelihood. If the debtor resides in it, they may stay without rent. The head of the execution department may remove the property from the debtor's possession if there is a risk of damage or misuse. In this case, they may allocate an amount from the property's income to assist the debtor's livelihood, proportionate to their condition.

###### Article 964-

The head of the execution department may authorize, upon the request of the concerned parties, the harvesting of crops and even non-civil fruits, selling them in an appropriate manner, and depositing the price in an acceptable bank.

#### Regulation of the Sale Terms Document Second

###### Article 965-

The enforcement officer shall, upon the request of the seizing party, prepare the terms of sale document within eight days from the date of registration of the property description report that he organized, and it shall include: 
1- A summary of previous actions. 
2- A statement of the seized properties and their contents, their rights, and the burdens upon them according to the real estate registry records or the Mukhtar's book or the special register for properties not subject to the real estate registry system or the determination and liberation report held by the real estate judge and the submitted documents, and according to the property description report. 
3- The terms of sale and the offer price as determined by the head of the enforcement department based on six-tenths of the estimated value of the properties.

###### Article 966-

The enforcement officer shall, within three days from the date of setting the terms of sale document, send a notice to the debtor and to every holder of a real right or registered creditor on the property and every creditor who has become a party to the proceedings, summoning them to the department to review the terms of sale document and to submit their observations on it by means of a petition deposited with the enforcement officer, or to challenge it by way of an objection based on a nullity occurring in the enforcement procedure due to a defect in form or substance, within a period of five days from the date of notification in each of the mentioned cases. 
The provisions of Article 850 shall be observed when the enforcement is based on a bond. 
Anyone who has been notified of the notice may review the submitted observations in the department and make their comments on them before a decision is issued regarding them.
The objection shall be notified to the parties and they shall be summoned to a session to consider it before the head of the enforcement department.

###### Article 967-

After ten days have passed from the date of the last notification of the notice conducted according to the provisions of the previous article, the head of the enforcement department shall consider the previous observations without the need to summon the parties and shall amend the terms of sale document based on them when necessary. His decision regarding these observations shall be final without the need for any notification. 
The head of the enforcement department shall consider, after the expiration of the mentioned period, the objection stipulated in the previous article according to the procedures established for considering enforcement issues.

###### Article 968-

The terms of sale document becomes final and unchangeable if the period specified in Article 966 expires without submitting observations or objections to it or after the issuance of the decision referred to in the first paragraph of the previous article. At that point, the right of anyone notified of the notice to submit any appeal related to the enforcement procedures that have taken place is forfeited, as is the right of the seller of the seized property who was notified of the notice to file any lawsuit to cancel the sale. An appeal related to the right that is the basis of the seizure shall have no effect on those procedures, subject to the provisions of Article 850. 
However, if more than two years have passed since the appraisal and the auction has not yet taken place, the head of the enforcement department, regardless of the judicial authority that decided the appraisal, may decide to re-conduct it according to prevailing prices, either automatically or at the request of one of the interested parties. In the event of such a decision, the sale may not be conducted at a price less than six-tenths of the new appraised value, nor may the property that cannot be divided in kind be sold at public auction for less than the new appraised value. When necessary, the head of the enforcement department shall amend the terms of sale document regarding the determination of the offer price on the mentioned basis, and this amendment shall not be notified to anyone. In the absence of bidders, the provisions of Article 976, paragraph 2, shall apply. 
The provisions of the second paragraph of this article shall apply above the publication of this law to all enforcement transactions, including pending transactions.

#### Auction Session Third

###### Article 969-

The enforcement officer shall prepare a summary of the terms in the form of an announcement, which shall include: 
1- The identity of the executor and the executed against, and the domicile of each. 
2- The date of the seizure and the date of its registration in the land registry or the special register related to properties not subject to the land registry system, or the mukhtar's register, or the determination and liberation record with the land judge, and the amount of the debt claimed. 
3- A statement of the seized property or properties and the designated auction price for each. 
4- The date of the auction by month, day, and hour, and the place of its execution as determined by a decision from the head of the enforcement department. 
5- The expenses to be paid in addition to the price as estimated by the head of the enforcement department.

###### Article 970-

The head of the enforcement department orders the publication of the announcement in two daily newspapers he appoints and in the official gazette, and it is posted in the following places: 
1- The board prepared for announcements at the enforcement department. 
2- The domicile of the executed against. 
3- The doors of the seized properties or boards affixed to them and visible from outside. 
4- The door of the municipal building, and if not available, the door of the mukhtar's house in the area where the property is located. 
5- The city or town square. The head of the enforcement department may, if necessary, increase or decrease the number of publications based on the request of the concerned parties.

###### Article 971-

The announcement procedure by publication and posting must be completed at least ten days before the auction session. It is permissible to entrust the village mukhtars with posting the announcements in the designated places.

###### Article 972-

The publication is proven by presenting a copy of the newspaper issue containing the announcement, and the posting is proven by a certificate from the enforcement officer, the process server, or the town mukhtar.

###### Article 973-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
Anyone wishing to participate in the auction must: 
1- Deposit in the name of the head of the enforcement department, before starting the auction, at the treasury fund or one of the accepted banks, an amount equivalent to the auction price or provide a bank guarantee ensuring this amount. 
2- Appoint a chosen domicile within the department's jurisdiction if he does not have one or has not previously appointed one, otherwise, the department's office is considered his chosen domicile, unless represented by a lawyer, in which case his office is considered his chosen domicile and can be notified there wherever this office is located.

###### Article 974-

The creditor whose debt amount is not less than the auction price is exempt from the obligation of deposit or guarantee. If the value of his debt is less than this price, he is required to deposit the difference or provide a guarantee for it, provided that no other creditor with a privilege precedes him or shares with him.

###### Article 975-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The auction session is held publicly before the head of the enforcement department in his office or another place he deems appropriate, and it is not commenced except upon the request of one of the seizing creditors or participants in the seizure or registered owners of priority rights whose debt meets the legal conditions for enforcement, or one of the debtors or the person to whom the property has been transferred encumbered with a mortgage, security, or registered privilege, and the process server calls for the sale by repeating the auction price. 
Any increase, even if invalid, nullifies the previous increase.

###### Article 976-

The head of the enforcement department decides to award the sale to the last bidder who offered the highest price after fifteen minutes have passed or to the earlier bidder in case of equal offers. 
If no one comes forward to purchase, the sale is postponed for a period ranging between one and two months, and the auction price is reduced. The announcement procedure is then conducted again based on the reduced price. The head of the enforcement department must repeat this action until a buyer comes forward.

###### Article 977-

Anyone who participated in the auction and fulfilled the obligation of deposit or guarantee and was not the last bidder may withdraw the deposited money or guarantee immediately after the auction session ends.

###### Article 978-

If the buyer in the auction does not deposit the full price in the name of the head of the enforcement department at the treasury fund or one of the accepted banks within three days from the date of the award decision, the head of enforcement sets a new session for the sale, and the announcement and publication procedures are repeated, specifically mentioning the property or properties subject to the first award and the price at which this award was made and the person to whom it was awarded. If someone comes forward in the new session to purchase with a ten percent increase and is accompanied by the full price including the mentioned increase or an equivalent bank guarantee, the auction is repeated based on this price. 
If no one comes forward with the ten percent increase, the first buyer, in the same session, may deposit the price at which the award was made to him along with the expenses resulting from his delay, otherwise, the auction must be immediately repeated at his expense. No offer in this session is considered unless accompanied by its full value or an equivalent bank guarantee. 
The issuance of the award decision in the ten percent increase auction or in the auction conducted at the expense of the defaulting buyer results in the cancellation of the rights of the latter and the establishment of the new buyer in his place retroactively. The award decision in the auction conducted at the expense of the defaulting buyer must include obligating the latter to the price difference with the additional expenses he caused, but he does not benefit from the increase in price.

###### Article 979-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The head of the enforcement department may, during the auction session, and upon the debtor's request, take into account the latter's situation and the economic condition and postpone the sale for a period ranging between two and six months, provided that the debtor advances for the benefit of all seizing creditors and participants in the seizure and registered owners of priority rights whose debt meets the legal conditions for enforcement the interest for the granted period and the paid expenses. This postponement may not be renewed except with the consent of the mentioned creditors.

###### Article 980-

The head of the enforcement department must decide to postpone the sale for one year based on a petition submitted by the debtor to him at least five days before the sale date, proving that the net income of his assets for this period is sufficient to pay the amounts due to all the creditors mentioned in the previous article. The head of the enforcement department may take the necessary measures to preserve this income.

###### Article 981-

The sale is suspended for one of the following reasons: 
1- Issuance of a decision by a competent judicial authority to suspend execution. 
2- Execution based on an arbitration decision that is contested, taking into account the provisions of Article 797, or on a document alleged to be partially forged. 
3- Failure of any of the persons mentioned in Article 975 to request the sale at the auction session. 
4- Death of the debtor before the auction session if this death is notified to the seizers and participants in the seizure, and the sale remains suspended until the heirs are informed of the new auction date. 
5- Bankruptcy of the debtor if there is no special privilege holder among the seizers, participants in the seizure, or registered creditors insisting on proceeding with the sale.

###### Article 982-

Decisions limited to postponing or suspending the sale are not subject to any appeal.

###### Article 983-

Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996/6/20 
The issuance of the referral decision entails: 
1- The buyer fulfilling the obligations imposed on him, especially paying the price, fees, and expenses without the need for a warning or request, within twenty days from the date of the decision, and the execution department deposits the paid amounts in one of the accepted banks. 
2- Considering the buyer as the owner concerning the executed against and those who were parties to the procedures, enabling him to vacate the property through the execution department, either amicably or forcibly, from the executed against within five days from the date of notifying him of an eviction warning from the execution department. In case the executed against does not attend or refuses to receive the items and funds belonging to him and present in the property, these items are handed over to a judicial custodian. The matter is notified to the executed against to take those items within three days, otherwise, they will be sold at public auction, and the proceeds of the sale will be kept in the treasury or an accepted bank as a trust for its owner after deducting preservation expenses.
3- The forfeiture of the right of those notified to review the terms of sale book to file any appeal related to the procedures following the finalization of this terms book.

###### Article 984-

The executed against has the right, within ten days from the issuance of the referral decision, to deposit in the treasury or an accepted bank an amount sufficient to pay all debts and expenses, and this deposit results in the annulment of the referral decision and the lifting of the seizure.

###### Article 985-

The execution department, after the expiration of the period specified in the previous article and the finalization of the referral decision and the buyer's payment of the price and fees, must request the registration of the referral decision in the land registry or in the mukhtar's book or in the special register related to properties not subject to the land registry system or in the determination or liberation record held by the land judge.

###### Article 986-

The registration stipulated in the previous article results in the transfer of ownership concerning third parties and the purification of the property from the liens, mortgages, and privileges that belong to the persons who were notified to review the terms of sale book.

###### Article 987-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
The referral decision is not subject to objection but is subject to appeal within five days from its issuance for the following reasons: 
1- Defect in the auction procedures or in the form of the decision. 
2- Its issuance after refusing to suspend execution when it was obligatory. 
3- Violation of the law in a subsidiary dispute addressed by the referral decision if it affects the validity of the procedures. 
The referral decision can be annulled within the statute of limitations on the right on which the annulment request is based, provided it does not exceed five years from its issuance, through a principal lawsuit filed before the competent court by someone who was not a party to the execution transaction.

#### Delegation in Execution Procedures Fourth

###### Article 988-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
If the applicant for execution neglects for any reason to carry out the procedures within the legal deadlines or to follow them up, any creditor who has become a party to it or another creditor with an enforceable document whose debt meets the legal conditions for execution may summon him before the Head of the Execution Department to hear the judgment of replacing him in the right to follow up the execution. The head must consider the request according to the procedures followed in urgent matters, and the offer of the executor and his commitment to resume the procedures does not prevent its acceptance, and the negligent creditor is not reimbursed for the expenses incurred except after the issuance of the substitution decision.

###### Article 989-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985/3/23 
If the executing creditor waives his right or the execution procedure, any other creditor who was a party to the execution and whose debt meets the legal conditions for execution may continue the procedures from the point they reached without the need for a substitution decision.

## Procedure for Distribution of Proceeds Sixth

#### Article 990-

If the sale involves assets for which rights are registered in a special register, the execution applicant, after the sale conducted based on an executive seizure of movable property and payment of the price or after registering the referral decision stipulated in Articles 985 and 986, must present a certificate from the competent authority showing the status of that sale and the rights and burdens on it up to the date of the sale or referral. 
Any of the other parties in the execution transaction may present the certificate mentioned in the first paragraph.

#### Article 991-

If the proceeds from the sale of the seized assets are sufficient to cover the expenses and other debts owed to the seizers, participants in the seizure, and creditors whose names are registered and who have declared themselves to the execution department before the sale, the execution officer must pay each of them their established right within a maximum period of ten days from the date of sale and payment of the price concerning assets for which rights are not registered in a special register or from the date of presenting the certificate mentioned in Article 990 concerning the remaining assets, by issuing a transfer to the treasury or bank where the money was deposited and delivering the remainder to the debtor. 
Only the creditors mentioned in the previous paragraph participate in the distribution transaction.

#### Article 992-

If the price is not sufficient to satisfy the rights as outlined in the previous article, the execution department must send, within five days from the date of sale and payment of the price or from the date of presenting the certificate mentioned in Article 990, a notice to the creditors mentioned in the first paragraph of the previous article, requiring them to submit a request for the settlement of their debts with their documents within ten days of receiving the notice. 
Only those creditors who submit a settlement request within this period participate in the price distribution transaction. 
The execution officer must prepare a distribution draft within ten days from the date of receiving the last settlement request, based on the following priority order: 
1- Execution expenses. 
2- Debts associated with a privilege, mortgage, or insurance, considering their ranks. 
3- Ordinary debts according to their amounts.

#### Article 993-

As soon as he prepares the distribution draft, the execution officer invites the concerned parties, including the debtor, to appear before him, by means of a notification document or a registered letter with acknowledgment of receipt, and this invitation must reach them at least three days before the scheduled date. He presents his draft to them, and if they agree to it, it becomes final, and if they agree to part of it, the partial agreement is finalized and executed immediately for the benefit of those who benefit from it. If one of them rejects it, the case is referred to the head of the execution department to consider it within five days after inviting the executed against and the creditors in the manner and within the period specified above. 
If the objection is dismissed and the objector is found to be abusive in his objection, he is subject to a claim before the competent authority for delay interest as compensation and the fine stipulated in Article 11 of this law.

#### Article 994-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6
The absence of one of the creditors from appearing before the execution officer does not prevent an amicable settlement unless it does not guarantee the full performance of his right. In this case, his absence is considered a refusal, and the case is referred to the head of the execution department, who may impose a fine ranging between twenty thousand and two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds unless he presents an acceptable excuse.

#### Article 995-

After listening to the statements of the executed against and the creditors, the head of the execution department approves the final list and assigns each of them the amount due to them. His decision is subject to appeal within five days from the date of issuance, and the appellate decision is not subject to cassation, and the distribution decision is not executed until it becomes final.

#### Article 996-

The head of the execution department may administratively combine in one distribution transaction the amounts obtained from seizures on several properties of the debtor, taking into account the rights owed to creditors concerning each property.

## Imprisonment of the Debtor Seventh

#### Article 997-

The creditor may request the imprisonment of their debtor who refuses to pay any of the following debts, subject to the provisions of other laws: 
1- Compensation awarded due to a criminal or civil offense and the legal expenses related to the lawsuit for this compensation. 
2- Compensation awarded to the judge and the state as a result of dismissing the lawsuit filed against the latter regarding liability arising from the actions of judges. 
3- Alimony awarded. Each installment of it is considered an independent debt. 
4- The dowry and deferred dowry awarded to the wife.

#### Article 998-

It is also permissible to imprison the person sentenced to deliver a minor child in case of refusal to deliver them.

#### Article 999-

The decision to imprison the debtor concerning alimony debts, dowry, deferred dowry, and the delivery of a minor child is issued by the head of the execution department, and by the public prosecution concerning all other debts for which imprisonment is permissible under the provisions of this law or other laws.

#### Article 1000-

Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992/5/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000/9/6
The duration of imprisonment concerning all debts mentioned in the previous article is one day for every twenty thousand Lebanese pounds of the debt and its accessories, provided that it does not exceed a maximum of six months. 
The duration of imprisonment for the person sentenced to deliver a minor child is a maximum of six months.

#### Article 1001-

The request for imprisonment is submitted to the competent execution department for executing the judgment or to the appellate public prosecution. The head of the execution department or the public prosecutor must issue their decision after verifying the debtor's refusal to execute by explicit refusal or after the expiration of a five-day warning period, and this period may be reduced for alimony debt or the obligation to deliver the minor, provided it is not less than one day.

#### Article 1002-

The debtor may object to the decision of their imprisonment before the head of the execution department in the presence of the creditor if the conditions for imprisonment are not met.

#### Article 1003-

Imprisonment does not apply to: 
1- Anyone under fifteen years of age or over sixty-five years of age at the time of execution, except in the case of imprisonment for delivering a minor. 
2- The bankrupt debtor during bankruptcy proceedings or the debtor seeking preventive composition. 
3- The creditor's spouse or their descendants and ascendants for debts other than those specified in paragraphs 3 and 4 of Article 997 and other than the obligation to deliver the minor child stipulated in Article 998. 
4- A pregnant woman until two months after childbirth and the mother of the newborn until the child reaches one year of age.

#### Article 1004-

Imprisonment cannot be executed against both spouses simultaneously if they have a child under fifteen years of age.

#### Article 1005-

Imprisonment is executed by the public prosecution and applies to the debtor the prison system imposed on those detained for a misdemeanor, and the living expenses are borne by the state, provided that it retains the right to recover them from the debtor.

#### Article 1006-

Imprisonment may continue after its term has expired for a new debt based on the request of the same creditor or another creditor.

#### Article 1007-

Imprisonment ends: 
1- By paying the debt or at the creditor's request. 
2- By the debtor providing a solvent guarantor who ensures the payment of the debt within eight days. 
3- When the debtor reaches sixty-five years of age. If the guarantor fails to pay within the specified period, the creditor may execute against them without the need for a judgment or request the imprisonment of the original debtor again.

#### Article 1008-

General amnesty does not prevent the imprisonment of the debtor, nor does it extinguish the debt by executing the imprisonment, unless otherwise provided by a contrary provision.

## Enforcement of Foreign Judgments and Instruments Eighth

### On the Execution of Foreign Judgments First

##### Article 1009-

A judgment is considered foreign, within the meaning of this chapter, if it is issued in the name of a sovereignty other than the Lebanese sovereignty.

##### Article 1010-

Foreign judgments are not enforceable in Lebanon through means of execution on property or coercion on persons unless they are accompanied by an executory formula according to the conditions stipulated in this chapter. 
However, before a foreign judgment is accompanied by the executory formula, it may be used as evidence or as a basis for precautionary measures such as provisional real estate registration, judicial custody, the bankruptcy trustee's claim of debts owed to it, or its intervention in the bankrupt's lawsuits, provisional seizure, seizure of entitlement, and garnishment. The request for the executory formula serves as a substitute for a lawsuit to prove the seizure or a lawsuit to validate the debt.

##### Article 1011-

This law does not apply to foreign judgments issued by criminal or administrative courts unless they include obligations of a civil nature, and only with regard to these obligations.

##### Article 1012-

Foreign judgments related to capacity and personal status and foreign decisions issued by voluntary jurisdiction courts produce their effects in Lebanon without being accompanied by the executory formula, provided they are not subject to dispute.
Execution procedures, as intended in Article 1010, include the registration or correction or cancellation of annotations recorded in the Lebanese personal status registers.

##### Article 1013-

The request for the executory formula of a foreign judgment is submitted in a voluntary manner through a petition to the President of the Civil Court of Appeal where the defendant's domicile, residence, or the location of the assets to be executed upon is situated, or otherwise to the President of the Beirut Civil Court of Appeal. The president issues a decision on the petition either accepting or rejecting the request. 
If the decision is issued accepting the request and granting the executory formula, the aggrieved party has the right to object to it before the Court of Appeal within thirty days from the date of notification of this decision or any execution procedure. If the judgment granted the executory formula is judicial and not expedited, the opponent's appeal period suspends execution, as does an appeal filed within the period. 
If the request is rejected, the applicant has the right to object to the rejection decision within fifteen days from the date of notification before the Court of Appeal. 
The appellate decision is subject to the same means of appeal applicable to decisions issued by the Courts of Appeal.

##### Article 1014-

The executory formula is granted to the foreign judgment if the following conditions are collectively met: 
A- It must be issued by competent judges according to the law of the country where it was issued, provided that their jurisdiction is not determined solely based on the nationality of the plaintiff. In the case of two foreign judgments issued in the name of two different sovereignties on the same subject and between the same parties, the executory formula is granted to the judgment that aligns with the rules of Lebanese law on international jurisdiction. 
B- It must have acquired the force of res judicata and executory power in the state in whose name it was issued. However, the executory formula can be granted to voluntary judgments and temporary judgments that have become enforceable in the designated state. 
C- The defendant must have been notified of the lawsuit that led to the judgment and had their defense rights ensured. 
D- It must be issued in the name of a state whose laws allow the execution of Lebanese judgments on its territory after reviewing them or after granting them the executory formula. 
E- It must not contain anything contrary to public order.

##### Article 1015-

The Lebanese court to which the request for the executory formula is submitted may not reconsider the merits of the foreign judgment at the request of the defendant except in the following cases: 
A- If it is proven that the judgment was issued based on documents considered or declared false after its issuance. 
B- If decisive documents were discovered after the issuance of the judgment, which one of the parties prevented from being presented. 
C- If there is a contradiction in the judgment's operative part. 
D- If it is proven that the laws of the state in whose name the foreign judgment was issued require reconsideration of the merits of Lebanese judgments before granting them the executory formula.

##### Article 1016-

Lebanese courts must refuse the executory formula in the following cases: 
A- If a final judgment on the same dispute that led to the issuance of the foreign judgment has been issued by the Lebanese judiciary between the same parties. 
B- If a lawsuit on the same dispute and between the same parties is still pending before the Lebanese judiciary, filed prior to the lawsuit that resulted in the foreign judgment.

##### Article 1017-

The party requesting the executory formula for a foreign judgment must present: 
A- A duly certified copy of the foreign judgment meeting the conditions that prove its validity according to the law of the country where the judgment was issued. 
B- Documents proving that this judgment has acquired executory power in the country where it was issued. 
C- A certified copy of the summons addressed to the party who failed to attend the trial and the document notifying them of the trial papers if the judgment was issued in absentia. 
D- A translation of the above-mentioned documents that is consistent with the original and certified according to Lebanese law.

##### Article 1018-

The court may grant the executory formula to the entire judgment or to a partial aspect of it, provided this aspect is separable from the other aspects, and it may not make any amendments that would expand its scope, whether concerning the subject matter or the parties.

##### Article 1019-

During the consideration of the request for the executory formula, it is permissible to present any new reasons and means of defense that have arisen after the issuance of the foreign judgment.

##### Article 1020-

The Lebanese judge, while considering a case before them, may give effect to the foreign judgment when invoked, provided the conditions stipulated in Articles 1014 and 1015 of this law are met. They may grant this judgment the executory formula if explicitly requested by one of the parties. These rules apply to foreign judgments related to capacity and personal status and to foreign judgments issued by voluntary jurisdiction courts.

##### Article 1021-

The provisions of this chapter apply to lawsuits aimed at declaring the non-enforceability of foreign judgments, whether submitted directly or in the course of a pending lawsuit before Lebanese courts.

##### Article 1022-

A foreign judgment that has obtained the executory formula enjoys the executory power that Lebanese judgments possess and benefits from the means of executing these judgments.

### On Granting the Executory Formula to Executable Foreign Instruments Second

##### Article 1023-

Except for documents proving a personal or real right, which remain subject to the provisions of Articles 847 and 856, foreign official documents are not enforceable in Lebanon except by a decision issued in accordance with the provisions of Article 1013.

##### Article 1024-

The enforcement formula for a foreign official document is not granted unless the following conditions are collectively met: 
A- The document is issued by the competent official according to the provisions of the law that granted them the authority. 
B- The document is organized in the form stipulated by the laws of the country in which it was organized. 
C- The document does not contain anything that contradicts public order. 
D- It is accompanied by enforceability according to the laws of the country in which it was organized.

## Final Provisions Ninth

#### Article 1025-

A register for civil companies shall be established at the office of the primary chamber handling civil cases. The method of maintaining it and the effects of its entries shall be regulated by a decree issued by the Council of Ministers upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice. 
The commercial register and its special register, established at the primary chamber handling commercial cases, shall be regulated by a decree issued by the Council of Ministers upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice. A central commercial register with a special register attached to it shall be established at the primary chamber handling commercial cases in Beirut and shall be regulated by a decree issued by the Council of Ministers upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice.
The provisions of this article shall apply immediately upon the publication of this law in the Official Gazette.

#### Article 1026-

All provisions of this law specifying monetary amounts may be amended regarding these amounts by a decree issued by the Council of Ministers upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice. 
It is also permissible, within eighteen months from the date of publication of this law, to introduce any amendment to it that does not affect its essence by a decree issued by the Council of Ministers upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice.

#### Article 1027-

Courts that, under the provisions of this law, have become incompetent to hear pending cases before them, must administratively refer these cases to the competent courts.

#### Article 1028-

Provisions that establish recognized principles have an interpretative nature, and this nature particularly applies to the provisions of Articles 5, Clause (3), 7, 368, 373, 527 in both its paragraphs, and 557.

#### Article 1029-

The new rules contained in the arbitration section do not apply to agreements, disputes, or arbitration decisions prior to the effective date of this law.

#### Article 1030-

The following laws are repealed: 
- The Code of Civil Procedure issued by Legislative Decree No. 72 dated February 1, 1933, with its amendments. 
- The Ottoman Procedure Law. 
- Articles 31 to 98 and 148 of the Judicial Organization Law issued on October 16, 1961, with consideration of the provisions of Article 30 of the Rent Law issued on September 9, 1982. 
- The law concerning the execution of contracts and written commitments issued on May 4, 1968. 
- Law No. 67/73 dated December 19, 1967, concerning the execution of foreign judgments, arbitration decisions, and bonds. 
The texts repealed by the aforementioned laws remain repealed. 
All provisions contrary to this law or inconsistent with its provisions and other previous provisions whose content is included in it are also repealed, except for the texts that the law explicitly retains and the texts contained in other laws that organize special execution procedures for certain types of debts or procedures for the seizure or sale of certain types of property, particularly: 
- The Commercial Code and Legislative Decree No. 11 dated July 11, 1967, concerning the commercial establishment. 
- The Maritime Trade Law. 
- The Aviation Law. 
- The law issued on May 20, 1935, concerning the sale of motor vehicles and agricultural and industrial machinery on credit for specific terms. 
- Law No. 78/13 dated April 24, 1978, concerning the determination of the procedures for collecting the funds of the National Social Security Fund. 
- Legislative Decree No. 46 dated October 20, 1932, concerning the pledge of movable property. 
- Decree No. 780 dated March 12, 1971, amended by Decree No. 8949 dated September 25, 1974, concerning the conditions for the seizure and detention of vehicles. 
- Decision No. 2385 dated January 17, 1924, amended by the Law of January 31, 1946, concerning the system of commercial and industrial property rights. 
The provisions of the Law on the Removal of Co-ownership issued on March 6, 1982, are observed.

#### Article 1031-

The article numbers of the Code of Civil Procedure mentioned in the texts of other laws are considered automatically replaced by the corresponding article numbers of this law. 
Similarly, other legal texts that refer to the texts of laws whose rules have been incorporated into the articles of this law are considered to automatically refer to these latter articles.

#### Article 1032-

All texts of treaties and international agreements containing special rules on trial procedures, court jurisdiction, or execution procedures, or rules of evidence are considered annexed to this law.

#### Article 1033-

Amended according to Legislative Decree 2 dated January 26, 1985 
With consideration of the provisions of Articles 761, 931, 968, 1025, and 1026, Paragraph 2, this law shall be effective from July 1, 1985, taking into account its application period between January 1, 1985, and the effective date of this Legislative Decree.

Review status

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Advanced: edit structured JSON

The JSON below mirrors the original law structure. Update it only if you need to correct per-article text. Keep keys identical; only translate the values.

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                            "body": "Courts must adhere to the principle of the hierarchy of rules. \r\nIn the event of a conflict between the provisions of international treaties and ordinary law, the former shall prevail in application over the latter. \r\nCourts may not declare the acts of the legislative authority void due to the non-conformity of ordinary laws with the constitution or international treaties.",
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                                {
                                    "id": 51,
                                    "body": "The public prosecution has the right to file a lawsuit in cases specified by law, and in matters related to public order when incidents or actions occur that may affect it.",
                                    "position": 8,
                                    "article_number": "8-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 52,
                                    "body": "A lawsuit is permissible for anyone with an existing legal interest, or for those aiming to establish a right whose existence is denied, or to prevent imminent or future harm, or to secure a right whose evidence may disappear in a dispute, except in cases where the law restricts the right to submit or refute a request or defend a specific interest to persons with defined status. \r\nNo request, objection, or defense is accepted from or against a person without standing.",
                                    "position": 9,
                                    "article_number": "9-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 53,
                                    "body": "The right to sue and the right to defense are restricted by their proper use, so any request, defense, or objection made abusively is rejected and exposes the person who made it to compensation for the damage caused.",
                                    "position": 10,
                                    "article_number": "10-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 54,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6 \r\nThe abusive opponent is fined at least forty thousand Lebanese pounds and at most one million Lebanese pounds, as decided by the court on its own initiative.",
                                    "position": 11,
                                    "article_number": "11-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 55,
                                    "body": "Competence to litigate is referred to the law of the litigant's state. The law of the state of those lacking competence or with diminished competence or missing persons is referred to regarding their supervision and representation.",
                                    "position": 12,
                                    "article_number": "12-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 56,
                                    "body": "The court, at every stage of the trial, must verify the competence to litigate and the validity of the representation of those lacking competence or with diminished competence or missing persons.",
                                    "position": 13,
                                    "article_number": "13-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 57,
                                    "body": "If the personal status law to which one of the parties is subject requires the representative of those lacking competence or with diminished competence or missing persons to obtain a license from the judiciary to litigate, the court where the lawsuit should be filed may grant this license, and it remains valid throughout all stages of the trial and execution.",
                                    "position": 14,
                                    "article_number": "14-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 58,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20 and Law No. 144 dated 1999\/10\/29\r\n\r\nIf a lawsuit is filed against someone lacking competence or with diminished competence or a missing person and they do not have a legal representative, or if it is filed against a litigant who is found to be deceased or dies during the trial and it is impossible to appoint their heirs, the court hearing the case may conduct notifications through publication in the official gazette and in two local daily newspapers it appoints.\r\n\r\nAfter two months from the last publication, the court appoints a special representative to act in place of the legal representative or heirs if no legal representative appears for the heirs or for those lacking competence or missing persons. The special representative retains this status throughout all stages of the trial and before the execution departments until the legal representative or heirs are appointed. The special representative is not entitled to acknowledge, waive, drop, settle, or acquiesce. The fees of the special representative are determined by a decision from the court that appointed them and are considered part of the lawsuit expenses.",
                                    "position": 15,
                                    "article_number": "15-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 125,
                            "name": "Classification of Lawsuits",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 59,
                                    "body": "The nature of the lawsuit is determined by the right it protects; it is personal if the right is personal, real if it is real, and mixed if its subject involves both rights or aims to execute a contract based on a real right or to annul, rescind, or invalidate this contract. \r\nAs for lawsuits that do not fall into the categories mentioned in the first paragraph, especially those related to non-financial rights, they are considered as personal lawsuits.",
                                    "position": 16,
                                    "article_number": "16-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 60,
                                    "body": "The lawsuit is movable if the subject of the right it aims to protect is movable, and it is real estate when it relates to a real right on real estate or its possession.",
                                    "position": 17,
                                    "article_number": "17-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 61,
                                    "body": "Real estate lawsuits are divided, according to their intended purpose, into lawsuits of right and lawsuits of possession.",
                                    "position": 18,
                                    "article_number": "18-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 62,
                                    "body": "The classification of lawsuits is subject to the provisions of Lebanese law.",
                                    "position": 19,
                                    "article_number": "19-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 126,
                            "name": "Possession Claims",
                            "number": "Third",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 63,
                                    "body": "Possession claims are of two types: \r\n1- The claim to prevent interference, which aims to prevent an attack on possession. \r\n2- The claim to recover possession, which aims to restore possession to the possessor who was forcibly deprived of it.",
                                    "position": 20,
                                    "article_number": "20-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 64,
                                    "body": "The conditions for the claim to prevent interference are: \r\n1- The plaintiff must be in possession, either personally or through a predecessor, of a real property right with quiet, public, unambiguous, and continuous possession for at least one year before the interference. \r\nPossession is not considered terminated if actual control over the right is temporarily prevented by a force majeure. \r\n2- There must have been interference with the plaintiff's possession by an act that limits the exercise of that possession, whether the act is complete or involves works that lead to interference with possession, and whether these works occur on property in the plaintiff's possession or on another's property causing damage to that property.",
                                    "position": 21,
                                    "article_number": "21-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 65,
                                    "body": "The conditions for the claim to recover possession are: \r\n1- The plaintiff must be in possession of a real property right with material possession meeting the conditions specified in the first paragraph of the previous article, except for the condition of continuity for at least one year before the deprivation of possession. \r\n2- The plaintiff's possession must have been forcibly taken, depriving them of its use.",
                                    "position": 22,
                                    "article_number": "22-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 66,
                                    "body": "Possession claims of both types are also accepted from incidental possessors such as depositaries, pledgees, tenants, farmers, and concessionaires in state-owned property, except in cases where the claim is directed against the person from whom the incidental possessor derived their rights.",
                                    "position": 23,
                                    "article_number": "23-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 67,
                                    "body": "A possession claim is only accepted within one year from the date of interference or usurpation unless it remains hidden or its cause is ambiguous or unclear, in which case the one-year period begins from the date the possessor discovers or becomes certain of the interference.",
                                    "position": 24,
                                    "article_number": "24-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 68,
                                    "body": "It is not permissible to combine a possession claim with a claim of right. Whoever files a claim of right is considered to have waived the possession claim unless their possession is interfered with during the consideration of the claim of right, or if the claim of right is filed incidentally with the possession claim, in which case it is considered when the possession claim is dismissed.",
                                    "position": 25,
                                    "article_number": "25-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 69,
                                    "body": "The defendant in a possession claim may not file a claim of right until the interference they caused is removed.",
                                    "position": 26,
                                    "article_number": "26-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 70,
                                    "body": "The judge hearing a possession claim may not address the original right or base their judgment on reasons or documents related to that right unless they are used to assess the type of possession and the fulfillment of its legal conditions. \r\nThe judgment in a possession claim is subject to expedited execution.",
                                    "position": 27,
                                    "article_number": "27-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 3
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 127,
                            "name": "The Original Request and Incidental Requests",
                            "number": "Fourth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 75,
                                    "body": "Requests are divided into two sections: \r\n1- Original requests that initiate the trial. \r\n2- Incidental requests submitted during the trial.",
                                    "position": 28,
                                    "article_number": "28-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 76,
                                    "body": "An incidental request submitted by the plaintiff is called an additional request, and an incidental request submitted by the defendant against the plaintiff is called a counterclaim. A request submitted by a third party against the litigants is called an intervention, while a request directed by one of the litigants to a third party outside the litigation is called an introduction. \r\nAny request presented during the trial that does not expand or narrow the subject of the original request is considered an incident of the trial.",
                                    "position": 29,
                                    "article_number": "29-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 77,
                                    "body": "The conditions for accepting an incidental request are: \r\n1- It must be related to the original request, meaning that the solution decided for one of them should affect the solution that must be decided for the other. However, a request for set-off is excluded from this. \r\n2- It must not fall outside the functional or subject-matter jurisdiction of the court hearing the original request and must not be within the jurisdiction of an arbitral tribunal.",
                                    "position": 30,
                                    "article_number": "30-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 78,
                                    "body": "The plaintiff may submit incidental requests aimed at correcting, completing, or modifying the subject or cause of the original request.",
                                    "position": 31,
                                    "article_number": "31-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 79,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe defendant may submit incidental requests that meet the conditions of Article 30, and specifically the following requests: \r\n1- Request for set-off. \r\n2- Request for compensation for damage suffered from the original claim or from one of the trial procedures. \r\n3- Any request aimed at obtaining a benefit other than merely rejecting the opponent's requests.",
                                    "position": 32,
                                    "article_number": "32-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 80,
                                    "body": "The plaintiff, in response to incidental requests submitted by the defendant, may submit incidental requests, provided they arise from the cause on which the defendant's requests are based.",
                                    "position": 33,
                                    "article_number": "33-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 81,
                                    "body": "The original request and the incidental request are decided together unless the court, for the proper administration of justice, decides to rule on one before the other. \r\nHowever, in the case of a set-off request between two related and certain debts in their principle, where one is not liquidated or not due, the judge must establish the principle of set-off in a single judgment and order measures aimed at settling the accounts.",
                                    "position": 34,
                                    "article_number": "34-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 82,
                                    "body": "Each of the parties may submit requests aimed at taking precautionary or temporary measures.",
                                    "position": 35,
                                    "article_number": "35-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 83,
                                    "body": "A third party may intervene or be introduced into the trial, thereby becoming a party to it.",
                                    "position": 36,
                                    "article_number": "36-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 84,
                                    "body": "Voluntary intervention is original when a third party intervenes on their own initiative in the trial to assert or protect their rights against the parties or one of them, requesting a judgment for themselves with a request related to the requests of one of the parties. It is ancillary when it aims to support the requests of one of the parties if their acceptance is in the interest of the intervenor.",
                                    "position": 37,
                                    "article_number": "37-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 85,
                                    "body": "A third party may be introduced into the trial at the request of one of the parties to involve them in the judgment. They may also be introduced for the purpose of being judged on requests related to the requests of one of the parties, or for the purpose of guarantee.",
                                    "position": 38,
                                    "article_number": "38-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 86,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20 \r\nThe request for intervention or introduction is submitted by a memorandum, which is notified to the concerned parties, including the person to be introduced.",
                                    "position": 39,
                                    "article_number": "39-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 87,
                                    "body": "The acceptance of intervention or introduction requires that the intervenor or the applicant for introduction has a personal and legitimate interest.",
                                    "position": 40,
                                    "article_number": "40-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 88,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nIntervention or introduction is permissible at all times during the trial and until its conclusion. It is permissible before the court of first instance and the court of appeal. \r\nOnly ancillary voluntary intervention is accepted before the Court of Cassation, subject to the provisions of Articles 624, 625, 626, and 627.",
                                    "position": 41,
                                    "article_number": "41-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 89,
                                    "body": "The parties and the third party to be introduced must contest the acceptance of intervention or introduction in form before discussing the subject. In this case, the court may decide on the request by a separate decision or with the judgment on the subject. \r\nIf there is no dispute over the acceptance of intervention or if the court decides to accept it, the intervenor or introduced party has the right to request any investigation they deem useful, even if not requested by the parties.",
                                    "position": 42,
                                    "article_number": "42-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 90,
                                    "body": "If the intervention or introduction is not based on a relevant interest and is intended only to delay the resolution of the case, the parties have the right, in addition to opposing its acceptance, to request, according to the provisions of Article 10 of this law, a judgment for damages and compensation, and the court may impose a fine according to the provisions of Article 11.",
                                    "position": 43,
                                    "article_number": "43-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 91,
                                    "body": "A request contained in the intervention or introduction may be met with a counter-request.",
                                    "position": 44,
                                    "article_number": "44-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 92,
                                    "body": "The court may decide on its own to introduce a third party into the trial if it sees that this measure would facilitate the judgment in the original case and lead to revealing the truth, and that it is beneficial for preserving the rights of the parties or one of them or the rights of the person to be introduced. The court's clerk must notify the third party of the introduction decision. \r\nThe court may require each of the parties to notify the third party of their documents and set a deadline for the latter to respond.",
                                    "position": 45,
                                    "article_number": "45-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 93,
                                    "body": "A third party cannot be introduced for guarantee before the court hearing the original case in the following situations: \r\n1- If the guarantee claim is outside its functional or subject-matter jurisdiction. \r\n2- If there is an agreement between the guarantor and the guaranteed party that assigns the right to hear the guarantee case to another court or arbitral tribunal. \r\n3- If there is a pending case concerning the same guarantee before another court.",
                                    "position": 46,
                                    "article_number": "46-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 94,
                                    "body": "The person called for guarantee may also call another person obligated to guarantee them.",
                                    "position": 47,
                                    "article_number": "47-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 95,
                                    "body": "The party who called a guarantor may withdraw from the trial with the consent of the parties, allowing this person to replace them in it. They may return to the trial when they see an interest in doing so. \r\nThe judgment issued applies to everyone, including those who withdrew from the trial.",
                                    "position": 48,
                                    "article_number": "48-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 96,
                                    "body": "If the guaranteed party withdraws from the trial, they do not bear the costs of the case or the compensations awarded against the guarantor, except in the case of the latter's insolvency.",
                                    "position": 49,
                                    "article_number": "49-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 4
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 128,
                            "name": "Defense, Procedural Plea, and Plea of Inadmissibility",
                            "number": "Fifth",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 129,
                                    "name": "Reasons for Defense",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 97,
                                            "body": "Defense is any reason invoked by a party to reject the opponent's claim due to its invalidity after examining the right in the matter.",
                                            "position": 50,
                                            "article_number": "50-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 98,
                                            "body": "It is permissible to present reasons for defense at any stage of the trial.",
                                            "position": 51,
                                            "article_number": "51-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 130,
                                    "name": "Procedural Defenses",
                                    "number": "Second",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 105,
                                            "body": "A procedural plea is any reason invoked by a party to declare the trial illegal, null, or to halt its proceedings. \r\nProcedural pleas include pleas of lack of jurisdiction, prior claim, connection, nullity of summons, or other procedural acts, and requests to transfer the case due to legitimate suspicion or kinship or affinity, and pleas for adjournment.",
                                            "position": 52,
                                            "article_number": "52-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 106,
                                            "body": "Procedural pleas must be raised at the beginning of the trial and before discussing the subject matter or raising pleas of inadmissibility, unless they arise from a reason that appeared later, with consideration for the exceptions mentioned in the following articles. \r\nA request for notification of documents does not constitute a reason for inadmissibility of the procedural plea.\r\nIf the jurisdiction is mandatory, whether functional, substantive, or territorial, the plea of its absence can be raised at any stage of the trial, and the court must raise it on its own initiative.",
                                            "position": 53,
                                            "article_number": "53-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 107,
                                            "body": "The plea of prior claim is available when the same case is filed before two different courts, both of which are competent to hear it.",
                                            "position": 54,
                                            "article_number": "54-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 108,
                                            "body": "The plea of connection is available when there are two cases involving related claims pending before two different courts, each competent to hear the case filed before it.",
                                            "position": 55,
                                            "article_number": "55-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 109,
                                            "body": "The court before which the plea of prior claim or connection is raised with a case previously filed before another court must relinquish the case and refer it to that court, except in cases where the court to which the case was later submitted has issued a decisive decision on one of the points of dispute or is hearing the original case while the other is considering a case based on a subsidiary guarantee, in which case the case must be referred from the court where it was first filed and where the plea is raised to the second court. \r\nIf the two courts are of different levels, the plea of prior claim or connection is not admissible before the higher court. \r\nIn any case, when there is a prior claim or connection between a case pending before the single judge and another pending before the preliminary chamber, the plea is raised before the single judge, who must then refer the case to the chamber.",
                                            "position": 56,
                                            "article_number": "56-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 110,
                                            "body": "The plea of connection can be raised at any stage of the trial, unless it is evident that it was raised late with the intent to prolong the trial, in which case the court will decide to reject it.",
                                            "position": 57,
                                            "article_number": "57-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 111,
                                            "body": "The plea of nullity of judicial proceedings due to a formal defect must be raised immediately after their completion and upon the party's awareness of them. However, the nullity is waived if the party raising it has invoked, after the completion of the procedure, defenses on the merits or a plea of inadmissibility without insisting on the nullity. \r\nAll reasons for the nullity of the completed judicial proceedings must be raised at once, under penalty of inadmissibility of the reason not raised in this manner.",
                                            "position": 58,
                                            "article_number": "58-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 112,
                                            "body": "No procedure can be declared null for a formal defect unless there is an explicit provision in the law regarding it, or the defect results from a violation of a substantial form or relates to public order, and if the party invoking the nullity proves that they suffered harm due to the mentioned defect. The nullity is waived if the party for whose benefit it was established waives it explicitly or implicitly, except in cases where the nullity relates to public order. The nullity is also waived in any case by subsequent correction of the procedure, even after invoking this nullity, provided the correction is made within the legally prescribed period for performing the procedure if it does not result in any harm. If the procedure does not have a specific forfeiture period defined by law, the court sets an appropriate period for its correction, and the procedure is only considered valid from the date of its correction.",
                                            "position": 59,
                                            "article_number": "59-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 113,
                                            "body": "Objective defects leading to the nullity of the judicial procedure include: \r\n1- Lack of capacity to litigate.\r\n2- Lack of authority of one of the parties or one of the persons present in the trial as a representative of a legal person or a person lacking procedural capacity. \r\n3- Lack of capacity or authority of a person representing one of the parties.",
                                            "position": 60,
                                            "article_number": "60-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 114,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nPleas of nullity based on the violation of substantive rules related to judicial procedures can be raised at any stage of the trial. However, the judge may award compensation for damages to the party who refrained from raising them early, intending to delay and prolong the trial. \r\nThe pleas of nullity mentioned in the first paragraph are admissible even if there is no explicit provision regarding this nullity, and it is not required that the party raising the plea suffers harm. \r\nThe court must raise these pleas of nullity on its own initiative if they relate to public order. It may also raise on its own initiative the nullity resulting from the lack of capacity to litigate. \r\nIn cases where correcting the defect leading to nullity is possible, nullity is not declared if its cause has been removed when the judge issues the judgment.",
                                            "position": 61,
                                            "article_number": "61-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 131,
                                    "name": "Defenses of Non-Acceptance",
                                    "number": "Third",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 115,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20 \r\nThe plea of inadmissibility is any reason invoked by a party to declare the inadmissibility of their opponent's claim, without examining its merits, due to the absence of the right to sue. \r\nConsidered as pleas of inadmissibility are the plea of lack of standing, lack of interest, res judicata, or the expiration of judicial procedure deadlines. The plea of prescription is considered a plea of inadmissibility, subject to special provisions such as those in Article 361 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts.",
                                            "position": 62,
                                            "article_number": "62-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 116,
                                            "body": "Pleas of inadmissibility may be raised at any stage of the trial. However, the judge may award compensation for damages against the party who refrained from raising them early, with the intent to delay and prolong the trial.",
                                            "position": 63,
                                            "article_number": "63-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 117,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20\r\nThe court must raise the plea of inadmissibility when it pertains to public order, especially if it results from non-compliance with appeal deadlines or the inadmissibility of appeal methods. \r\nThe court may raise on its own initiative the plea of inadmissibility resulting from lack of standing or interest.",
                                            "position": 64,
                                            "article_number": "64-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 118,
                                            "body": "If the reason for the plea of inadmissibility is subject to correction, this plea is dismissed if the reason has been rectified at the time the court issues its judgment. This is also the case if the person with standing to sue has become a party to the lawsuit before the expiration of the forfeiture deadlines.",
                                            "position": 65,
                                            "article_number": "65-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 132,
                                    "name": "Common Provisions",
                                    "number": "Fourth",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 119,
                                            "body": "The defendant who invokes any plea that results in the dismissal of the case in form, its inadmissibility, or the annulment of the trial must present his defense and claims on the subject matter in a subsidiary manner.",
                                            "position": 66,
                                            "article_number": "66-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 120,
                                            "body": "The court may decide on the pleas separately or join them to the subject matter.",
                                            "position": 67,
                                            "article_number": "67-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 121,
                                            "body": "The court may decide on the pleas and the reasons for defense presented before it, except for those that raise an issue falling under the exclusive jurisdiction of another judicial authority.",
                                            "position": 68,
                                            "article_number": "68-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 5
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 133,
                            "name": "Assessment of the Dispute Value",
                            "number": "Sixth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 122,
                                    "body": "The criterion for assessing the value of the dispute is based on the requests contained in the summons and the pleadings.",
                                    "position": 69,
                                    "article_number": "69-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 123,
                                    "body": "The assessment of the value of the dispute considers: \r\n1- The value of the original request without considering what becomes due after the filing of the lawsuit in terms of interest, expenses, compensations, and other attachments. \r\n2- The total of the concurrent requests, whether arising from a single legal cause or different causes, and whether submitted in a single litigation or different litigations that were later combined, regardless of the number of parties in this litigation or litigations. However, if the requests are not concurrent, the value of each request is considered separately. \r\n3- The value of the entire right if the requested part is part of it and the dispute concerns the entire right. \r\n4- The value of the joint bond, whether the partners in it are creditors or debtors. \r\n5- The value of the principal debt in disputes arising between the seizer and the seized regarding the validity of the seizure or any temporary measure on movable property, or in disputes arising between holders of privileges, mortgages, or insurance and their debtor. If the dispute is between the mentioned persons and a third party over the entitlement of the seized items or mortgaged or insured funds, the criterion is their value. \r\n6- The value of the right established in the bond if the lawsuit is filed to annul, cancel, or rescind it. \r\n7- The value of the property if the dispute involves the right of ownership or the right of disposal of state lands. In all cases, the value of constructions and plantations is considered, even if their removal is requested. \r\n8- The value of the goods according to their price on the day of the claim. \r\n9- The total income if it is based on obligations defined by a period. If it is defined by the duration of life, it is considered indefinite in value.",
                                    "position": 70,
                                    "article_number": "70-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 124,
                                    "body": "In lawsuits arising from optional obligations, the highest value request is considered.",
                                    "position": 71,
                                    "article_number": "71-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 6
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 2
                },
                {
                    "id": 134,
                    "name": "Jurisdiction",
                    "number": "Second",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 135,
                            "name": "General Provisions",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 125,
                                    "body": "Jurisdiction is of four types: \r\n1- International jurisdiction: By which the state that must present the governing body is determined.\r\n2- Functional jurisdiction: By which the judicial authority competent to hear the case is determined. \r\n3- Subject-matter jurisdiction: By which the type and level of the court that hears the case among the courts belonging to a single judicial authority is determined. \r\n4- Territorial jurisdiction: By which the court that has the authority to hear the case among courts of the same type and level is determined.",
                                    "position": 1,
                                    "article_number": "72"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 126,
                                    "body": "The First President of the Court of Cassation decides, by a decision that is not subject to appeal, on disputes arising from the decision to distribute work among the chambers of this court. \r\nThe First President of the Court of Appeal decides, by a decision that is not subject to appeal, on disputes arising from the decision to distribute work among the chambers of this court and on disputes arising from the decision to distribute work among the chambers and sections in the Court of First Instance. \r\nThe decision of the First President mentioned is purely administrative in nature and does not affect the subject matter.",
                                    "position": 1,
                                    "article_number": "73"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 136,
                            "name": "International Jurisdiction",
                            "number": "Two",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 127,
                                    "body": "International jurisdiction of Lebanese courts is primarily subject to the provisions related to domestic jurisdiction without distinction between Lebanese and foreign nationals.",
                                    "position": 72,
                                    "article_number": "74-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 128,
                                    "body": "Lebanese courts have jurisdiction over personal status matters if the parties involved are Lebanese.",
                                    "position": 73,
                                    "article_number": "75-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 129,
                                    "body": "Lebanese courts have jurisdiction over any case involving a Lebanese national or interests located in Lebanon if there are no other competent courts.",
                                    "position": 74,
                                    "article_number": "76-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 130,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Law No. 440 dated 29\/7\/2002 \r\nA lawsuit concerning the validity or violation of a privilege granted or recognized by the Lebanese state is filed with the Lebanese courts, taking into account the provisions of the new Article 762, its third paragraph, and Article 809, its second paragraph.\r\n\r\n(Text of Article (77) before its amendment by Law No. 440 dated 29\/7\/2002:\r\nA lawsuit concerning the validity or violation of a privilege granted or recognized by the Lebanese state is mandatorily filed with the Lebanese courts).",
                                    "position": 75,
                                    "article_number": "77-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 131,
                                    "body": "In addition to the cases stipulated in the previous articles and taking into account the provisions of Legislative Decree No. 34 dated August 5, 1967, Lebanese courts have jurisdiction over lawsuits filed against any Lebanese or foreign person who does not have a real or chosen domicile or residence in Lebanon in the following cases: \r\n1- If the lawsuit concerns property located in Lebanon at the time of notification of the claim or a contract concluded in Lebanon or a condition for the execution of one of the main obligations arising from it in Lebanon. \r\n2- If the subject of the request is a temporary or precautionary measure to be executed in Lebanon. \r\n3- If the subject of the lawsuit is the delivery of a minor to the person entitled to custody if the former is in Lebanon or the latter is residing there. \r\n4- If the lawsuit concerns the lineage of a minor or guardianship or custody over them or guardianship over the property of a person to be interdicted or judicially assisted, and the minor or the person to be interdicted or judicially assisted is in Lebanon. \r\n5- If the subject of the lawsuit is an objection to a marriage contract intended to be concluded in Lebanon.",
                                    "position": 76,
                                    "article_number": "78-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 132,
                                    "body": "Lebanese civil courts have jurisdiction over disputes arising from a marriage contract concluded in a foreign country between Lebanese nationals or between a Lebanese and a foreign national in the civil form prescribed by the law of that country, and the provisions of the laws related to the jurisdiction of the Sharia and Druze courts are observed if both spouses are from the Islamic sects and at least one of them is Lebanese.",
                                    "position": 77,
                                    "article_number": "79-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 133,
                                    "body": "The lack of jurisdiction of Lebanese courts is subject to the rules of internal territorial non-jurisdiction, and it is relative unless it concerns a case of mandatory jurisdiction.",
                                    "position": 78,
                                    "article_number": "80-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 137,
                            "name": "Functional Jurisdiction",
                            "number": "Third",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 134,
                                    "body": "Functional jurisdiction is determined by laws and regulations concerning the various judicial authorities such as civil judiciary, administrative judiciary, and religious or Sharia judiciary.",
                                    "position": 79,
                                    "article_number": "81-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 135,
                                    "body": "Functional jurisdiction is considered as subject-matter jurisdiction unless a contrary provision is stated.",
                                    "position": 80,
                                    "article_number": "82-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 3
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 138,
                            "name": "Subject Matter Jurisdiction",
                            "number": "Fourth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 136,
                                    "body": "The judiciary is responsible for: \r\nFirst - International level courts. \r\nSecond - Courts of appeal. \r\nThird - The Court of Cassation.",
                                    "position": 81,
                                    "article_number": "83-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 137,
                                    "body": "Special courts are responsible for exceptionally reviewing certain disputes according to the laws and regulations established for them and the provisions of this law that do not contradict them.",
                                    "position": 82,
                                    "article_number": "84-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 139,
                                    "name": "Jurisdiction of First Instance Courts",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 138,
                                            "body": "The Court of First Instance is composed of chambers consisting of a president and two members, and sections where judges preside individually. \r\nIn the following texts, the chamber of the Court of First Instance is referred to as the primary chamber.",
                                            "position": 83,
                                            "article_number": "85-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 139,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23, Decree 791 dated 1990\/12\/13, Decree 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7, Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20, and Legislative Decree 13440 dated 1998\/11\/5 \r\nThe individual judge considers the following civil and commercial cases:\r\n1- Personal lawsuits and lawsuits related to movable or immovable property that do not exceed a value of one hundred million Lebanese pounds. \r\n2- Personal status lawsuits except those related to nationality. \r\n3- Requests for inheritance limitation unless there is a dispute regarding the appointment of heirs or the determination of inheritance shares. \r\n4- Lawsuits related to lease contracts of movable and immovable property and free management regardless of the value of the rent, and lawsuits related to occupancy with all accompanying requests and defenses. \r\n5- Possession lawsuits. \r\n6- Lawsuits to prevent interference with irrigation rights. \r\n7- Lawsuits related to easement rights. \r\n8- Lawsuits for boundary determination. \r\n9- Urgent matters lawsuits. \r\nThe jurisdiction of the real estate judge is observed.",
                                            "position": 84,
                                            "article_number": "86-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 140,
                                            "body": "The individual judge, as the head of the execution department, handles execution matters and considers the basis of problems related to execution procedures. As for problems not related to these procedures, he may take temporary measures according to the procedures followed in urgent matters jurisdiction.",
                                            "position": 85,
                                            "article_number": "87-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 141,
                                            "body": "The individual judge considers all counterclaims and set-off requests that fall within his jurisdiction by their nature or value, even if their total with the original request exceeds the limits of this jurisdiction. He also considers, along with the original lawsuit, claims for damages and compensation arising from the original lawsuit, regardless of the value of those claims. He also considers what arises from the right subject of the original lawsuit, including interests, increments, and results, regardless of their value.",
                                            "position": 86,
                                            "article_number": "88-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 142,
                                            "body": "If the counterclaim exceeds the jurisdiction of the individual judge by its value and falls within the jurisdiction of the primary chamber, the individual judge limits himself to ruling on the original lawsuit alone. However, if he finds that the judgment on the counterclaim might affect the solution to be decided for the original lawsuit, he decides to refer this lawsuit along with the counterclaim to the primary chamber, which will rule on them together, unless the parties agree that the individual judge himself will rule on them.",
                                            "position": 87,
                                            "article_number": "89-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 143,
                                            "body": "The primary chamber is the ordinary court and has general jurisdiction in civil and commercial cases, except for what is specifically assigned to another court by a special provision.",
                                            "position": 88,
                                            "article_number": "90-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 144,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23\r\nIf a lawsuit is filed before the primary chamber and the jurisdiction to consider it belongs to the individual judge affiliated with the same Court of First Instance, the chamber declares its lack of jurisdiction and administratively refers the lawsuit to the individual judge. The same rule applies when a lawsuit is filed before the individual judge that falls under the jurisdiction of the primary chamber; he must then administratively refer it to the latter. \r\nHowever, the parties have the right, after filing the lawsuit, to agree that the judicial authority before which it was filed will rule on it, even if this authority is not competent by its value. \r\nIf the primary chamber finds that the lawsuit filed before it falls under the jurisdiction of another chamber of the same Court of First Instance according to the work distribution decision, it decides to administratively refer it to this other chamber. Similarly, if the individual judge finds that the lawsuit filed before him falls under the jurisdiction of another individual judge of the same Court of First Instance, he decides to administratively refer it to the latter.",
                                            "position": 89,
                                            "article_number": "91-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 145,
                                            "body": "The presidents of the chambers exercise the powers vested in them by law, and their decisions are contested before the chamber they preside over.",
                                            "position": 90,
                                            "article_number": "92-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 140,
                                    "name": "Jurisdiction of the Courts of Appeal",
                                    "number": "Second",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 146,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe Court of Appeal considers appeals against judgments and decisions that are appealable and issued within its jurisdiction: \r\n1- From courts of first instance in civil and commercial cases. \r\n2- From execution departments, committees, and special councils in cases specified by law. \r\nIt also considers requests to recuse judges of the courts of first instance from hearing cases, and any other request or appeal that the law grants it jurisdiction over. \r\n3- Repealed.",
                                            "position": 91,
                                            "article_number": "93-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 141,
                                    "name": "Jurisdiction of the Court of Cassation",
                                    "number": "Third",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 147,
                                            "body": "The Court of Cassation shall consider: \r\n1- Requests for the annulment of final judgments issued by the Courts of Appeal in civil and commercial cases. \r\n2- Requests for the transfer of a case from one court to another in the cases stipulated in Article 116 of this law. \r\n3- Any other request that the law assigns to it for consideration.",
                                            "position": 92,
                                            "article_number": "94-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 148,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Law 89\/4 dated 1989\/1\/5 \r\nThe Court of Cassation, in its general assembly convened with the quorum specified in the Law on the Organization of the Judiciary, shall consider: \r\n1- Cases filed against the state regarding liability arising from the actions of judicial judges. \r\n2- Any case whose resolution raises an important legal principle or may lead to a contradiction with previous judgments, in which case the case is referred to it by a decision from the chamber before which the case is presented. \r\n3- Requests for determining jurisdiction in the event of positive or negative conflict over jurisdiction: \r\na- Between two judicial courts. \r\nb- Between a judicial court and a religious or sectarian court. \r\nc- Between a religious court and a sectarian court. \r\nd- Between two different sectarian or religious courts. \r\n4- Objections to a final decision issued by a sectarian or religious court for lack of jurisdiction of this court or for violating essential procedures related to public order. \r\n5- Appeals for the annulment of judgments for the benefit of the law submitted by the Public Prosecutor at the Court of Cassation.",
                                            "position": 93,
                                            "article_number": "95-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 4
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 142,
                            "name": "Territorial Jurisdiction",
                            "number": "Fifth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 149,
                                    "body": "Jurisdiction by location is of two types: ordinary, which has a relative nature, and exceptional, which has a mandatory nature.",
                                    "position": 1,
                                    "article_number": "96"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 143,
                                    "name": "Ordinary Territorial Jurisdiction",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 150,
                                            "body": "Jurisdiction shall be with the court in whose district the domicile of the defendant is located unless the law provides otherwise. If there are multiple defendants, jurisdiction shall be with the court in whose district the domicile of one of them is located, provided that this latter is originally sued. It is not required that the claims against the defendants be based on the same cause, but it is sufficient that they are interconnected. \r\nThe place of residence is considered as the domicile in its absence. The chosen domicile is considered as the real domicile. If the plaintiff's intention in choosing the court of one of the defendants is merely to remove jurisdiction from the natural court to harm the opponent, the claim is subject to dismissal for lack of territorial jurisdiction and to compensation as stipulated in Article 10 of this law.",
                                            "position": 94,
                                            "article_number": "97-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 151,
                                            "body": "In real estate lawsuits, including possession and partition lawsuits, jurisdiction shall be with the court in whose district the property is located. If there are multiple properties, jurisdiction shall be with the court of the location of one of them.",
                                            "position": 95,
                                            "article_number": "98-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 152,
                                            "body": "In mixed lawsuits, as in lawsuits related to compensation for the original real estate right due to its destruction, damage, or the removal of the right to claim it in kind, or related to the lease of the property, jurisdiction, at the plaintiff's choice, shall be with the court of the property's location or the court of the defendant.",
                                            "position": 96,
                                            "article_number": "99-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 153,
                                            "body": "In lawsuits related to a civil or commercial contract, jurisdiction shall be with the court of the real domicile of the defendant or the chosen domicile or the court in whose district the contract was concluded and where one of the main obligations arising from it was stipulated to be executed, or the court where the contract was stipulated to be fully executed. The choice of domicile applies to the heirs of the contracting parties.",
                                            "position": 97,
                                            "article_number": "100-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 154,
                                            "body": "In lawsuits related to a legal entity, jurisdiction shall be with the court in whose district its main office is located, whether the lawsuit is against the legal entity or from it against one of its members or from one of its members against another. \r\nIt is permissible to file the lawsuit with the court in whose district a branch of the legal entity is located in disputes arising from contracting with this branch or from its work.",
                                            "position": 98,
                                            "article_number": "101-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 155,
                                            "body": "In lawsuits arising from a crime or quasi-crime, jurisdiction shall be with the court of the domicile of the defendant or the court in whose district the harmful act or the damage warranting compensation occurred.",
                                            "position": 99,
                                            "article_number": "102-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 156,
                                            "body": "In lawsuits related to alimony debt, jurisdiction shall be with the court in whose district the domicile of the defendant or the domicile of the plaintiff is located.",
                                            "position": 100,
                                            "article_number": "103-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 157,
                                            "body": "In lawsuits related to the marital bond, the competent court shall be the one to which the last domicile of the defendant in Lebanon belongs.",
                                            "position": 101,
                                            "article_number": "104-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 158,
                                            "body": "In the case of multiple heirs and until the partition is completed, lawsuits related to inheritance among the heirs, or between them and the legatees, or between them and the creditors of the estate, shall be filed with the court of the place where the estate was opened. \r\nIf the estate was opened in a foreign country and contains properties located in Lebanon, disputes related to these properties as specified in the first paragraph shall be under the jurisdiction of the court of the location of these properties.",
                                            "position": 102,
                                            "article_number": "105-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 159,
                                            "body": "If the defendant has no domicile or place of residence in Lebanon and jurisdiction belongs to the Lebanese courts and it is not possible to determine the competent court according to the rules provided in this law, jurisdiction shall be with the court of the domicile or place of residence of the plaintiff. \r\nIf the latter has no domicile or place of residence, jurisdiction shall be with the court of Beirut.",
                                            "position": 103,
                                            "article_number": "106-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 144,
                                    "name": "Mandatory Territorial Jurisdiction",
                                    "number": "Second",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 160,
                                            "body": "The territorial jurisdiction of the courts designated in the following matters shall be mandatory jurisdiction.",
                                            "position": 104,
                                            "article_number": "107-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 161,
                                            "body": "In lawsuits arising from bankruptcy, the jurisdiction shall be with the court that declared the bankruptcy.",
                                            "position": 105,
                                            "article_number": "108-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 162,
                                            "body": "In lawsuits related to life insurance, the jurisdiction shall be with the court of the insured's domicile.",
                                            "position": 106,
                                            "article_number": "109-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 163,
                                            "body": "In lawsuits related to accident insurance, the jurisdiction shall be with the court of the place where the accident occurred or the court of the insured's domicile.",
                                            "position": 107,
                                            "article_number": "110-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 164,
                                            "body": "In lawsuits related to fire insurance, the jurisdiction shall be with the court of the place where the fire occurred.",
                                            "position": 108,
                                            "article_number": "111-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 165,
                                            "body": "In lawsuits that the law requires to be filed with a specific court, the jurisdiction shall be exclusive to that court.",
                                            "position": 109,
                                            "article_number": "112-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 166,
                                            "body": "The territorial jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal is limited to hearing appeals against judgments issued by the courts and judicial authorities located in its area, unless otherwise provided by law.",
                                            "position": 110,
                                            "article_number": "113-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 5
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 145,
                            "name": "Designation of Jurisdiction",
                            "number": "Sixth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 167,
                                    "body": "Any interested party may request the Court of Cassation in its general assembly to determine the jurisdiction: \r\n1- If a court has ruled that it does not have jurisdiction to hear a case by a decision that has become final without there being another competent court. \r\n2- If a case is filed in two or more different courts and each has ruled on its jurisdiction or lack thereof by a decision that has become final.",
                                    "position": 111,
                                    "article_number": "114-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 168,
                                    "body": "The general assembly of the Court of Cassation may decide, when necessary, upon the submission of the request, to suspend the trial before the court hearing the case. \r\nThe general assembly shall decide on the request to determine jurisdiction promptly after ten days have passed since notifying the opponent to submit their response. It shall designate in its decision the competent court and refer the file to it.",
                                    "position": 112,
                                    "article_number": "115-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 6
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 146,
                            "name": "Transfer of the Case",
                            "number": "Seventh",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 169,
                                    "body": "The case is transferred from one court to another of the same degree: \r\n1- If it is impossible to form the court panel due to the lack of a sufficient number of judges or if the court is unable to perform its duties due to force majeure. \r\n2- If there is a kinship or affinity up to the fourth degree between one of the parties and the single judge or two of the judges composing the court or its president. \r\n3- If there is a reason that justifies doubt about the impartiality of the court. \r\n4- If hearing the case in one of the courts is likely to cause a disturbance to security.",
                                    "position": 113,
                                    "article_number": "116-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 170,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 \r\nThe request for transfer is submitted to the Court of Cassation by one of the parties in the first three cases of the previous article and is notified to the judge or judges of the court from which the case is requested to be transferred. \r\nIt is submitted by the Public Prosecutor at the Court of Cassation in the fourth case. \r\nIn the third case of the previous article, the applicant must attach to his request a receipt proving the deposit of a security amounting to forty thousand L.L., which is confiscated if the request is rejected.",
                                    "position": 114,
                                    "article_number": "117-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 171,
                                    "body": "The Court of Cassation considers the request for the transfer of the case urgently without the need to involve the parties in the trial and designates in its decision the court to which the case is transferred, which must be of the same type and degree, and the file is referred to it. In the third case of Article 116, it may request the judge or judges of the court from which the case is requested to be transferred to provide their observations.",
                                    "position": 115,
                                    "article_number": "118-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 172,
                                    "body": "The proceedings are suspended as soon as the request for the transfer of the case is submitted in the second and third cases of Article 116.",
                                    "position": 116,
                                    "article_number": "119-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 7
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 147,
                            "name": "Recusal or Withdrawal of the Judge from Judgment",
                            "number": "Eight",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 173,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Law 529 dated 20\/6\/1996 \r\nThe parties or any of them may request the recusal of the judge for one of the following reasons: \r\n1- If he or his spouse or fiancé has a direct or indirect interest in the case, even after the dissolution of the marriage or engagement. \r\n2- If there is a kinship or affinity up to the fourth degree between him and one of the parties or their legal representative, even after the dissolution of the marriage that resulted in the affinity. \r\n3- If he has a kinship or affinity up to the fourth degree with a member of the board of directors of the company involved in the case or with one of its managers, and this member or manager has a personal interest in the case. \r\n4- If he is or has been an attorney for one of the parties or their legal representative, or if one of the parties has chosen him as an arbitrator in a previous case. \r\n5- If he or one of his relatives or in-laws up to the fourth degree has previously considered the case as a judge, expert, or arbitrator, or has testified in it. This excludes the situation where he is reviewing an objection or third-party objection or retrial against a judgment in which he or one of his mentioned relatives or in-laws participated. \r\n6- If he has expressed an opinion on the case itself, even if it was before his appointment to the judiciary. This matter can only be proven by written evidence or by the judge's admission. \r\n7- If there is enmity or friendship between him and one of the parties that suggests he cannot judge impartially, and the judge is not subject to recusal due to contempt directed at him by one of the parties. \r\n8- If one of the parties is a creditor, debtor, or servant of the judge or one of his relatives up to the second degree.",
                                    "position": 117,
                                    "article_number": "120-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 174,
                                    "body": "The judge must offer to recuse himself on his own initiative in the cases outlined in the previous article.",
                                    "position": 118,
                                    "article_number": "121-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 175,
                                    "body": "The judge may, in cases other than those previously mentioned for recusal, if he feels embarrassed to consider the case for any reason, offer to recuse himself.",
                                    "position": 119,
                                    "article_number": "122-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 176,
                                    "body": "The offer to recuse or the request for recusal concerning judges of the first instance courts is submitted to the Court of Appeal to which these courts belong, and it is considered in chambers, and its decision is not subject to any appeal. The offer to recuse or the request for recusal concerning judges of the Court of Appeal is submitted to the same Court of Appeal, and it is considered by a chamber appointed by the first president of this court, and its decision issued in chambers is not subject to any appeal. \r\nThe offer to recuse or the request for recusal concerning judges of the Court of Cassation is submitted to this court, and it is considered by a chamber appointed by the first president of the Court of Cassation.",
                                    "position": 120,
                                    "article_number": "123-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 177,
                                    "body": "The request for recusal must be submitted, under penalty of inadmissibility, before discussing the subject unless its reason occurred or was known afterward. In this case, it must be submitted within eight days of the occurrence of its reason or knowledge of it.",
                                    "position": 121,
                                    "article_number": "124-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 178,
                                    "body": "From the moment the judge requested to be recused is notified of the recusal request, he must cease to consider the case until the request is decided. However, the court considering the recusal request may decide to proceed with the trial without the participation of the judge requested to be recused if necessary.",
                                    "position": 122,
                                    "article_number": "125-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 179,
                                    "body": "The judge and the parties are notified of the recusal request, and each of them may submit their observations within a period of three days. \r\nThe request is decided in chambers without summoning the parties.",
                                    "position": 123,
                                    "article_number": "126-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 180,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 7\/5\/1992 and Decree No. 3800 dated 6\/9\/2000 \r\n\r\nAnyone who unjustifiably requests recusal is fined between two hundred thousand and one hundred and eight hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. He may also be ordered to compensate the judge requested to be recused and the party harmed by the delay in the trial.",
                                    "position": 124,
                                    "article_number": "127-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 181,
                                    "body": "The provisions of recusal and recusal apply to public prosecutors, arbitrators, and experts. \r\nThe court to which the public prosecutor belongs according to the judicial organization considers the request for recusal. \r\nThe competent primary chamber to consider the case or the judge in its area who would have considered the case if not for the arbitration considers the request for recusal of the arbitrator. \r\nThe court that appointed the experts considers the request for their recusal.",
                                    "position": 125,
                                    "article_number": "128-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 182,
                                    "body": "If the recusal request or multiple recusal requests lead to the inability to form the court panel, the provisions for transferring the case are applied.",
                                    "position": 126,
                                    "article_number": "129-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 183,
                                    "body": "In any court, judges related to each other by kinship or affinity up to the fourth degree cannot be in the same chamber to consider a case, otherwise, the judgment is subject to annulment by following legal appeal procedures.",
                                    "position": 127,
                                    "article_number": "130-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 8
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 3
                },
                {
                    "id": 148,
                    "name": "Evidence",
                    "number": "Third",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 149,
                            "name": "General Provisions",
                            "number": "One",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 184,
                                    "body": "Proof is the establishment of evidence before the judiciary regarding a fact or legal act attributed to either a claim, defense, or plea. \r\nEvery person must assist the judiciary in uncovering the truth.",
                                    "position": 128,
                                    "article_number": "131-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 185,
                                    "body": "The burden of proof lies on the person who claims the fact or act. \r\nWhat is intended to be proven must be relevant to the dispute and permissible to prove.",
                                    "position": 129,
                                    "article_number": "132-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 186,
                                    "body": "Each party in the trial must simultaneously present all means of proof they rely on concerning each fact they claim. \r\nParties must adhere to principles of integrity in proof.",
                                    "position": 130,
                                    "article_number": "133-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 187,
                                    "body": "The court must automatically notify the parties of the pronouncements of judgments issued regarding proof procedures if they have not been informed of the appointed date for their issuance.",
                                    "position": 131,
                                    "article_number": "134-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 188,
                                    "body": "The court may, on its own initiative, order any investigation to supplement the evidence presented by the parties. \r\nThe court conducts the investigation itself or appoints one of its judges to do so. If the place where the investigation is to be conducted is far from the court's location, it may appoint the single judge in whose jurisdiction this place falls. The court sets the deadline within which the appointed judge must carry out his task. \r\nThe appointed judge decides on emergencies that arise during the investigation. Objections to his decisions are made before the appointing court without the objection having a suspensive effect on the investigation's progress.",
                                    "position": 132,
                                    "article_number": "135-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 189,
                                    "body": "The court or the appointed judge has the right to resort to audio, visual, or audiovisual recording of all or some of the investigation processes conducted by either of them. \r\nThe recording is kept at the registry, and each party may request a copy in exchange for payment. Reproduction is done either at the registry or at the Ministry of Justice.",
                                    "position": 133,
                                    "article_number": "136-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 190,
                                    "body": "The court may amend the proof procedures it ordered if circumstances arise that justify this amendment and render the determined proof ineffective. \r\nThe court may disregard the result of the procedure provided it states the reasons for this in the judgment.",
                                    "position": 134,
                                    "article_number": "137-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 191,
                                    "body": "The acceptance of evidence on legal acts is subject to the texts in force at the time these acts were created. \r\nThe acceptance of evidence on material acts is subject to the texts in force at the time the lawsuit is filed. \r\nIn all cases, proof procedures are subject to the provisions of the law in force at the time they are carried out.",
                                    "position": 135,
                                    "article_number": "138-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 192,
                                    "body": "Evidence on legal acts may be established according to the law of the state applicable to the effects of these acts or according to the law of the state in which they were created. \r\nThe acceptance of evidence on material acts is subject to the law of the judge hearing the dispute. \r\nThe evidentiary strength of attribution is subject to the law of the place where it was created.",
                                    "position": 136,
                                    "article_number": "139-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 193,
                                    "body": "Proof procedures are subject to the law of the judge before whom they are conducted. However, proof procedures conducted in a foreign state are recognized if they conform to the provisions of Lebanese law, even if they contradict foreign law. It is permissible to delegate a foreign court to undertake proof procedures required for the consideration of the lawsuit.",
                                    "position": 137,
                                    "article_number": "140-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 194,
                                    "body": "A judge may not rule based on personal knowledge in the case. \r\nInformation derived from the judge's expertise in public matters, which everyone is presumed to know, is not considered personal knowledge prohibited for the judge to base his ruling on.",
                                    "position": 138,
                                    "article_number": "141-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 195,
                                    "body": "Proof of the existence of Lebanese law is not required. However, proof of the content of foreign law is required from the person invoking it unless the judge is aware of it. \r\nIf proving the content of foreign law is impossible, the judge must rule according to Lebanese law.",
                                    "position": 139,
                                    "article_number": "142-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 150,
                            "name": "Proof by Writing",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 151,
                                    "name": "Official Document",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 196,
                                            "body": "The official document is one in which a public official or a person assigned to a public service, within the limits of their authority and jurisdiction, records what was done by them or what they received from the statements of the concerned parties according to the established rules. \r\nThe attribution of the official status to the document or the lack thereof is determined by the law of the place where it was created.",
                                            "position": 140,
                                            "article_number": "143-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 197,
                                            "body": "If the document does not acquire its official status due to a defect in its form or the absence of the status or jurisdiction of the official, it is considered as an ordinary document if it contains the signatures of the concerned parties, even if the rule stipulated in Article 152 of this law is not observed, unless the official status is required for the legal act to be valid.",
                                            "position": 141,
                                            "article_number": "144-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 198,
                                            "body": "A document that has the form and external appearance of an official document is considered official until proven otherwise by the person against whom it is invoked.",
                                            "position": 142,
                                            "article_number": "145-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 199,
                                            "body": "The official document has executive power and is evidence against all parties for the matters recorded by the public official or that occurred from the concerned parties in their presence within the limits of their authority and jurisdiction. The effect of the official document extends to the heirs and successors of its parties. \r\nThe claim of forgery of the official document suspends its evidential and executive power.",
                                            "position": 143,
                                            "article_number": "146-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 200,
                                            "body": "The content of the statements of the contracting parties contained in the official document is evidence against them and their successors, and is considered correct unless proven otherwise. \r\nThe official document only serves as a preliminary written evidence concerning statements that are not directly related to the subject of the contract.",
                                            "position": 144,
                                            "article_number": "147-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 201,
                                            "body": "The official copy of the official document is considered identical to it unless one of the parties disputes this, in which case this copy is compared with the original.",
                                            "position": 145,
                                            "article_number": "148-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 202,
                                            "body": "If the original of the official document is lost, its official copy must be relied upon. If all its official copies are lost, its entry in the official records serves as preliminary written evidence, provided the loss of the official document and its copies is verified. \r\nIf it appears from the data in these records that the document was created in the presence of witnesses, these witnesses must be summoned before the court.",
                                            "position": 146,
                                            "article_number": "149-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 152,
                                    "name": "Ordinary Bond",
                                    "number": "Second",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 203,
                                            "body": "An ordinary document is one with a private signature and is considered issued by the signer unless they explicitly deny the handwriting, signature, or fingerprint attributed to them if they are unaware of the signature. \r\nAs for the heir or successor, they are not required to deny it. It is sufficient for them to swear an oath that they do not know if the handwriting, signature, or fingerprint belongs to the person from whom they received the right.",
                                            "position": 147,
                                            "article_number": "150-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 204,
                                            "body": "Anyone against whom an ordinary document is invoked and who discusses its subject cannot deny the handwriting, signature, or fingerprint.",
                                            "position": 148,
                                            "article_number": "151-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 205,
                                            "body": "In reciprocal contracts, the original copies must be as numerous as the parties with conflicting interests unless they agree to deposit a single copy with a third party of their choice. \r\nIf this rule is not observed, the document is only considered as preliminary written evidence of the contract's existence.",
                                            "position": 149,
                                            "article_number": "152-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 206,
                                            "body": "Contrary to the provisions of Article 363 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts, it is not required for a document containing a unilateral obligation to include the phrase \"valid for the term.\" \r\nThe amount written in words prevails in evidence over the amount written in numbers unless proven otherwise.",
                                            "position": 150,
                                            "article_number": "153-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 207,
                                            "body": "If the ordinary document is acknowledged by the issuer, or a judgment is issued confirming the validity of their signature or fingerprint on it, the document becomes binding on all parties. However, it is not binding on third parties regarding its date except from the time this date is established. An ordinary document has a fixed date in the following cases: \r\n1- From the day it is endorsed by a competent public official. \r\n2- From the day its content is recorded in an official document or another document with a fixed date. \r\n3- From the day of the death of one of those who have a recognized effect on the document by handwriting, signature, or fingerprint, or from the day it becomes impossible for any of them to write or fingerprint due to a physical condition preventing them from writing.",
                                            "position": 151,
                                            "article_number": "154-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 208,
                                            "body": "Non-apparent documents intended to amend an official or ordinary document produce no effect except between the contracting parties and their general successors.",
                                            "position": 152,
                                            "article_number": "155-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 209,
                                            "body": "Creditors of the contracting parties and their specific successors, for whom an apparent document was created fraudulently to harm them, may prove its fictitiousness by all means of evidence.",
                                            "position": 153,
                                            "article_number": "156-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 210,
                                            "body": "A document supporting a previous document is not binding on the party invoking it unless the opponent proves the invalidity of this document by presenting the original document or another written document whose validity is established.",
                                            "position": 154,
                                            "article_number": "157-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 153,
                                    "name": "Other Documents",
                                    "number": "Third",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 211,
                                            "body": "Signed messages have the value of an ordinary document in terms of evidence in favor of the recipient unless the sender proves that they did not send the message or did not authorize anyone to send it. \r\nTelegrams also have this value if their original deposited in the telegraph and post office is signed by the sender. The telegram is considered to match its original until evidence to the contrary is provided.",
                                            "position": 155,
                                            "article_number": "158-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 212,
                                            "body": "If the message is not confidential, the recipient may use it and transfer it to others. Messages are not confidential in commercial matters.",
                                            "position": 156,
                                            "article_number": "159-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 213,
                                            "body": "In civil matters, confidential messages presented to the court without the agreement of the sender and recipient are not considered.",
                                            "position": 157,
                                            "article_number": "160-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 214,
                                            "body": "If a registered message confirmed to have been received with a receipt notice from the post office or a receipt document from the recipient is in the form of an open card or if the address is written on the back of the message itself, the sender may prove its content by presenting the copy kept with them. The copy is considered correct if the recipient refuses to present the message they received. In other cases, the sender must prove the content of the message, if denied by the recipient, according to the general rules of evidence.",
                                            "position": 158,
                                            "article_number": "161-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 215,
                                            "body": "Anyone who obtains a judgment based on presenting a copy of the message according to the provisions of the previous article, and later the original appears and it is found that this copy is incorrect, shall be liable for compensation for the damage resulting from the judgment.",
                                            "position": 159,
                                            "article_number": "162-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 216,
                                            "body": "What the creditor writes in terms of phrases indicating discharge on a document remaining in their possession or on a copy of this document or on a receipt document in the debtor's possession is considered, until proven otherwise, evidence against the creditor to prove payment, even if those phrases are not dated or signed.",
                                            "position": 160,
                                            "article_number": "163-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 217,
                                            "body": "The debtor has the right to request, upon payment, in addition to the receipt document, the delivery of the debt document or the creditor's declaration in the receipt that the document is no longer in their possession.",
                                            "position": 161,
                                            "article_number": "164-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 218,
                                            "body": "Personal books and papers are evidence against their creator and their general successors: \r\n1- When they indicate a payment has been made. \r\n2- When they prove a debt to another.",
                                            "position": 162,
                                            "article_number": "165-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 219,
                                            "body": "Mandatory commercial books are evidence: \r\n1- Against their owner for the benefit of any person, whether they are regular or not, but one who wants to extract evidence for themselves cannot select parts and exclude what contradicts their claim. \r\n2- For their owner in transactions related to their trade, if they are regular and the dispute is between them and a merchant.",
                                            "position": 163,
                                            "article_number": "166-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 220,
                                            "body": "If there are discrepancies in the regular books of two merchants, the judge may decide, according to the circumstances of the case, either to disregard the conflicting evidence or to accept one over the other.",
                                            "position": 164,
                                            "article_number": "167-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 221,
                                            "body": "In disputes between merchants, the judge may accept or reject, according to the circumstances of the case, the evidence derived from non-mandatory commercial books or from irregular mandatory commercial books.",
                                            "position": 165,
                                            "article_number": "168-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 222,
                                            "body": "Merchants' books are not evidence against non-merchants. However, the entries recorded in them about what merchants have supplied can serve as a basis allowing the judge to direct the complementary oath to one of the parties in matters that can be proven by testimony.",
                                            "position": 166,
                                            "article_number": "169-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 154,
                                    "name": "Proof of Validity of References and Other Documents",
                                    "number": "Fourth",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 223,
                                            "body": "The court may assess the impact of erasure, scraping, interlineation, and other material defects in the document or instrument on its evidentiary value or its reduction. \r\nIf the validity of the document or instrument is in doubt in the court's view, it may, on its own initiative, summon the public official who issued it or the person who wrote it to clarify the matter.",
                                            "position": 167,
                                            "article_number": "170-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 224,
                                            "body": "Denial of handwriting, signature, or fingerprint applies to unofficial documents and instruments, whereas allegations of forgery apply to all official and unofficial documents and instruments.",
                                            "position": 168,
                                            "article_number": "171-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 225,
                                            "body": "Jurisdiction for handwriting comparison lies with the judge or court before which the original lawsuit is filed when the comparison is requested incidentally. Jurisdiction lies with the trial chamber when the comparison is requested originally.",
                                            "position": 169,
                                            "article_number": "172-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 226,
                                            "body": "Jurisdiction to consider allegations of forgery lies with the court before which the original lawsuit is filed when forgery is alleged incidentally before the trial chamber or the court of appeal. In other cases, jurisdiction to consider allegations of forgery lies with the trial chamber.",
                                            "position": 170,
                                            "article_number": "173-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 292,
                                            "name": "Section One - On Denial of Handwriting, Signature, or Fingerprint and on Application",
                                            "number": "First",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 227,
                                                    "body": "If the opponent to whom the document or paper is attributed denies the handwriting, signature, or fingerprint contained therein, or declares that they do not recognize the handwriting, signature, or fingerprint attributed to a third person, the judge may disregard this defense if they see it as a mere delaying tactic or find it irrelevant to the dispute and do not request handwriting verification. Otherwise, the judge will mark the document or paper with the phrase \"no alteration\" and sign it, and decide to conduct handwriting verification either personally by comparing documents or through experts. Witness testimony may be heard to prove the occurrence of writing, signing, or fingerprinting in their presence.",
                                                    "position": 171,
                                                    "article_number": "174-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 228,
                                                    "body": "The documents suitable for comparison are: \r\n1- Signatures or fingerprints on official documents or papers. \r\n2- Handwriting, signatures, or fingerprints on ordinary documents acknowledged as genuine. \r\n3- The undisputed portion of the document being verified. \r\n4- The handwriting, signature, or fingerprint written or placed before the judge during the investigation.",
                                                    "position": 172,
                                                    "article_number": "175-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 229,
                                                    "body": "The judge may order the production of official documents or papers required for verification from the entity holding them, or may move with an expert appointed by them to the location to inspect them without transferring them.",
                                                    "position": 173,
                                                    "article_number": "176-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 230,
                                                    "body": "If the judge decides to summon the opponent who denied the handwriting or signature attributed to them on the document or paper to appear in person at a specified time for handwriting, and they refuse to appear without a valid excuse, the document or paper may be deemed valid.",
                                                    "position": 174,
                                                    "article_number": "177-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 231,
                                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\n\r\nIf it is determined, as a result of verification, that the document is valid, except for an excusable error, the opponent who unjustly denied the handwriting may be fined a monetary penalty ranging from two hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds and be liable for compensation for damages.",
                                                    "position": 175,
                                                    "article_number": "178-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 232,
                                                    "body": "Anyone holding a document or ordinary paper may summon the person to whom the document or paper is attributed to acknowledge that it is in their handwriting, signature, or fingerprint, even if the obligation contained therein is not yet due, and this is done through an original lawsuit. \r\nIf the defendant appears and acknowledges, the court records their acknowledgment and all costs are borne by the plaintiff. \r\nThe document or paper is considered acknowledged if the defendant remains silent, does not deny it, or does not attribute it to someone else. If the defendant does not appear and has been personally notified of the date and does not submit a response denying the validity of the claim, the court will rule in their absence on the validity of the handwriting, signature, or fingerprint. \r\nIf the defendant denies the handwriting, signature, or fingerprint, verification is conducted according to the aforementioned rules. This ruling also applies to cases where the defendant is absent without being personally notified.",
                                                    "position": 176,
                                                    "article_number": "179-"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Paragraph",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 293,
                                            "name": "Section Two - On the Claim of Forgery",
                                            "number": "Second",
                                            "articles": [
                                                {
                                                    "id": 233,
                                                    "body": "The party who is confronted with an official document or an ordinary document may claim forgery of this document at any stage of the trial.",
                                                    "position": 177,
                                                    "article_number": "180-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 234,
                                                    "body": "The party wishing to claim forgery may request the judge or the court where the original lawsuit is filed to set a deadline for the other party presenting the document to declare either their insistence on using it or their withdrawal from it. If the court or the judge finds that the document has an impact on the judgment in the dispute, they will respond to this request and set the deadline. \r\nIf the other party declares their withdrawal from the document, the incident ends, and they bear its costs and retrieve the document. If they declare their insistence on using the document or if the deadline passes without their declaration of withdrawal and retrieval, their opponent has the right to claim forgery.",
                                                    "position": 178,
                                                    "article_number": "181-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 235,
                                                    "body": "The party claims forgery of the document by submitting a petition or memorandum to the court's registry, specifying all the alleged forgery points; otherwise, the forgery claim is invalid. \r\nIf the trial is ongoing before a judge or court other than the primary chamber, the clerk refers the petition or memorandum to the registry of this chamber, which is competent to consider the forgery claim, and the judge or court suspends the original lawsuit until this claim is resolved. \r\nIf the original lawsuit is filed before the primary chamber, claiming forgery before it results in the suspension of the trial until the forgery claim is resolved.",
                                                    "position": 179,
                                                    "article_number": "182-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 236,
                                                    "body": "The chamber's clerk notifies the other party with a copy of the petition or memorandum. The chamber's president sends another copy to the public prosecution.",
                                                    "position": 180,
                                                    "article_number": "183-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 237,
                                                    "body": "If the forgery claim requires investigation, the court issues a decision including a statement of the facts accepted for investigation and requires the deposit of the original document alleged to be forged in the court's registry within five days from the date of notification of the decision if it has not already been deposited. \r\nFrom the issuance of the investigation decision, the document's enforceability is suspended until the forgery issue is resolved, without prejudice to precautionary measures.",
                                                    "position": 181,
                                                    "article_number": "184-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 238,
                                                    "body": "The other party or their agent may review the original deposited document in the court's registry and take a copy of it.",
                                                    "position": 182,
                                                    "article_number": "185-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 239,
                                                    "body": "If the document alleged to be forged is not deposited in the court's registry within the specified deadline, this document is excluded from the discussion unless the court decides to grant another deadline.",
                                                    "position": 183,
                                                    "article_number": "186-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 240,
                                                    "body": "If the document alleged to be forged is only a copy of an original document existing in an official department or public repository or in the possession of a third party, the court decides the necessity of depositing the original document and notifies this decision to whoever holds the document to send it within the specified deadline.",
                                                    "position": 184,
                                                    "article_number": "187-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 241,
                                                    "body": "If the public official or the person performing a public service delays depositing the document existing in their department, the court may communicate with the public prosecution to take legal action against them.",
                                                    "position": 185,
                                                    "article_number": "188-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 242,
                                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\n\r\nIf the person entrusted with the document delays depositing it within the specified period, the court may impose a monetary fine ranging from twenty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and order them to deposit it under the threat of a coercive fine determined by the court.",
                                                    "position": 186,
                                                    "article_number": "189-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 243,
                                                    "body": "Within eight days following the deposit of the document alleged to be forged in the registry, the description of this document and its contents, including any erasures, additions, interlineations, and other visible features, are conducted in the presence of the parties or their agents under the supervision of the court president or the judge appointed for this purpose according to the decision ordering the deposit. The court clerk drafts a report of this procedure, and the president or appointed judge inscribes the phrase \"No alteration\" on the document and signs it.",
                                                    "position": 187,
                                                    "article_number": "190-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 244,
                                                    "body": "Forgery of the document may be proven by all means of evidence, especially with the assistance of experts appointed by the court, by hearing witness testimonies, and by comparing the handwriting or signature with other documents or papers.",
                                                    "position": 188,
                                                    "article_number": "191-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 245,
                                                    "body": "The papers suitable for comparison in a forgery lawsuit are the same papers suitable for comparison in the application procedure according to the provisions of Article 175.",
                                                    "position": 189,
                                                    "article_number": "192-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 246,
                                                    "body": "The defendant in the forgery claim may terminate the proceedings at any stage by renouncing the contested document. \r\nIn this case, the court may decide to seize or preserve the document if the forgery claimant requests it for a legitimate interest.",
                                                    "position": 190,
                                                    "article_number": "193-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 247,
                                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\nIf the right of the forgery claimant to their claim is forfeited or rejected, they are fined a monetary penalty ranging from two hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds and compensation for damages to the benefit of the other party when necessary. \r\nThey are not fined if some of their claims are proven.",
                                                    "position": 191,
                                                    "article_number": "194-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 248,
                                                    "body": "If the court establishes in its judgment the forgery of the document, it decides to destroy it, erase the forgery, correct it, or restore its correct text.",
                                                    "position": 192,
                                                    "article_number": "195-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 249,
                                                    "body": "In all cases, the judgment orders the return of the documents presented for comparison. Article 197- The judgment issued in a forgery claim case is not enforceable until it becomes final.",
                                                    "position": 193,
                                                    "article_number": "196-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 250,
                                                    "body": "As long as the documents alleged to be forged are deposited with the court's registry, no copy may be delivered except with the court's permission. In any case, a special annotation indicating the existence of a forgery claim must be placed on the copy.",
                                                    "position": 194,
                                                    "article_number": "198-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 251,
                                                    "body": "If a criminal lawsuit has been filed due to the alleged forgery, the civil court must suspend the ongoing trial until the criminal lawsuit is resolved, unless it is possible to rule on the civil lawsuit without considering the document alleged to be partially forged.",
                                                    "position": 195,
                                                    "article_number": "199-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 252,
                                                    "body": "An acquittal in a criminal judgment does not prevent one of the parties in a civil dispute from claiming forgery of the document that was the subject of the criminal lawsuit if this judgment is based on the acquittal of the defendant but does not confirm the validity of the document itself.",
                                                    "position": 196,
                                                    "article_number": "200-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 253,
                                                    "body": "The court, even if forgery is not claimed before it through the advanced procedures, may rule to reject any document and declare it void if it clearly appears from its condition or the circumstances of the case that it is forged. \r\nIn this case, it must specify in its judgment the circumstances and evidence from which it deduced this.",
                                                    "position": 197,
                                                    "article_number": "201-"
                                                },
                                                {
                                                    "id": 254,
                                                    "body": "Anyone who fears being confronted with a forged document may summon the holder of that document and any beneficiary thereof to hear a judgment on its forgery. This is done through an original lawsuit filed according to the usual procedures.\r\nThe court shall observe in the investigation of this lawsuit and its judgment the rules stipulated in this section and the previous section.",
                                                    "position": 198,
                                                    "article_number": "202-"
                                                }
                                            ],
                                            "category": "Paragraph",
                                            "children": [],
                                            "position": 1
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 155,
                                    "name": "Obligation of the Opponent or Others to Submit a Document in Their Possession",
                                    "number": "Fifth",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 258,
                                            "body": "A party may request to compel their opponent to present any document relevant to the dispute that is in their possession in the following cases: \r\n1- If the law permits demanding its submission or delivery. \r\n2- If it is shared between them and their opponent. A document is considered shared, in particular, if it is drafted for the benefit of both parties or if it establishes their mutual obligations and rights. \r\n3- If their opponent has relied on it at any stage of the trial.",
                                            "position": 199,
                                            "article_number": "203-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 259,
                                            "body": "The applicant must specify in the request, under penalty of rejection: \r\n1- The descriptions of the document and its content as detailed as possible. \r\n2- The fact that the document is used to prove. \r\n3- The evidence proving the opponent's possession of it. \r\n4- The reason for obligating the opponent to present it.",
                                            "position": 200,
                                            "article_number": "204-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 260,
                                            "body": "If the applicant proves their request or the opponent acknowledges the existence of the document in their possession or remains silent, the court orders the document to be presented immediately or within a specified period. \r\nHowever, if the opponent denies and the applicant does not provide sufficient proof of the request's validity, the denier must swear an oath that the document does not exist, or that they do not know of its existence or location, and that they have not concealed it or neglected to search for it to deprive their opponent of using it as evidence. The judge may modify the wording of the oath according to the circumstances.",
                                            "position": 201,
                                            "article_number": "205-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 261,
                                            "body": "If the opponent does not present the document within the specified time or refuses to swear the oath, the court may accept the applicant's statement and the copy they presented.",
                                            "position": 202,
                                            "article_number": "206-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 262,
                                            "body": "If the opponent presents a document as evidence in the trial, they may not withdraw it except with the consent of their opponent and with written permission from the judge or the court president after a copy is kept in the case file, certified by the head of the registry as matching the original.",
                                            "position": 203,
                                            "article_number": "207-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 263,
                                            "body": "The court may, during the consideration of the case, order the inclusion of a person in the trial to compel them to present a document in their possession. \r\nIt may also order, on its own initiative or at the request of the parties, the retrieval of documents from official departments if they are unable to do so.",
                                            "position": 204,
                                            "article_number": "208-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 264,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\nThe court may impose a fine ranging from forty thousand to four hundred thousand Lebanese pounds on anyone who fails to execute an order issued by it to present a document within the specified period. \r\nThis judgment is not subject to appeal, but the court may exempt the sentenced person from the fine if they present an acceptable excuse.",
                                            "position": 205,
                                            "article_number": "209-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 5
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 156,
                            "name": "Admission and Interrogation of Parties",
                            "number": "Three",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 157,
                                    "name": "Acknowledgment",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 265,
                                            "body": "An acknowledgment is an admission by a party of a fact or a legal act claimed against them. It is judicial if made before the court during the consideration of a dispute related to this fact or act. It is non-judicial if made otherwise, and in that case, it is proven according to the general rules of evidence.",
                                            "position": 206,
                                            "article_number": "210-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 266,
                                            "body": "Judicial acknowledgment is conclusive evidence against the acknowledging party.",
                                            "position": 207,
                                            "article_number": "211-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 267,
                                            "body": "An acknowledgment cannot be divided against its maker unless it pertains to multiple facts and the existence of one fact does not necessarily imply the existence of the others.",
                                            "position": 208,
                                            "article_number": "212-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 268,
                                            "body": "An acknowledgment is called qualified when it is limited to the fact stated by the other party but undermines its legal consequences with additional information. This acknowledgment provides complete proof regarding the original fact, while the additional information is considered proven until the contrary is established.",
                                            "position": 209,
                                            "article_number": "213-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 269,
                                            "body": "An acknowledgment is called compound when it pertains simultaneously to the original fact and another fact and is indivisible in one case, which is when the new fact implies the existence of the original fact. For example, if a debtor against whom a payment claim is made admits to borrowing the claimed amount but adds that they repaid it later, the court considers the borrowing act conclusively proven, while the repayment is considered proven until the contrary is established.",
                                            "position": 210,
                                            "article_number": "214-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 270,
                                            "body": "An acknowledgment cannot be retracted except for a factual error, provided the acknowledging party proves it.",
                                            "position": 211,
                                            "article_number": "215-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 271,
                                            "body": "The judge has the discretion to assess the evidentiary value of a non-judicial acknowledgment based on the means used to prove this acknowledgment.",
                                            "position": 212,
                                            "article_number": "216-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 272,
                                            "body": "A non-judicial acknowledgment may be inferred from the opponent's statement recorded on a magnetic tape. In case the opponent denies the attributed statement, the judge may resort to voice verification by an expert.",
                                            "position": 213,
                                            "article_number": "217-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 158,
                                    "name": "Interrogation of the Parties",
                                    "number": "Second",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 278,
                                            "body": "The court may, at any stage of the trial, decide on its own initiative or upon request, to have the parties or one of them appear in person for questioning in a public session or in chambers. Questioning is not allowed on matters where waiver or settlement is not permissible or where the law prohibits the establishment of evidence.",
                                            "position": 214,
                                            "article_number": "218-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 279,
                                            "body": "The court may conduct the questioning of the parties itself or delegate one of its judges to do so.",
                                            "position": 215,
                                            "article_number": "219-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 280,
                                            "body": "If the court deems that the case does not require questioning or that the facts intended for questioning are irrelevant or inadmissible, it shall reject the request for questioning.",
                                            "position": 216,
                                            "article_number": "220-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 281,
                                            "body": "If a party is incapacitated or partially incapacitated, their representative may be questioned, and the court may discuss matters directly with the party if they are discerning in authorized matters. \nFor legal entities, questioning may be directed to their legal representative. \nRepresentatives of the parties are questioned about actions they have performed or are aware of in their capacity.",
                                            "position": 217,
                                            "article_number": "221-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 282,
                                            "body": "In all cases, the person to be questioned must be competent to dispose of the disputed right.",
                                            "position": 218,
                                            "article_number": "222-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 283,
                                            "body": "The decision for questioning must be communicated to the person to be questioned at least three days before the scheduled date, unless they are present at the trial session and agree to be questioned immediately or if the case is of utmost urgency.",
                                            "position": 219,
                                            "article_number": "223-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 284,
                                            "body": "If a party has a valid excuse preventing them from appearing in person before the court for questioning, the court may delegate one of its judges to question them in the presence of the other party.",
                                            "position": 220,
                                            "article_number": "224-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 285,
                                            "body": "If the party to be questioned resides outside the court's jurisdiction, the court may delegate another court to question them in the presence of their opponent. \nA foreign court may also be delegated to conduct the questioning.",
                                            "position": 221,
                                            "article_number": "225-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 286,
                                            "body": "The questioning of a party is conducted in the presence of their opponent, unless circumstances require questioning each separately, followed by a confrontation upon request of one of them or if the court deems it necessary. \nThe absence of one party does not prevent the questioning of the other.",
                                            "position": 222,
                                            "article_number": "226-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 287,
                                            "body": "Parties may be questioned in the presence of a technical expert. They may also be confronted with witnesses.",
                                            "position": 223,
                                            "article_number": "227-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 288,
                                            "body": "Repealed according to Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20",
                                            "position": 224,
                                            "article_number": "228-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 289,
                                            "body": "The presiding judge or the delegated judge directs the questions related to the subject of the questioning. They also pose questions deemed useful and requested by one party to be directed to the other party.",
                                            "position": 225,
                                            "article_number": "229-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 290,
                                            "body": "The party being questioned answers the questions posed to them personally without the aid of writing.",
                                            "position": 226,
                                            "article_number": "230-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 291,
                                            "body": "A record of the questions posed and the answers given is prepared, signed by the presiding judge or the delegated judge conducting the questioning or the individual judge and the parties questioned. If the questioned party refuses to answer or sign, their refusal and its reason are noted in the record.",
                                            "position": 227,
                                            "article_number": "231-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 292,
                                            "body": "If a party fails to appear for questioning without an acceptable excuse or refuses to answer without legal justification, the court may consider this failure or refusal as grounds to deem the facts for which they were to be questioned as established.",
                                            "position": 228,
                                            "article_number": "232-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 293,
                                            "body": "If the questioned party claims forgetfulness or ignorance and it does not appear that they have taken the refusal stance mentioned in the previous article, the court may accept witness testimony and circumstantial evidence to prove the facts subject to questioning, even if such evidence is not originally admissible.",
                                            "position": 229,
                                            "article_number": "233-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 294,
                                            "body": "If the questioning does not lead to an admission, it may initially be inferred as written evidence or a simple presumption.",
                                            "position": 230,
                                            "article_number": "234-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 3
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 159,
                            "name": "Oath",
                            "number": "Fourth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 301,
                                    "body": "Judicial oaths are of two types: the decisive oath and the supplementary oath.",
                                    "position": 231,
                                    "article_number": "235-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 160,
                                    "name": "Decisive Oath",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 317,
                                            "body": "The decisive oath is the one directed by a party to their opponent to resolve the dispute. However, it can only be sworn with the court's permission. \r\nThe court's decision to accept or reject the swearing of the oath can be appealed separately even before the judgment on the subject matter is issued.",
                                            "position": 232,
                                            "article_number": "236-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 318,
                                            "body": "The oath shall be taken in the form determined by the court. \r\nIn the case of a mute person, their customary gesture is considered as swearing or refusal if they cannot write. If they can write, their swearing or refusal is done in writing.",
                                            "position": 233,
                                            "article_number": "237-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 319,
                                            "body": "It is not permissible to swear an oath on a criminal act, an act contrary to public order or morals, a contract that requires a written document for its validity by law, or to deny a fact that an official document confirms occurred in the presence of the official before whom the legal act was performed, or to deny a fact established by a conclusive legal presumption that does not allow contrary evidence.",
                                            "position": 234,
                                            "article_number": "238-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 320,
                                            "body": "The court may amend the wording of the oath proposed by the party so that it clearly and precisely addresses the fact on which the oath is to be sworn.",
                                            "position": 235,
                                            "article_number": "239-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 321,
                                            "body": "The fact on which the oath is to be sworn must be related to the person to whom it is directed. If it is not personal to them, it pertains only to their knowledge or lack thereof.",
                                            "position": 236,
                                            "article_number": "240-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 322,
                                            "body": "The legal representative may not direct or return the decisive oath to the one who directed it to them except in matters they are authorized to handle. \r\nAn agent may not direct or return this oath unless they have a special power of attorney for that purpose.",
                                            "position": 237,
                                            "article_number": "241-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 323,
                                            "body": "The decisive oath may be directed at any stage of the trial. It can be directed as a precaution, and the oath is sworn after the court decides to dismiss the evidence presented originally due to its illegality, insufficiency, or lack of usefulness.",
                                            "position": 238,
                                            "article_number": "242-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 324,
                                            "body": "The person to whom the oath is directed may return it to their opponent unless it pertains to a fact in which the opponents did not participate, but the person to whom it is directed is independent. \r\nThe person to whom the oath is directed and who refuses it without returning it to their opponent, and the person to whom the oath is returned and who refuses it, loses their claim.",
                                            "position": 239,
                                            "article_number": "243-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 325,
                                            "body": "The person who directed or returned the oath cannot retract it once their opponent has accepted to swear.",
                                            "position": 240,
                                            "article_number": "244-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 326,
                                            "body": "If the court decides to administer the oath and the person to whom it is directed is present in person, the court may administer it immediately. If they are not present, they must be summoned to appear to swear it in the form determined by the court and on the day specified for them. If they appear and refuse to swear or fail to appear without an excuse and have been personally notified, they are considered to have refused.",
                                            "position": 241,
                                            "article_number": "245-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 327,
                                            "body": "If the person to whom the oath is directed has an excuse preventing them from appearing, the court or one of its judges may be delegated to administer the oath. This is done in the presence of the other party or after summoning them according to the procedures.",
                                            "position": 242,
                                            "article_number": "246-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 328,
                                            "body": "A record of the oath-taking is prepared, signed by the person swearing, the presiding judge or the delegated judge, and the clerk.",
                                            "position": 243,
                                            "article_number": "247-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 329,
                                            "body": "A party cannot prove the falsehood of the oath after it has been sworn by the party to whom it was directed or returned. However, if the falsehood of the oath is proven by a criminal judgment, the party harmed by it may claim compensation without prejudice to any right they may have to appeal the judgment issued against them by the possible means of appeal.",
                                            "position": 244,
                                            "article_number": "248-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 330,
                                            "body": "The swearing of the oath is only binding on the person who directed it, returned it, or refused it, and on their heirs and successors.",
                                            "position": 245,
                                            "article_number": "249-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 161,
                                    "name": "Supplementary Oath",
                                    "number": "Second",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 331,
                                            "body": "The supplementary oath is one that the court directs on its own initiative to one of the parties to complete the evidence presented by them and to enable a judgment on the subject of the lawsuit or to determine the value of what will be adjudicated.",
                                            "position": 246,
                                            "article_number": "250-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 332,
                                            "body": "The direction of the supplementary oath requires that there be no complete evidence in the lawsuit, and that the lawsuit is not devoid of any evidence.",
                                            "position": 247,
                                            "article_number": "251-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 333,
                                            "body": "The party to whom the supplementary oath is directed may not redirect it to the other party.",
                                            "position": 248,
                                            "article_number": "252-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 334,
                                            "body": "The court may not direct the supplementary oath to the plaintiff to determine the value of the claim unless it is impossible to determine this value by other means. In this case, the court sets a maximum limit for the value that the plaintiff can affirm with their oath.",
                                            "position": 249,
                                            "article_number": "253-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 4
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 162,
                            "name": "Testimony of Witnesses",
                            "number": "Fifth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 338,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\nWitness testimony is not accepted: \r\n1- To prove contracts and other legal acts intended to create, transfer, modify, or extinguish rights and obligations if their value exceeds five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds or if they are of indeterminate value. 2- To prove anything contrary to or exceeding what is contained in a written document, even if the value in dispute does not exceed five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. \r\nParties may explicitly or implicitly waive this rule.",
                                    "position": 250,
                                    "article_number": "254-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 339,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\nThe criterion for accepting testimony is the value of the right in dispute, not the value of the claim. Therefore, testimony is not admissible even if the claim value does not exceed forty thousand Lebanese pounds in the following cases: \r\n1- If the claim is the remainder or part of a disputed right exceeding forty thousand Lebanese pounds and not evidenced by a written document.\r\n2- If the party divides their claim or waives part of their right after claiming it in full to make the claim value not exceed five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds. \r\nIf the increase in value over forty thousand Lebanese pounds results from adding interest and accessories to the principal, testimony is accepted.",
                                    "position": 251,
                                    "article_number": "255-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 340,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\nIf the claim includes multiple requests arising from different sources, testimony is admissible for each request not exceeding five hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, even if these requests in total exceed this value, and even if they originate from relationships between the same parties or acts of the same nature.",
                                    "position": 252,
                                    "article_number": "256-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 341,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nTestimony is admissible regardless of the claimed value in the following materials and cases: \r\n1- Commercial matters. \r\n2- Material acts. A legal act is considered a material act concerning non-parties and their successors against whom it is invoked. \r\n3- If there is a beginning of written evidence, any writing even unsigned, issued by the party against whom it is invoked or their representative, making the existence of the alleged act probable. \r\n4- If it is impossible for the creditor to obtain written evidence. Mere moral impossibility suffices, especially arising from customs in certain professions or kinship relations between ascendants and descendants or between collaterals up to the third degree or between spouses or between one spouse and the parents of the other spouse or between the fiancé and fiancée. \r\n5- If it is proven that the written document was lost due to a foreign cause beyond the party's control. \r\n6- If it is proven that there was a circumvention of the law to conduct a contract contrary to public order or a mandatory provision.",
                                    "position": 253,
                                    "article_number": "257-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 342,
                                    "body": "The right is valued considering its value at the time and place where the legal act was performed.",
                                    "position": 254,
                                    "article_number": "258-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 343,
                                    "body": "Not eligible to testify: \r\n1- Anyone who has not completed fifteen years of age. \r\n2- Anyone not of sound mind. \r\n3- Anyone who has been convicted of criminal offenses that disqualify them from testifying.",
                                    "position": 255,
                                    "article_number": "259-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 344,
                                    "body": "Witness testimony is not accepted between ascendants and descendants and between spouses, even after the dissolution of the marriage contract.\r\nAlso, the testimony of servants for their employers whom they personally serve as long as they are in their service is not accepted, nor is the testimony of an agent for their principal, nor the testimony of a partner regarding the partnership, nor the testimony of a guarantor concerning the obligations of the guaranteed.",
                                    "position": 256,
                                    "article_number": "260-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 345,
                                    "body": "The statements of those referred to in the previous two articles may be heard without an oath for guidance purposes.",
                                    "position": 257,
                                    "article_number": "261-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 346,
                                    "body": "Testimony on hearsay is not accepted except in cases provided for by law.",
                                    "position": 258,
                                    "article_number": "262-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 347,
                                    "body": "Public sector employees are prohibited, even after leaving their position, from testifying about matters they learned during their duties that were not intended for public disclosure, unless authorized by the authority to testify upon the court's request or at the request of one of the parties. \r\nThe authority's permission is granted to the minister by the Council of Ministers and to employees by the competent minister.",
                                    "position": 259,
                                    "article_number": "263-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 348,
                                    "body": "Those who have learned through their profession or craft, such as lawyers, agents, or doctors, about an incident or information, may not disclose it even after their service ends or their status ceases unless it was disclosed to them with the intent of committing a felony or misdemeanor. \r\nHowever, the mentioned persons must testify about that incident or information when requested by those who confided in them, provided this does not violate the special laws concerning them.",
                                    "position": 260,
                                    "article_number": "264-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 349,
                                    "body": "Neither spouse may disclose without the other's consent what was communicated to them during the marriage, even after separation, except in the case of a lawsuit filed by one against the other or a lawsuit against one of them due to a felony or misdemeanor committed by one against the other.",
                                    "position": 261,
                                    "article_number": "265-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 350,
                                    "body": "The party requesting proof by witness testimony must specify the facts they wish to prove in their written or oral request during the session and name their witnesses, provided the number does not exceed five for a single fact unless the court permits otherwise.",
                                    "position": 262,
                                    "article_number": "266-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 351,
                                    "body": "The decision ordering the investigation must include: \r\n1- Specification of the facts to be proven. \r\n2- Summoning the witnesses designated by the applicant for the investigation and setting the date of the session in which they will be heard.",
                                    "position": 263,
                                    "article_number": "267-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 352,
                                    "body": "The court may, on its own initiative, decide to hear witnesses in cases where the law permits proof by witness testimony if it deems it beneficial for the truth. \r\nIt also has the right, in all cases where proof by witness testimony is decided, to summon for testimony anyone it deems necessary to hear to reveal the truth.",
                                    "position": 264,
                                    "article_number": "268-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 353,
                                    "body": "The investigation is conducted before the court. It may, when necessary, delegate one of its judges to conduct it and set the deadline by which it must be completed. The delegated judge may decide to extend this deadline if needed and inform the court of this. \r\nThe delegated judge exercises the authority assigned to them in Article 135 of this law during the investigation.",
                                    "position": 265,
                                    "article_number": "269-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 354,
                                    "body": "The permission for one party to prove a fact by witness testimony automatically and without a decision entails that the other party has the right to refute it in this manner.",
                                    "position": 266,
                                    "article_number": "270-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 355,
                                    "body": "The court temporarily determines the investigation expenses and requires the applicant to deposit the amount it specifies. \r\nWhen the court decides on its own to summon witnesses to hear them, it specifies in its decision who should advance their expenses and sets a deadline for depositing them.",
                                    "position": 267,
                                    "article_number": "271-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 356,
                                    "body": "If the court sees the benefit of conducting both investigation and inspection, it may appoint one of its judges for this purpose. The appointed judge carries out the task and may hear, at the place of inspection and immediately, those deemed necessary to be heard from witnesses other than those named by the parties or summon these witnesses to be heard at another date he sets.",
                                    "position": 268,
                                    "article_number": "272-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 357,
                                    "body": "The witness summons must include: \r\n1- Designation of the court before which the testimony is to be given. \r\n2- Designation of each party by name, surname, profession, and residence. \r\n3- Designation of the witness to whom the summons is directed. \r\n4- Designation of the place of attendance, day, and hour. \r\n5- The nature of the case for which the testimony is requested. \r\n6- Warning of the penalty the absent witness may face. If there is a deficiency in designating the parties or summoned witnesses, this deficiency does not invalidate the summons unless it results in serious doubt about their identity.",
                                    "position": 269,
                                    "article_number": "273-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 358,
                                    "body": "If the witness is enlisted in the army and performing active service, the summons is directed to him through his unit commander to permit his attendance.",
                                    "position": 270,
                                    "article_number": "274-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 359,
                                    "body": "If the witness is imprisoned, the court must request the prison director to bring him under guard, and if his presence is not possible, the prison director must inform the court without delay.",
                                    "position": 271,
                                    "article_number": "275-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 360,
                                    "body": "In all other cases without exception, the witness is summoned directly without any intermediary.",
                                    "position": 272,
                                    "article_number": "276-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 361,
                                    "body": "If it is necessary to hear the testimony of the President of the Republic, the Speaker of the Parliament, or the Prime Minister, the court or the judge it appoints moves to him to hear his statements, which the clerk records in a report attached to the case file.",
                                    "position": 273,
                                    "article_number": "277-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 362,
                                    "body": "The summons must reach the witness at least three days before the appointed date for his attendance unless the court decides to shorten the period. \r\nThe summons can be sent by registered telegram with acknowledgment of receipt if there is urgency, based on a court decision.",
                                    "position": 274,
                                    "article_number": "278-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 363,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6 \r\nIf the witness does not attend, he is fined a monetary penalty ranging from ten thousand to one hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and must pay the expenses arising from his absence. The court may summon the witness again, and if he persists in not attending, he is fined a second penalty ranging between the value of the first fine and double it, and the court has the right to order his forced attendance by armed force. If the witness is performing active service in the army, his attendance is requested from his unit commander.",
                                    "position": 275,
                                    "article_number": "279-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 364,
                                    "body": "The judgment imposing the fine mentioned in the previous article may be revoked if the absent witness presents an excuse worthy of acceptance.",
                                    "position": 276,
                                    "article_number": "280-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 365,
                                    "body": "If the witness presents an acceptable excuse preventing him from attending at the appointed time for hearing, the court may grant him a period or decide on delegation or relocation to hear his testimony. It may also, depending on the circumstances, decide not to hear this witness.",
                                    "position": 277,
                                    "article_number": "281-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 366,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6 \r\nIf the witness attends and unjustifiably refuses to take the oath and to answer, he is fined from two hundred thousand to two million Lebanese pounds unless the party who named him waives hearing his testimony.",
                                    "position": 278,
                                    "article_number": "282-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 367,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6 \r\nEach witness's testimony is heard individually in the presence of the parties, and the court has the right to gather them for confrontation later. As long as the investigations are not concluded, the witness may not leave except with the court's permission, otherwise, he is subject to a fine ranging from twenty thousand to forty thousand Lebanese pounds.",
                                    "position": 279,
                                    "article_number": "283-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 368,
                                    "body": "The witness is first asked about his name, surname, age, profession, place of residence, and any relationship of kinship or affinity with the parties and its degree, or any employment relationship or otherwise, and whether he has been convicted of criminal judgments that disqualify him from testifying.",
                                    "position": 280,
                                    "article_number": "284-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 369,
                                    "body": "Before giving testimony, the witness must take an oath to testify to the whole truth and nothing but the truth, otherwise his testimony is void. \r\nAs for persons who are heard without taking an oath according to the provisions of Article 261, the judge or the court president reminds them of their duty to speak the truth.",
                                    "position": 281,
                                    "article_number": "285-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 370,
                                    "body": "Questions are directed to the witness by the court president or the appointed judge about the facts related to the dispute that may be proven by testimony, even if they are not specified in the decision ordering the investigation. The president may pose to the witness the questions requested by the court judges or the parties if deemed useful in uncovering the truth.",
                                    "position": 282,
                                    "article_number": "286-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 371,
                                    "body": "The parties must not interrupt the witness or attempt to influence him or direct questions directly to him during his testimony, under penalty of being removed from the session room.",
                                    "position": 283,
                                    "article_number": "287-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 372,
                                    "body": "The court president or the appointed judge may, if necessary, hear the witnesses again and conduct a confrontation between them or between them and the parties, and may hear them in the presence of a technical expert. \r\nThe witnesses remain at the disposal of the president or the appointed judge until the conclusion of the investigation session, and they may request to be heard again to provide additional information that modifies the testimony they have given.",
                                    "position": 284,
                                    "article_number": "288-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 373,
                                    "body": "The court president or the appointed judge may order one of the parties to leave to increase the confidentiality of the witness, provided that he enters after the testimony is given and it is read to him.",
                                    "position": 285,
                                    "article_number": "289-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 374,
                                    "body": "Testimony is given orally and writing may not be used except with the permission of the court or the appointed judge and where the nature of the dispute justifies it. \r\nIf the witness does not know the Arabic language, he gives his testimony in the language he knows, and it is translated by a translator appointed by the court president or the appointed judge, who takes an oath to perform the translation honestly and faithfully.",
                                    "position": 286,
                                    "article_number": "290-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 375,
                                    "body": "Anyone unable to speak gives testimony if he can express his intent in writing or by gesture.",
                                    "position": 287,
                                    "article_number": "291-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 376,
                                    "body": "The witness's answers are recorded in full in the session minutes without any alteration, then read to the person who gave them, who may make any amendments they see fit, and the amendment is noted following the testimony text. \r\nThe minutes also record all questions directed to the witness and any remarks regarding their testimony. The witness signs the minutes, and if they refuse to sign, this is noted along with the reason in the minutes.",
                                    "position": 288,
                                    "article_number": "292-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 377,
                                    "body": "The court estimates the expenses of the witnesses upon their request, and they receive the amount estimated for them from the sum deposited for expenses.",
                                    "position": 289,
                                    "article_number": "293-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 378,
                                    "body": "Failure to claim the expenses specified in the previous article within eight days from the date of giving testimony results in the witness losing their right to them, and the advance amount is returned to the party who paid it.",
                                    "position": 290,
                                    "article_number": "294-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 379,
                                    "body": "The court has absolute discretion in assessing the value of witness testimony in terms of substance.",
                                    "position": 291,
                                    "article_number": "295-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 380,
                                    "body": "Anyone who fears losing the opportunity to use a witness for a matter not yet presented before the court and likely to be presented can request, in the presence of the concerned parties, to hear that witness. \r\nThis request is submitted in the usual manner to the judge of urgent matters, and all expenses are borne by the requester. If necessity is established, the judge decides to hear the witness, provided the matter can be proven by witness testimony.",
                                    "position": 292,
                                    "article_number": "296-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 381,
                                    "body": "In this case, a copy of the investigation minutes cannot be delivered or presented to the court unless the court of the subject matter deems it permissible to prove the matter by witness testimony. The opposing party has the right to object to the acceptance of this evidence and may request to hear witnesses in their favor.",
                                    "position": 293,
                                    "article_number": "297-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 382,
                                    "body": "The rules previously mentioned are followed in this investigation, except for what is stipulated in Articles 269 and 270.",
                                    "position": 294,
                                    "article_number": "298-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 5
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 163,
                            "name": "Presumptions, Res Judicata, and the Effect of Possession of Movables",
                            "number": "Sixth",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 164,
                                    "name": "Presumptions",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 425,
                                            "body": "The expert may obtain verbal or written information from any person, provided that the person's name, surname, profession, place of residence, and, if necessary, the relationship of kinship, affinity, or any other existing relationship between him and the parties are specified. The court may subsequently hear the testimony of this person if it deems it useful for the investigation.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "323"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 383,
                                            "body": "Presumptions are conclusions drawn, by law or by the judge's discretion, from a known fact to infer an unknown fact.",
                                            "position": 295,
                                            "article_number": "299-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 384,
                                            "body": "There are two types of presumptions: legal presumptions and judicial presumptions.",
                                            "position": 296,
                                            "article_number": "300-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 385,
                                            "body": "A legal presumption is one stipulated by law, and it exempts the person in whose favor it is established from any other method of proof. However, this presumption may be rebutted by contrary evidence, unless there is a provision stating otherwise.",
                                            "position": 297,
                                            "article_number": "301-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 386,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 A judicial presumption is one not stipulated by law, and it is derived by the judge from the circumstances and facts of the case with his discretionary power. Proof by judicial presumptions is only permissible in cases where proof by witness testimony is allowed. This proof is particularly permissible when the presumption is derived from facts that can be considered as voluntary execution, in whole or in part, of the obligation claimed.",
                                            "position": 298,
                                            "article_number": "302-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 165,
                                    "name": "Res Judicata",
                                    "number": "Second",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 387,
                                            "body": "Final judgments are conclusive regarding the rights they have adjudicated, and no evidence may be accepted to contradict this conclusiveness. However, these judgments shall only have this conclusiveness in disputes between the same parties without any change in their status and concerning the same subject matter and cause.\r\nThe court may raise this conclusiveness on its own initiative.",
                                            "position": 299,
                                            "article_number": "303-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 388,
                                            "body": "The civil judge is not bound by the criminal judgment except in the facts that this judgment has adjudicated and where its adjudication was necessary.",
                                            "position": 300,
                                            "article_number": "304-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 389,
                                            "body": "If the criminal judgment acquits the defendant by only examining the act from the perspective of criminalization without denying its occurrence, it does not prevent the defendant from being pursued before the civil court for compensation.",
                                            "position": 301,
                                            "article_number": "305-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 166,
                                    "name": "The Authority of Possession of Movables",
                                    "number": "Third",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 396,
                                            "body": "Possession of movable property in good faith, openly, peacefully, and without ambiguity, is conclusive evidence of ownership that cannot be refuted by any evidence. \r\nHowever, if someone loses or has their movable property stolen, they can claim it from the possessor within three years starting from the day of its loss or theft. The possessor can seek recourse from the person from whom they received it.",
                                            "position": 302,
                                            "article_number": "306-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 397,
                                            "body": "If the possessor of the movable property purchased it in a public market or from a seller who sells similar items, they are not obliged to return it to the rightful owner except in exchange for the price they paid, taking into account the special provisions related to bearer instruments.",
                                            "position": 303,
                                            "article_number": "307-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 6
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 167,
                            "name": "Inspection",
                            "number": "Seventh",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 398,
                                    "body": "The court may decide, on its own initiative or at the request of one of the parties, to move to inspect the disputed item. It may appoint one of its judges for this purpose. \r\nIf the dispute involves movable property and it is possible to transport it, the court may decide to bring it before it for inspection unless it deems it more appropriate for the investigation to inspect it in its location. \r\nThe decision ordering the inspection shall specify the date on which it will take place.",
                                    "position": 304,
                                    "article_number": "308-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 399,
                                    "body": "If the court decides to inspect the disputed item at its location, the parties must be invited to attend the inspection at least three days in advance unless the court decides to shorten the period. The court or the judge it appoints may appoint an expert to assist in the inspection. \r\nThe court or the appointed judge may hear the parties and any witnesses whose testimony is deemed necessary, and these individuals may be invited to attend even verbally by the court clerk.",
                                    "position": 305,
                                    "article_number": "309-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 400,
                                    "body": "The clerk shall draft a report of the inspection, recording the facts verified by the court or the appointed judge, and it shall be signed by the presiding judge or the appointed judge and the clerk. This report shall be added to the case file.",
                                    "position": 306,
                                    "article_number": "310-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 401,
                                    "body": "Anyone who fears the loss of evidence of a fact that may become the subject of a dispute before the judiciary may request the urgent matters judge to move for an inspection. The judge may decide, if necessary, to invite the concerned parties to attend the inspection. The provisions outlined in the previous articles shall be observed.",
                                    "position": 307,
                                    "article_number": "311-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 402,
                                    "body": "In the case outlined in the previous article, the urgent matters judge may appoint an expert to move, inspect, and hear witnesses without an oath, and in such a case, the judge must set a session to hear the parties' observations on the expert's report and actions. \r\nThe rules stipulated in the chapter on expertise shall be followed.",
                                    "position": 308,
                                    "article_number": "312-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 7
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 168,
                            "name": "Expertise",
                            "number": "Eighth",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 169,
                                    "name": "General Provisions",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 407,
                                            "body": "The court may decide to appoint an expert to conduct an inspection, provide technical advice, or carry out a technical investigation on a matter requiring technical knowledge.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "313"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 408,
                                            "body": "The expert is chosen from among those appointed in a special list, and may, by a reasoned decision, be chosen from others, even foreigners. The selection of the expert considers their technical knowledge concerning the subject of the investigation. If the expert's name is not listed, they must swear before the appointing court to perform their duties honestly and faithfully, otherwise, the work is void.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "314"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 409,
                                            "body": "The expert must personally execute the assigned task. However, they may seek assistance from their employees under their supervision and control. If the expert is a legal entity, its legal representative must inform the court of the name of the natural person or persons who will execute the task within the scope of that entity and on its behalf. The appointment of these persons is subject to the court's approval.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "315"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 410,
                                            "body": "An expert may be challenged for the same reasons that justify challenging a judge. If the expert is a legal entity, the challenge request may be directed at the legal entity as well as the natural person or persons executing the task on its behalf and approved by the court. The challenge request is submitted to the court that appointed the expert. If a reason for challenge arises, the expert must voluntarily present their recusal to the appointing court.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "316"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 415,
                                            "body": "The party submits the challenge request within three days from the date of notification of the expert's appointment summary or from the date of learning of the challenge reason, in a petition stating the reasons for the challenge, which is notified to the expert and the other party. Each has the right to submit their observations within three days. The court must decide on the challenge request within a similar period without summoning the parties, and the decision is not subject to any appeal.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "317"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 416,
                                            "body": "In case of acceptance of the challenge, recusal, refusal of the task by the expert, inability to notify them, or any legal impediment, the court resorts to replacing the expert. The court may also, on its own initiative or at the request of the parties, decide to replace the expert who fails to fulfill their duties, after hearing their statements unless the court decides to disregard it for lack of utility.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "318"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 421,
                                            "body": "The court that appointed the expert may decide to expand or narrow the task assigned to them.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "319"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 422,
                                            "body": "The expert must execute the task honestly, faithfully, and impartially. They must express their opinion on the matters entrusted to them for investigation and not address other matters unless the parties agree in writing. They are not allowed to express an opinion with a legal character.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "320"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 423,
                                            "body": "The expert must adhere to the deadlines set for them.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "321"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 424,
                                            "body": "The court may not assign the expert the task of reconciling the parties.",
                                            "position": 1,
                                            "article_number": "322"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 429,
                                            "body": "The expert may request the parties or others to provide any document that assists in executing the task. The court may order this when necessary.",
                                            "position": 309,
                                            "article_number": "324-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 430,
                                            "body": "The expert must include in the report containing their opinion all information that would enlighten the court on the matters to be investigated. They must refrain from disclosing other information they became aware of during the execution of their task.",
                                            "position": 310,
                                            "article_number": "325-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 431,
                                            "body": "The court may at any time invite the expert to complete or clarify missing or ambiguous information in their report, either in writing or orally in session. The expert may request the court to hear them at any time.",
                                            "position": 311,
                                            "article_number": "326-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 432,
                                            "body": "The expert's opinion does not bind the court, nor do the details in their report.",
                                            "position": 312,
                                            "article_number": "327-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 433,
                                            "body": "The expert's opinion, which if disclosed would harm private life or any other legitimate interest, may not be used as evidence on matters outside the scope of the dispute unless authorized by the court or agreed upon by the concerned party.",
                                            "position": 313,
                                            "article_number": "328-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 434,
                                            "body": "The expert is prohibited from directly receiving any fee from one of the parties, in any form, even as reimbursement of expenses, unless decided by the court.",
                                            "position": 314,
                                            "article_number": "329-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 170,
                                    "name": "Inspection by the Expert",
                                    "number": "Second",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 435,
                                            "body": "The court may appoint an expert whose task is limited to inspecting the disputed item. \r\nThe expert is prohibited from expressing an opinion on any factual or legal consequences that may arise from the inspection assigned to him.",
                                            "position": 315,
                                            "article_number": "330-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 436,
                                            "body": "The court clerk notifies the expert of the decision issued for his appointment and the determination of his task.",
                                            "position": 316,
                                            "article_number": "331-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 437,
                                            "body": "The expert records the facts he observes in a report submitted to the court, unless the court decides that the information should be presented orally.",
                                            "position": 317,
                                            "article_number": "332-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 438,
                                            "body": "The court sets the deadline by which the expert must submit his report or the date of the session in which he presents his information orally. It orders the parties or one of them to advance a deposit towards the expert's fees, specifying the amount.",
                                            "position": 318,
                                            "article_number": "333-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 439,
                                            "body": "The expert submits his report to the court registry, and it is added to the case file. If the expert presents his information orally, it is recorded in the session minutes.",
                                            "position": 319,
                                            "article_number": "334-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 440,
                                            "body": "The court determines the expert's fee immediately upon the completion of the task.",
                                            "position": 320,
                                            "article_number": "335-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 441,
                                            "body": "The summary affairs judge, based on a petition submitted to him by an interested party before any lawsuit is filed, may order the appointment of an expert to conduct a technical inspection by a decision made at the end of the petition, even without summoning the other party. The rules stipulated in the previous articles are followed.",
                                            "position": 321,
                                            "article_number": "336-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 171,
                                    "name": "Request of the Court for Expert Consultation",
                                    "number": "Third",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 448,
                                            "body": "If a purely technical issue is raised in the case that does not require complex investigations, the court may appoint an expert to provide advice on this issue. \r\nThe advice is given orally unless the court decides to have it submitted in writing.",
                                            "position": 322,
                                            "article_number": "337-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 449,
                                            "body": "The court clerk notifies the expert of the decision appointing him and specifying his task.",
                                            "position": 323,
                                            "article_number": "338-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 450,
                                            "body": "The court sets the date of the session in which the advice is given orally or the deadline within which the written advice must be submitted. It orders the parties or one of them to advance a deposit on account of the expert's fees, specifying the amount.",
                                            "position": 324,
                                            "article_number": "339-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 451,
                                            "body": "If the advice is given orally, its content is recorded in the session minutes, which must be signed by the expert. If it is given in writing, it is deposited with the court clerk and added to the case file.",
                                            "position": 325,
                                            "article_number": "340-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 452,
                                            "body": "The court determines the expert's fees immediately upon the execution of the task.",
                                            "position": 326,
                                            "article_number": "341-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 172,
                                    "name": "Technical Investigation by the Expert",
                                    "number": "Fourth",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 468,
                                            "body": "Technical investigation by an expert is only resorted to when inspection or consultation is insufficient to enlighten the court's conviction.",
                                            "position": 327,
                                            "article_number": "342-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 469,
                                            "body": "Technical investigation may involve taking a measure on the human body, such as a blood test, provided it is not contrary to the rules of art or leading to significant harm. \r\nThe court may infer from a party's refusal to comply with this measure a presumption of the correctness of the factual situation sought to be proven.",
                                            "position": 328,
                                            "article_number": "343-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 470,
                                            "body": "The decision ordering the technical investigation must include: \r\n1- The expert's name, surname, and other personal identification details. \r\n2- The name of the judge appointed to supervise his work when necessary. \r\n3- A statement of the issues for which his expertise is sought and the urgent measures he is authorized to take. \r\n4- The amount to be deposited in the court's fund for the expert's expenses and fees, the party required to deposit this amount, the deadline for the deposit, and the amount the expert may withdraw for his expenses and fees. \r\n5- The deadline by which the expert must submit his report. \r\n6- The adjournment of the trial to a specific date pending the expert's report.",
                                            "position": 329,
                                            "article_number": "344-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 471,
                                            "body": "If a party fails to deposit the amount they are required to deposit within the specified deadline according to the provisions of the previous article, the court may draw the consequences it deems appropriate from this failure.",
                                            "position": 330,
                                            "article_number": "345-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 472,
                                            "body": "After the deposit of the mentioned amount, the clerk notifies the expert of the decision ordering the investigation within three days and invites him to take up his task. \r\nThe expert has the right to review the case file at the clerk's office even before accepting the task, but no documents are handed over to him.",
                                            "position": 331,
                                            "article_number": "346-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 473,
                                            "body": "The expert may request to be excused from the task within three days from the date of being notified of the decision, and the president of the court that appointed him or the judge who appointed him may excuse him if the reasons he provided are deemed acceptable. \r\nIn urgent cases, the court may decide in its judgment to shorten this period.",
                                            "position": 332,
                                            "article_number": "347-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 474,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\nIf the expert does not perform his task after accepting it, or delays in submitting his report within the specified period, he is warned to complete his work within a new appropriate period. If he fails to do so and does not provide an acceptable excuse, he is replaced by another and fined a monetary penalty ranging from forty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and required to return to the court's clerk the amount he received for his expenses or fees, in addition to any disciplinary penalty that may be imposed on him and any compensation that may be due to the injured party. \r\nThe judgment replacing the expert and obliging him to return what he received for his expenses and fees is not subject to appeal. If the delay is due to the fault of the party, they are fined from forty thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, and the right to rely on the decision appointing the expert may be forfeited.\r\nAny judgment imposing a fine on the expert for failing to perform his duties is notified to the Supreme Judicial Council to be added to his file and then to issue appropriate disciplinary sanctions against him.",
                                            "position": 333,
                                            "article_number": "348-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 475,
                                            "body": "The expert must set a date to start his work not exceeding fifteen days following the notification of his assignment decision, and he must invite the parties by registered letters or telegrams with acknowledgment of receipt sent at least seven days before that date, informing them of the place, day, and hour of the first meeting. \r\nIn urgent cases, the judgment may stipulate that work begins within the three days following the expert's notification of his assignment decision at most, and in such cases, the parties are invited by telegram with acknowledgment of receipt at least twenty-four hours before the first meeting. In extreme urgency, the judgment may stipulate that the task begins immediately and the parties are invited by telegram to attend immediately. \r\nThe expert notifies the time and place where he will begin the task to the judge appointed to supervise the investigation if appointed. \r\nFailure to invite the parties results in the nullity of the expert's work.",
                                            "position": 334,
                                            "article_number": "349-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 476,
                                            "body": "The parties may attend the technical investigation proceedings in person or through their lawyers. They must promptly provide the expert with all documents he deems necessary to carry out his task. If they fail to do so, he informs the court, which decides either to oblige the parties to present the documents under penalty of coercive fine if necessary, or to authorize the expert to disregard the presentation of the documents, or also to deposit his report in its current state.",
                                            "position": 335,
                                            "article_number": "350-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 477,
                                            "body": "The expert must consider the parties' observations and requests, and if submitted to him in writing, he must attach them to the report if the parties request it. He must indicate in the report the result he based on them.",
                                            "position": 336,
                                            "article_number": "351-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 478,
                                            "body": "The expert may independently seek the opinion of another expert, but only on a technical issue requiring a different specialization than his own.",
                                            "position": 337,
                                            "article_number": "352-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 479,
                                            "body": "If the expert's work is obstructed by an obstacle preventing its continuation or if it becomes necessary to expand the scope of his task, he submits a report to the court. \r\nThe court may make an appropriate decision in light of this and extend the deadline for the expert to submit his report if necessary.",
                                            "position": 338,
                                            "article_number": "353-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 480,
                                            "body": "The court may order the deposit of an additional amount for the expert's expenses and fees if it becomes clear that the originally deposited amount is insufficient. \r\nIt may authorize the expert to receive an advance on account.",
                                            "position": 339,
                                            "article_number": "354-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 481,
                                            "body": "If a settlement is reached between the parties and the expert verifies it, he submits a report to the court indicating it and that his task has thus become moot. \r\nThe parties may request the court to ratify the settlement to give it executive force.",
                                            "position": 340,
                                            "article_number": "355-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 482,
                                            "body": "The expert prepares a record of his work, including a statement of the parties' attendance, their statements, and observations signed by them unless they have a reason not to, which is mentioned in the record. It also includes a detailed statement of the expert's work and the statements of the persons he heard on his own initiative or at the parties' request, along with their signatures.",
                                            "position": 341,
                                            "article_number": "356-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 483,
                                            "body": "The expert must prepare a report containing the results of his work, his opinion, and the grounds on which he bases this opinion, with precision and clarity. \r\nIf there are multiple experts and they disagree, they must prepare a single report stating each of their opinions and reasons. \r\nIf the expert sought the opinion of another expert in a different specialization, this opinion is attached to the report.",
                                            "position": 342,
                                            "article_number": "357-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 484,
                                            "body": "The expert must deposit his report attached to the minutes in the court registry in exchange for a receipt, and request a detailed statement estimating his fees and expenses.",
                                            "position": 343,
                                            "article_number": "358-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 485,
                                            "body": "The court registry sends each of the parties a copy of the expert's report immediately upon its deposit, and they have the right to submit their observations on it within ten days from the date of notification. The court may shorten or extend this period if necessary.",
                                            "position": 344,
                                            "article_number": "359-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 486,
                                            "body": "If the court finds that the expert's report is incomplete or unclear, it may summon the expert for clarification or resort to additional expertise. \r\nIf the court does not accept the expert's report in whole or in part due to a defect in its formulation or a deficiency in its basis resulting from the expert's negligence or error, it may order the expert to refund the fees and expenses received or require him to conduct a new or additional investigation without charge, and notify the Higher Judicial Council.\r\nIf the court finds that the report contains serious errors, it shall refer a copy of it to the Higher Judicial Council to be added to the expert's file and then to issue appropriate disciplinary sanctions against him.",
                                            "position": 345,
                                            "article_number": "360-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 487,
                                            "body": "The expert's fees and expenses are determined by a decision of the president of the court that appointed him or by the individual judge who appointed him. The expert, as well as the parties, have the right to object to this decision before the authority that appointed him within three days from the date of notification. \r\nThe objection is submitted by a petition to the court registry, and it is decided in chambers after summoning the parties, and the judgment issued as a result of the objection is not subject to any means of appeal. \r\nHowever, the expert listed in the schedule who is tasked with conducting the investigation for the benefit of the party granted legal aid is obliged to carry out the task free of charge. However, he may still claim his fee from the other party if they are ordered to pay the litigation expenses or from the party granted legal aid after they become solvent.",
                                            "position": 346,
                                            "article_number": "361-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 488,
                                            "body": "The expert's opinion does not bind the court. If the judgment contradicts the expert's opinion, in whole or in part, the reasons justifying this contradiction must be stated.",
                                            "position": 347,
                                            "article_number": "362-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 8
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 4
                },
                {
                    "id": 173,
                    "name": "Trial",
                    "number": "Fourth",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 174,
                            "name": "General Provisions",
                            "number": "One",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 489,
                                    "body": "Only the parties have the right to initiate a lawsuit except in cases where the law provides otherwise, and they have the right to proceed with the trial procedures with the burdens that entail, in accordance with the prescribed forms and deadlines. They can also terminate the trial before it concludes with a judgment or by law.",
                                    "position": 348,
                                    "article_number": "363-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 490,
                                    "body": "The judge oversees the proper conduct of the trial and has the right to grant extensions and take necessary measures for this purpose.",
                                    "position": 349,
                                    "article_number": "364-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 491,
                                    "body": "The subject of the dispute is determined by the claims of the parties as stated in the summons and briefs. It may be modified by incidental requests that meet the conditions outlined in Article 30.",
                                    "position": 350,
                                    "article_number": "365-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 492,
                                    "body": "The judge must decide in his judgment on everything that is requested and only on what is requested. Article 367- The parties must present the facts on which they base their claims.",
                                    "position": 351,
                                    "article_number": "366-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 493,
                                    "body": "The parties must present the facts on which they base their claims.",
                                    "position": 352,
                                    "article_number": "367-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 494,
                                    "body": "The judge may not base his judgment on facts outside the scope of the trial. However, he may consider the facts presented in the trial even if the parties did not specifically invoke them to support their claims or defenses.",
                                    "position": 353,
                                    "article_number": "368-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 495,
                                    "body": "The judge decides the dispute according to the legal rules applicable to it.",
                                    "position": 354,
                                    "article_number": "369-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 496,
                                    "body": "The judge must give the correct legal description to the facts and actions in dispute without being bound by the description given by the parties. He may raise purely legal grounds on his own, regardless of the legal basis invoked by the parties. However, he may not alter the description or legal basis when the parties, by their explicit agreement and regarding rights they are free to dispose of, have restricted it to a description and legal points they intended to limit the discussion to.",
                                    "position": 355,
                                    "article_number": "370-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 497,
                                    "body": "The judge may request from the parties the clarifications he deems necessary regarding the facts or legal points to rule on the dispute.",
                                    "position": 356,
                                    "article_number": "371-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 498,
                                    "body": "A judgment cannot be issued against a party who has not been heard or given the opportunity to present their defense.",
                                    "position": 357,
                                    "article_number": "372-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 499,
                                    "body": "The judge must, in any case, adhere to and enforce the principle of adversarial proceedings. He may not rely in his judgment on reasons or clarifications provided by one party or documents presented unless he has allowed the other parties to discuss them adversarially. Nor can he base his judgment on legal reasons he raised on his own without first inviting the parties to submit their observations on them.",
                                    "position": 358,
                                    "article_number": "373-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 500,
                                    "body": "When the law permits or necessity requires the adoption of a measure without the knowledge of the opposing party, the latter has the right to appeal the decision that harms him through the appropriate means.",
                                    "position": 359,
                                    "article_number": "374-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 501,
                                    "body": "Reconciliation between the parties is considered part of the judge's duty.",
                                    "position": 360,
                                    "article_number": "375-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 502,
                                    "body": "The trial shall be public unless the law requires or permits it to be conducted in private or in chambers.",
                                    "position": 361,
                                    "article_number": "376-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 503,
                                    "body": "The judge is not required to resort to a translator if he knows the language spoken by the parties.",
                                    "position": 362,
                                    "article_number": "377-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 175,
                            "name": "Representation in Trial",
                            "number": "Two",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 504,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6 \r\nParties must engage a lawyer as an agent in cases where the value of the claim exceeds one million Lebanese pounds or in cases with no specific value, and other cases where the law requires the assistance of a lawyer.",
                                    "position": 363,
                                    "article_number": "378-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 505,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\nA lawyer is appointed in a lawsuit or trial by an official contract. However, in cases where the value does not exceed one million Lebanese pounds, the appointment can be made at the court of first instance by a power of attorney organized by the Mukhtar or by a declaration from the principal recorded in the trial session minutes.",
                                    "position": 364,
                                    "article_number": "379-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 506,
                                    "body": "Appointing a lawyer grants them the authority to perform the necessary acts and procedures to file and follow up on the lawsuit or defend it at all levels of litigation and appeal methods, take precautionary measures, notify judgments, receive them, and execute them, and collect fees, expenses, and judicial securities without prejudice to what the law requires as a special delegation. \r\nAny restriction in the power of attorney document contrary to the above shall not be invoked against the other party.",
                                    "position": 365,
                                    "article_number": "380-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 507,
                                    "body": "Without a special delegation, it is not valid to acknowledge the claimed right, waive it, settle, arbitrate, accept or direct an oath, waive the trial, waive the judgment or any method of appeal, lift the seizure, waive securities despite the debt remaining, claim forgery, challenge the judge, challenge the expert, make an actual offer and accept it, or any other action that the law requires a special delegation for.",
                                    "position": 366,
                                    "article_number": "381-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 508,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20 \r\nUpon appointing a lawyer, their office becomes the chosen domicile for their client concerning all trial procedures in which the power of attorney was used and the execution procedures of judgments issued as a result of this trial, and they cannot refuse notification. \r\nNotification to the appointed lawyer, any of their partner lawyers, assistants, or any employees working in their office is valid.",
                                    "position": 367,
                                    "article_number": "382-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 509,
                                    "body": "If there are multiple agents, each of them may act individually without regard to any contrary provision in the power of attorney document.",
                                    "position": 368,
                                    "article_number": "383-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 510,
                                    "body": "The agent may delegate other lawyers unless expressly prohibited from delegation in the power of attorney.",
                                    "position": 369,
                                    "article_number": "384-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 511,
                                    "body": "The client of the lawyer may revoke the power of attorney and dismiss their agent, but this revocation or dismissal does not take effect against the judiciary until it is notified to the court registry.\r\nIn this case, the client must appoint a new lawyer; if not, all procedures may be notified to them at the court registry unless they have a known domicile or have chosen a domicile within the court's jurisdiction, in which case they are notified at this domicile.",
                                    "position": 370,
                                    "article_number": "385-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 512,
                                    "body": "The lawyer may resign from the power of attorney, provided that this resignation is notified to their client and the court registry. They must continue to perform the duties of the power of attorney until another lawyer is appointed in their place or until a reasonable period for this appointment has elapsed, not exceeding fifteen days from the date the client is notified of the resignation. \r\nIf the client does not appoint another lawyer within the aforementioned period, the provisions of the second paragraph of the previous article apply.",
                                    "position": 371,
                                    "article_number": "386-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 176,
                            "name": "Trial Clerk and Its Functions",
                            "number": "Third",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 513,
                                    "body": "The court registry is composed of a head and clerks and bailiffs who are subject to a special system. The head of the court supervises them and distributes the work among them.",
                                    "position": 372,
                                    "article_number": "387-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 514,
                                    "body": "The registry staff perform the duties imposed on them by this law and other specific laws and regulations.",
                                    "position": 373,
                                    "article_number": "388-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 515,
                                    "body": "The head of the registry or his deputy receives all summonses, petitions, briefs, and documents from the clerks, issues a receipt for them, and records them after collecting the legal fees. \r\nA special file is arranged for each case as stipulated in Article 448.",
                                    "position": 374,
                                    "article_number": "389-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 516,
                                    "body": "A clerk must assist the court in trial sessions, investigations, and inspections, under penalty of nullity, by drafting the minutes and signing them.",
                                    "position": 375,
                                    "article_number": "390-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 517,
                                    "body": "The parties or their representatives may review the case file in the court registry and obtain copies of the papers and documents after the head of the registry or the clerk certifies their conformity to the original, after paying the expenses.",
                                    "position": 376,
                                    "article_number": "391-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 518,
                                    "body": "Court clerks are responsible for arranging and preserving case files, organizing session schedules, trial minutes, and registers designated for recording lawsuits and registering judgments and decisions, whether judicial or administrative.",
                                    "position": 377,
                                    "article_number": "392-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 519,
                                    "body": "All registers are numbered, and the first and last pages are endorsed by the head of the court or a judge appointed by him for this purpose.",
                                    "position": 378,
                                    "article_number": "393-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 520,
                                    "body": "The head of the registry or his deputy must deliver to the winning party a copy of the judgment containing the phrase \"True copy suitable for execution\" and signed by him. This is done after collecting the fees and verifying the judgment's executability. He may also, after the fees have been paid, deliver a true copy to any person except for legal exceptions, in exchange for payment of expenses.",
                                    "position": 379,
                                    "article_number": "394-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 521,
                                    "body": "The registers containing the originals of judgments and decisions may not be removed from the registry of a court of first instance or appeal except by a special decision issued by the first president of the court of appeal. Similarly, they may not be removed from the registry of the court of cassation except by a decision issued by the first president of this court, based on a request from the public prosecution or any interested party. This decision includes specifying the method of removing and returning the registers as soon as possible.",
                                    "position": 380,
                                    "article_number": "395-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 522,
                                    "body": "Clerks and bailiffs may not undertake any action within the scope of their duties in cases concerning themselves, their spouses, or their relatives or in-laws up to the fourth degree, otherwise it shall be void.",
                                    "position": 381,
                                    "article_number": "396-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 3
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 177,
                            "name": "Notification",
                            "number": "Fourth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 536,
                                    "body": "The parties concerned are informed of the content of the trial documents and procedures through notification.\r\nThe notification procedures stipulated in this chapter may be followed even if the law specifies another method for informing the parties concerned of the content of the documents or procedures.",
                                    "position": 382,
                                    "article_number": "397-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 537,
                                    "body": "Notification is carried out by a process server. \r\nIt may also be conducted by police officers or gendarmes. \r\nIt may also be conducted by the clerk in the office.",
                                    "position": 383,
                                    "article_number": "398-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 538,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20 \r\nThe documents to be notified are delivered to the person himself at his residence, domicile, place of work, or any other place where he is found. They may be delivered at the chosen domicile in cases specified by law. \r\nIf the process server does not know the person to be notified, the documents are delivered at the latter's residence or domicile to someone who declares that he is the intended recipient. Outside the residence or domicile, the documents are only delivered to the intended recipient after verifying his identity through official documents. \r\nThe process server must indicate in the notification report the declaration of the recipient or the method of identity verification mentioned above, including the identity document number. \r\nIf the person to be notified or the person at the chosen domicile refuses to receive the documents, the process server leaves them for him, and the notification is then considered legally completed, even if he refuses to sign the report.",
                                    "position": 384,
                                    "article_number": "399-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 539,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20 \r\nIf the process server does not find the person to be notified at his residence or domicile, he may deliver the document to someone who declares that he is his agent, works for him, or lives with him, such as spouses, relatives, and in-laws who appear to be over eighteen years old, provided that the interests of the person to be notified do not conflict with theirs. \r\nIf any of the aforementioned persons refuse to receive the documents, the process server leaves them for him, and the notification is then considered legally completed, even if he refuses to sign the report.",
                                    "position": 385,
                                    "article_number": "400-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 540,
                                    "body": "Repealed according to Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20",
                                    "position": 386,
                                    "article_number": "401-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 541,
                                    "body": "If the law requires the opponent to designate a chosen domicile and he fails to do so, or if the statement of this domicile is incomplete or incorrect, he may be notified at the court office of all documents that could have been notified to him at the chosen domicile, except for the final judgment. \r\nThe documents are notified to the head of the office, and the process server prepares a report according to the conditions stipulated in Article 405, and a copy of the notified document is posted on the court's notice board.",
                                    "position": 387,
                                    "article_number": "402-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 542,
                                    "body": "Except as provided in special laws, documents are notified as follows: \r\n1- Concerning the state and other public persons: notified to their legal representative or his substitute. \r\n2- Concerning companies, associations, and other legal persons, notified at the legal person's headquarters or its branch referred to in Article 101, paragraph 2, or at the foreign legal person's branch in Lebanon or at the agent's headquarters, to its legal representative or the branch manager or the agent or someone who declares that he represents one of them, and if none of them is present, to one of the members or employees present. If the legal person has no headquarters, branch, or agency headquarters, the documents are notified to the legal representative or agent personally or at his domicile. In case the persons mentioned in the previous two paragraphs refuse notification, the provisions of Article 399, paragraph 4 apply to the legal representative or agent, and the provisions of Article 401 apply to the other persons. \r\n3- Concerning military personnel: notified through the unit command. \r\n4- Concerning prisoners: notified through the prison director. \r\n5- Concerning sailors of commercial ships or workers on them: notified through the captain. \r\n6- Concerning those lacking or with diminished capacity or missing persons: notified to their legal representative. \r\nIf a person with diminished capacity has a judicial supervisor, a copy of the document is notified to him and another copy to the judicial supervisor, and the deadlines run from the date of the last notification.",
                                    "position": 388,
                                    "article_number": "403-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 543,
                                    "body": "If there are multiple agents or representatives of the person to be notified, notification may be made to one of them.",
                                    "position": 389,
                                    "article_number": "404-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 544,
                                    "body": "The notification report must include the following details: \r\n1- The place of notification and the date it occurred, including the day, month, year, and hour. \r\n2- The name of the person requesting the notification, his surname, profession or job, domicile, and the name of his representative, surname, profession or job, and domicile. \r\n3- The name of the court that ordered the notification. \r\n4- The nature of the document being notified. \r\n5- The name of the person being notified, his surname, profession or job, and domicile, and if his domicile is unknown at the time of notification, his last known domicile. \r\n6- The name and capacity of the person to whom the document to be notified was delivered. \r\n7- Mention of the delivery of the document to the person who received it and obtaining his signature. In case of refusal to receive the document or sign, an indication of this refusal and its reason in the report, as well as an indication that the document to be notified was left with the person to be notified himself. \r\n8- The name of the process server who conducted the notification and his signature. \r\nThe process server must also mention, when necessary, in the notification report the details referred to in Articles 399 and 401.\r\nIf the notification involves a judgment or judicial or appellate decision, the notification document must mention the deadline for objection, third-party objection, appeal, or cassation.",
                                    "position": 390,
                                    "article_number": "405-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 545,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\nThe process server or the person conducting the notification must deposit the notification report in the court office within forty-eight hours at most, otherwise, he is subject to a fine of twenty thousand to forty thousand Lebanese pounds imposed by the court. This report is attached to the case file.",
                                    "position": 391,
                                    "article_number": "406-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 546,
                                    "body": "If ordinary notification is impossible for any reason, exceptional notification is resorted to after the court verifies the existence of this impossibility.",
                                    "position": 392,
                                    "article_number": "407-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 547,
                                    "body": "If the person to be notified has no known domicile, exceptional notification is carried out after the court verifies this matter. \r\nThe court verifies that the person to be notified is of unknown domicile based on a thorough investigation conducted by the notification officer with the relatives, neighbors, and acquaintances of the person to be notified and the local chief where he used to reside, in light of the clarifications provided by the person requesting the notification in this regard.",
                                    "position": 393,
                                    "article_number": "408-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 548,
                                    "body": "The exceptional notification is carried out by the court clerk sending, within a sealed envelope with its seal, a registered letter with acknowledgment of receipt to the last known residence or domicile that the person to be notified may have, and to their chosen domicile if it exists, inviting them to appear at the clerk's office to receive the document addressed to them. It must be mentioned on the envelope addressed to the chosen domicile who can receive the letter. \r\nIf the recipient refuses to receive the letter, the postal employee returns it without delay to the court clerk, annotated with the indication of refusal, and it is attached to the case file to serve as evidence of notification. \r\nIf the postal employee does not find the person to whom the notification is directed at the specified domicile, they explain the situation and return the letter to the court clerk. In this case, as in the case where the person to be notified has no known residence, domicile, or chosen domicile, a copy of the document to be notified is posted on the court's bulletin board for twenty days, and an announcement is published in a daily newspaper designated for judicial announcements, informing the person to be notified of the existence of a notification concerning them in the court. The notification is completed twenty days after the posting of the copy and the publication of the announcement. The notification report is replaced by a certificate from the clerk proving this.",
                                    "position": 394,
                                    "article_number": "409-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 549,
                                    "body": "When the notification is aimed at expiration if not completed within a certain period, the delivery of the document to be notified for execution stops the running of this period.",
                                    "position": 395,
                                    "article_number": "410-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 550,
                                    "body": "Notification of documents between lawyers is valid directly, provided that the document to be notified is sent to the other lawyer in two copies, and one of them, which must be submitted to the court, is immediately returned to the colleague after being dated and signed by them as acknowledgment of notification.",
                                    "position": 396,
                                    "article_number": "411-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 551,
                                    "body": "If the place of notification is outside the court's jurisdiction, its president can send the documents to be notified to the president of the court where the notification is requested.",
                                    "position": 397,
                                    "article_number": "412-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 552,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nIf the notification is directed to a person residing in a foreign country, it is done by registered letter with acknowledgment of receipt or through the Lebanese embassy or consulate in the mentioned country or according to the rules established in local law. \r\nIf notification is impossible, the court may consider the person to whom the notification is directed as having an unknown residence, and they are notified by the exceptional method.",
                                    "position": 398,
                                    "article_number": "413-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 553,
                                    "body": "If the notification is directed to a representative of a foreign state or an organization or international body or one of its envoys in Lebanon, it is done through the Ministries of Justice and Foreign Affairs in Lebanon by means of a letter in two copies, the notified party returns the second copy dated and signed to the court ordering the notification.",
                                    "position": 399,
                                    "article_number": "414-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 4
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 178,
                            "name": "Deadlines",
                            "number": "Fifth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 562,
                                    "body": "If the law stipulates a period for filing a lawsuit, submitting an appeal, or performing an action, this period begins from the date of the act, incident, decision, or notification that is considered by law to trigger it.",
                                    "position": 400,
                                    "article_number": "415-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 563,
                                    "body": "If the law requires the expiration of a period before taking action, the action cannot occur before the last day of this period has passed.",
                                    "position": 401,
                                    "article_number": "416-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 564,
                                    "body": "Judicial procedure periods are determined by days, months, years, or also by hours. The period specified in days is calculated from midnight at the start of the period to midnight on the designated day of its expiration. The period specified in months or years is calculated from the day it begins in one of the months or years to the corresponding day in the month or year in which the period ends. If there is no corresponding day, the period ends on the last day of the month. \r\nThe period specified in hours is calculated from the hour it began to the designated hour of its expiration.",
                                    "position": 402,
                                    "article_number": "417-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 565,
                                    "body": "The day of notification or the occurrence of the event considered by law to trigger the period is not included in the calculation of the period specified in days, months, or years. \r\nSimilarly, the hour in which it began is not included in the calculation of the period specified in hours. \r\nThe period expires at the end of the last day or the last hour of it.",
                                    "position": 403,
                                    "article_number": "418-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 566,
                                    "body": "If the last day of the period coincides with an official holiday, it extends to the first working day thereafter.",
                                    "position": 404,
                                    "article_number": "419-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 567,
                                    "body": "If the person to whom the action is directed resides outside Lebanon, the original period is extended by: \r\n1- Thirty days if residing in one of the Arab countries, Turkey, or Cyprus. \r\n2- Sixty days if residing in other countries. \r\nThe judge or court may reduce these periods depending on the ease of transportation and urgency of circumstances. \r\nNo one temporarily in Lebanon and personally notified benefits from distance periods.",
                                    "position": 405,
                                    "article_number": "420-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 568,
                                    "body": "The chosen domicile specified in an explicit agreement or arising from the attorney's authorization is considered the actual domicile concerning distance periods. The court registry is also considered as such when notification is made therein according to the provisions of Articles 402 and 450.",
                                    "position": 406,
                                    "article_number": "421-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 569,
                                    "body": "All periods specified in this law for exercising a right, if exceeded, lead to the forfeiture of that right.",
                                    "position": 407,
                                    "article_number": "422-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 5
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 179,
                            "name": "Time at Which Judicial Procedures Are Conducted",
                            "number": "Sixth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 570,
                                    "body": "No procedural or enforcement action shall be valid and shall be considered null if carried out: \r\n1- On official holidays. \r\n2- Before seven in the morning and after eight in the evening unless the person concerned with the procedure consents to it or if the procedure is a continuation of what was initiated during the legal time.",
                                    "position": 408,
                                    "article_number": "423-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 571,
                                    "body": "Exceptions to the provisions of the previous article include: \r\n1- Procedures for urgent cases. \r\n2- Procedures that the court orders to be carried out due to circumstances justifying urgency.",
                                    "position": 409,
                                    "article_number": "424-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 6
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 180,
                            "name": "Judicial Assistance",
                            "number": "Seventh",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 579,
                                    "body": "If the condition of one of the parties does not allow them to pay the fees and expenses of the trial, they may request to be granted legal aid.",
                                    "position": 410,
                                    "article_number": "425-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 580,
                                    "body": "Legal aid is granted to natural persons of Lebanese nationality, as well as to foreigners residing habitually in Lebanon, provided there is reciprocity. \r\nThis aid may be exceptionally granted to legal entities that are non-profit and have their management or operations based in Lebanon.",
                                    "position": 411,
                                    "article_number": "426-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 581,
                                    "body": "A request for legal aid may be made for the purpose of initiating the primary lawsuit or for defending it. It may also be made, even if for the first time, for the purpose of using appeal methods. \r\nSubmitting this request during the appeal period leads to the suspension of this period until the decision regarding it is notified to the applicant for aid.",
                                    "position": 412,
                                    "article_number": "427-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 582,
                                    "body": "The request for aid is submitted in a petition exempt from fees and financial stamps, prepared in three copies, and deposited with the court that will hear the case. The clerk retains one copy, sends the second copy to the opponent who may submit written observations within five days, and sends the third copy to the public prosecution, which can also express an opinion within five days. \r\nIf the case is to be brought before a single judge, the request for aid is submitted to the primary chamber in the judge's area.",
                                    "position": 413,
                                    "article_number": "428-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 583,
                                    "body": "Attached to the request is a certificate from the Revenue and Treasury Departments in the Ministry of Finance (Public Finance City) indicating the direct taxes paid by the applicant for aid, and a certificate from any local authority proving their indigence.",
                                    "position": 414,
                                    "article_number": "429-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 584,
                                    "body": "Regardless of the financial condition of the applicant for aid, their request is rejected if it is clear that their claim or defense is unacceptable or unfounded. \r\nThe request for aid submitted to the Court of Cassation may be rejected if the appeal does not mention any serious reason for annulment.",
                                    "position": 415,
                                    "article_number": "430-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 585,
                                    "body": "The court summons the applicant for aid and their opponent to appear before it in the deliberation chamber, and it may consider the request even in their absence.",
                                    "position": 416,
                                    "article_number": "431-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 586,
                                    "body": "The court clerk notifies the parties and the public prosecution of the content of the court's decision, and this decision is not subject to any appeal.",
                                    "position": 417,
                                    "article_number": "432-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 587,
                                    "body": "The decision granting legal aid is notified to the Bar Association President, who appoints a lawyer to defend the interests of the person who received the aid.",
                                    "position": 418,
                                    "article_number": "433-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 588,
                                    "body": "The assistance provided by the lawyer in this manner is free, and they may not charge or attempt to charge any fees or benefits from the person whose interests they are defending. \r\nHowever, the court may order the other party, if they lose the case, to pay attorney fees if they have not been granted legal aid.",
                                    "position": 419,
                                    "article_number": "434-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 589,
                                    "body": "The clerical transactions related to aid are free, and the expenses of necessary measures related to the investigation are borne by the state treasury.",
                                    "position": 420,
                                    "article_number": "435-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 590,
                                    "body": "In all cases, even before the original lawsuit is filed, the court that granted legal aid may revoke its decision on its own initiative or based on a request from the public prosecution or the Ministry of Finance if the circumstances for which the aid was granted have changed or if it is found to be incorrect. In this latter case, the aid is canceled retroactively.",
                                    "position": 421,
                                    "article_number": "436-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 591,
                                    "body": "Legal aid ceases upon the death of the aided person and does not have a retroactive effect. The heirs of the aided person may request legal aid if necessary.",
                                    "position": 422,
                                    "article_number": "437-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 592,
                                    "body": "If the aided person wins the case, the opponent is ordered to pay the expenses, including the expenses advanced for measures related to the investigation.",
                                    "position": 423,
                                    "article_number": "438-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 593,
                                    "body": "The opponent who has been granted legal aid remains entitled to it for the purpose of executing the judgment or defending when appeal methods are used against them.",
                                    "position": 424,
                                    "article_number": "439-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 594,
                                    "body": "If the aided person loses the case, no fee is collected from them for the procedures carried out in their favor, and they are not required to refund the amounts advanced by the state treasury unless it is proven or subsequently determined that they are financially capable.",
                                    "position": 425,
                                    "article_number": "440-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 595,
                                    "body": "The head of the execution department may grant legal aid for execution according to the previous rules.",
                                    "position": 426,
                                    "article_number": "441-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 7
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 181,
                            "name": "Trial Procedures at the Court of First Instance",
                            "number": "Eighth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 596,
                                    "body": "Disputes are presented to the Court of First Instance: \r\n- Either by a summons directed by the plaintiff to his opponent, stating the matters for which a judgment is requested. \r\n- Or by a joint petition in which two disputing parties present the subject of an existing dispute between them and request a decision on it.",
                                    "position": 427,
                                    "article_number": "442-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 597,
                                    "body": "In the case of presenting the dispute by a joint petition, this petition must include the following: \r\n1- The name of the court to which it is submitted. \r\n2- The name of each of the disputants, their surname, profession or occupation, and residence, and if it is a legal entity, its form, name or title, place of business, and the name of its legal representative. \r\n3- A detailed statement of the subject of the dispute and the issues in disagreement between the disputants, along with each party's demands, reasons, and evidence or arguments supporting these demands. \r\n4- A statement of the documents on which each of the disputants bases their demands and reasons for defense or arguments, attaching copies of these documents to the petition. \r\n5- The date of submission of the petition and the signature of each of the disputing parties or their legal representatives, or the signature of their attorneys in cases where representation by attorneys is necessary, with the date of the power of attorney and the authority that certified it, attaching a copy of it to the petition.",
                                    "position": 428,
                                    "article_number": "443-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 598,
                                    "body": "Upon depositing the joint petition with the court registry and after paying the fee, it is immediately presented to the president, who promptly sets a date for the trial to be communicated to each of the parties without delay by the clerk.",
                                    "position": 429,
                                    "article_number": "444-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 599,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 In the case of a claim by one party against another, the lawsuit is filed by a summons that includes the following information: \r\n1- The name of the court to which the lawsuit is submitted. \r\n2- The name of each of the plaintiff and the defendant, their surname, profession or occupation, and residence, and if necessary, the name of their legal representative, their surname, profession or occupation, capacity, and residence, and if it is a legal entity, its form, name or title, place of business, and the name of its legal representative, mentioning the name and identity of the attorney if present, attaching a copy of the power of attorney to the summons.\r\n3- The facts of the lawsuit, its reasons, supporting evidence, and the plaintiff's demands, which must be stated clearly and in detail, whether they are original, subsidiary, or precautionary demands, in the demands paragraph concluding the summons. \r\n4- The date of submission of the summons, and the signature of the plaintiff or their legal representative, or the signature of the attorney if representation is required through them. \r\n5- A statement of the documents attached to the summons. \r\nIf the plaintiff does not have a residence in the jurisdiction of the court, they must appoint a chosen residence in this area, unless represented by an attorney, in which case their office is considered a chosen residence and they can be notified there wherever this office is located.",
                                    "position": 430,
                                    "article_number": "445-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 600,
                                    "body": "The plaintiff submits the summons to the court registry accompanied by the supporting documents, and deposits a number of copies equal to the number of defendants, attaching to each copy documents certified by their signature as true to the original.",
                                    "position": 431,
                                    "article_number": "446-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 601,
                                    "body": "The summons, after paying the fee, is registered on the same day in a special register with a sequential number according to the order of submission, and it is stamped along with the attached documents with the court's seal, noting the registration number and date, and this is indicated on the copies of the summons.",
                                    "position": 432,
                                    "article_number": "447-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 602,
                                    "body": "The summons, along with the attached documents, is delivered to the clerk in a special file indicating on its cover the name of the court, the names of the parties, the registration number of the summons, and the date of the year. All papers kept in the file are numbered consecutively, and a statement of their particulars and numbers is listed on their cover.",
                                    "position": 433,
                                    "article_number": "448-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 603,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23\r\nThe defendant must, within fifteen days of receiving the summons, submit a memorandum responding to the lawsuit and attach all supporting documents for their response. It must include the name and identity of each of the defendant and the plaintiff as stipulated in Article 445, and clearly and in detail state the demands in the demands paragraph concluding the memorandum.\r\nThe defendant must also, if they do not have a residence in the court's jurisdiction, appoint a chosen residence in this area unless represented by an attorney, in which case their office is considered a chosen residence and they can be notified there wherever this office is located.",
                                    "position": 434,
                                    "article_number": "449-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 604,
                                    "body": "If one of the parties does not appoint their chosen residence according to the previous provisions or if their statement of this residence is incomplete or incorrect, making notification impossible, all papers may be notified to them at the court registry in accordance with Article 402. The head of the registry must immediately post the notified paper on the court's notice board for the entire period specified for response, attendance, review, or execution of orders, and record a report confirming the posting and another report for its removal.",
                                    "position": 435,
                                    "article_number": "450-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 605,
                                    "body": "The head of the registry or the clerk gives a receipt for the judicial papers delivered to them and sends their copies for notification within a maximum period of twenty-four hours under penalty of disciplinary action in case of delay without an acceptable excuse.",
                                    "position": 436,
                                    "article_number": "451-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 606,
                                    "body": "The plaintiff may respond to the defendant's memorandum within ten days from the date of receiving it with a memorandum delivered to the defendant, who has the right to respond to it within a similar period.",
                                    "position": 437,
                                    "article_number": "452-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 607,
                                    "body": "After the expiration of the deadlines specified in the previous articles, none of the parties may submit any memorandum unless they provide an acceptable excuse or a reason justifying the submission of a new memorandum. In this case, the president of the court or the judge sets a deadline for submitting this memorandum and responding to it if necessary.",
                                    "position": 438,
                                    "article_number": "453-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 608,
                                    "body": "In the case of multiple memoranda, each party must include in the conclusion of their final memorandum a paragraph containing their demands, including those stated in previous memoranda, and the court is not required to decide on demands presented contrary to these provisions.",
                                    "position": 439,
                                    "article_number": "454-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 609,
                                    "body": "The court may shorten the deadlines for exchanging memoranda in cases requiring urgency, provided that the period it sets is not less than twenty-four hours. In other cases, it may extend those deadlines at the request of one of the parties if it finds justification for that. The court issues its decision to shorten or extend the deadlines in chambers.",
                                    "position": 440,
                                    "article_number": "455-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 610,
                                    "body": "On the day following the expiration of the deadlines for submitting briefs, the head of the registry or the clerk must refer the file to the president of the court, who appoints one of its judges to review it for completion if necessary and to prepare the case for pleading within a period specified for him, which can be extended if needed. The president of the court may also undertake this task himself. \r\nThe president or the appointed judge, as well as the single judge, after reviewing the file, may take the measures they deem appropriate for the aforementioned purpose. They may require the parties to provide necessary clarifications on facts or law regarding their claims or defenses and to present the documents they relied upon, respecting their right to discuss any new documents or papers submitted to them. They may also listen to the parties in an attempt to reconcile and settle between them, with or without the presence of their attorneys, according to the parties' request. In all the aforementioned cases, a deadline is set for implementing the decision made, and the parties are warned that if this decision is not implemented, the case will be considered in its current state.",
                                    "position": 441,
                                    "article_number": "456-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 611,
                                    "body": "Immediately after completing the task outlined in the previous article, the appointed judge returns the case file to the court registry, and the president, if no settlement has been reached between the parties, sets the date for the session in which the case will be heard.",
                                    "position": 442,
                                    "article_number": "457-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 612,
                                    "body": "In any case, the court may, if it deems it necessary to conduct an investigation, appoint one of its judges to carry it out in accordance with the provisions of Article 135.",
                                    "position": 443,
                                    "article_number": "458-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 613,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 \r\nIn cases where the value does not exceed eight hundred thousand Lebanese pounds and in urgent cases, the judge may set the date for the session upon the registration of the summons and listen to the parties in the first session without the need for exchanging briefs.",
                                    "position": 444,
                                    "article_number": "459-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 614,
                                    "body": "The president of the court or his appointed judge, as well as the single judge, may invite the disputing parties to his office and attempt to reconcile them. If they agree on a settlement, even partially, a report is drawn up to confirm it, their signatures are taken on it, and a decision is issued to ratify this settlement, which is enforceable. If the parties refuse the settlement, a report is drawn up to confirm this refusal.",
                                    "position": 445,
                                    "article_number": "460-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 615,
                                    "body": "The parties may, at any time during the trial, reconcile even partially and request the court or the single judge to issue a decision ratifying this settlement.",
                                    "position": 446,
                                    "article_number": "461-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 616,
                                    "body": "The parties may submit a joint written declaration stating that they are satisfied with the written defenses outlined in their briefs. If the court deems that there is no need for oral pleadings or any investigation and that the case is ready for judgment, it may decide on it without setting a session for pleading. In this case, a date must be set for issuing the judgment within thirty days from the date of submitting the written declaration, and a registered mail must be sent to each of the parties to inform them of this date. The delay in the arrival of this letter to the parties or any of them is not considered a reason to delay issuing the judgment. \r\nIf the judgment is not issued on the specified date, a new date must be set for its issuance and notified to the parties.",
                                    "position": 447,
                                    "article_number": "462-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 8
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 182,
                            "name": "Presence and Absence of Parties",
                            "number": "Nine",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 617,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\nOn the date set for the hearing before the court of first instance, the parties must appear in person if the value in dispute does not exceed one million Lebanese pounds. They may be represented by lawyers they appoint. In other cases, they may only appear through lawyers representing them according to the provisions of Articles 378 to 386 unless the parties themselves are lawyers. If a party appears and refuses to appoint a lawyer, the case will be heard in their absence, and the judgment will be considered as if they were present.",
                                    "position": 448,
                                    "article_number": "463-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 618,
                                    "body": "If both the plaintiff and the defendant fail to attend the session without an acceptable excuse, the court shall decide to strike the case from the docket. \r\nThe decision to strike is a special measure of judicial administration and does not prevent the parties or any of them from requesting the reinstatement of the case to the docket and proceeding from the point it reached before being struck.",
                                    "position": 449,
                                    "article_number": "464-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 619,
                                    "body": "If the plaintiff or the defendant attends any session, the trial is considered as if they were present, even if they subsequently fail to attend.",
                                    "position": 450,
                                    "article_number": "465-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 620,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20 \r\nIf the plaintiff is absent from the first session without an acceptable excuse and has been notified of the session date, the defendant may request either to strike the case from the docket, to rule on the matter, or to dismiss the summons. \r\nIf the defendant requests a ruling on the matter or the dismissal of the summons, the case is postponed to a second session, and the plaintiff is notified of its date. If the plaintiff is absent from the second session without an acceptable excuse, the court must grant the defendant's request, and its judgment will be considered as if the plaintiff were present. However, in the case of dismissal of the summons, the plaintiff may file the case again if still within the legal time limit.",
                                    "position": 451,
                                    "article_number": "466-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 621,
                                    "body": "1- If there are multiple plaintiffs and all are absent from the first session, the provisions of the previous article apply. \r\n2- If some plaintiffs attend and others are absent without an acceptable excuse, the defendant may request the dismissal of the summons for those absent if the subject of the claim is divisible, or request a ruling on the matter, and the provisions of the first paragraph of the previous article apply to the absentees. If the subject of the claim is indivisible, the defendant's request is limited to a ruling on the matter, and the same provisions apply. \r\n3- If some plaintiffs attend and others are absent with an acceptable excuse, the case must be postponed to a subsequent session, and they are notified of its date. The provisions of the second paragraph of this article may then be applied.",
                                    "position": 452,
                                    "article_number": "467-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 622,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nIf the defendant alone fails to attend the first session without an acceptable excuse and the session date has been personally notified to them or they have submitted a defense memorandum, the court issues a judgment as if they were present. It does not grant the plaintiff's demands unless it finds them legally valid in form, admissible, and based on a correct foundation. \r\nIf the defendant has not been personally notified and has not submitted a defense memorandum, the court may, on its own or at the plaintiff's request in non-urgent cases, postpone the hearing to a subsequent session, and the defendant is notified of its date. \r\nThe judgment is issued in absentia against the defendant if it is not subject to appeal, and personal notification has not occurred, and no defense memorandum has been submitted, making it subject to objection. If the judgment is subject to appeal or personal notification has occurred, or the defendant has submitted a defense memorandum, the judgment is considered as if they were present.",
                                    "position": 453,
                                    "article_number": "468-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 623,
                                    "body": "If there are multiple defendants in the same matter and one or some of them fail to attend the first session without an acceptable excuse, the judgment is considered as if all were present if it is subject to appeal or if those absent have been personally notified. \r\nIf the judgment is not subject to appeal, the absent defendants who were not personally notified must be re-notified. The judgment issued thereafter is considered as if all were present if one of the defendants attended or was personally notified in the first or second instance. In the opposite case, the judgment is in absentia.",
                                    "position": 454,
                                    "article_number": "469-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 624,
                                    "body": "The court must verify the validity of the notification of the absent party, and if it finds it defective, it orders it to be redone correctly for a subsequent session.",
                                    "position": 455,
                                    "article_number": "470-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 625,
                                    "body": "Failure to attend cannot be confirmed against any party until one hour has passed from the scheduled time for the trial.",
                                    "position": 456,
                                    "article_number": "471-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 626,
                                    "body": "If the absent party attends the same session or a subsequent session, the decision issued in their absence is considered as if it never existed.",
                                    "position": 457,
                                    "article_number": "472-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 627,
                                    "body": "The court may not accept new additional or counterclaims, or new evidence presented by the present party against the absent party unless it is notified to the latter and they are given time to submit their response or comments regarding it.",
                                    "position": 458,
                                    "article_number": "473-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 628,
                                    "body": "If an in absentia judgment is issued and its notification is not requested, and fees are not paid within three months from the date of its pronouncement, it is automatically considered null. \r\nThe nullity only affects the judgment, while the preceding procedures remain in effect.",
                                    "position": 459,
                                    "article_number": "474-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 9
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 183,
                            "name": "Role of the Public Prosecution in the Trial",
                            "number": "Tenth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 629,
                                    "body": "The public prosecution has the right to initiate proceedings in the cases outlined in Article 8, and in these cases, it shall have the same rights as the parties involved.",
                                    "position": 460,
                                    "article_number": "475-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 630,
                                    "body": "The public prosecution may intervene or be introduced in the lawsuits specified in Article 8. At any stage of the trial, it then becomes an original party to the dispute.",
                                    "position": 461,
                                    "article_number": "476-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 631,
                                    "body": "The court may, at any stage of the trial, order the case file to be sent to the public prosecution for its intervention in the cases specified in Article 8, and in this instance, the intervention of the public prosecution is mandatory.",
                                    "position": 462,
                                    "article_number": "477-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 632,
                                    "body": "The public prosecution shall express its opinion as an associated party in the following cases: \r\n1- The cases outlined in Article 8 when the public prosecution is not an original party in the trial. \r\n2- Lawsuits filed against the state regarding liability arising from the actions of judges. \r\n3- Request for the appointment of a reference. \r\nIn the cases specified in item (1) of the first paragraph, the public prosecution must express its opinion before the court of first instance and the court of appeal within ten days from the date the file is deposited by the court, otherwise, it will be disregarded and the file returned to the court without delay.",
                                    "position": 463,
                                    "article_number": "478-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 633,
                                    "body": "The public prosecution is not required to appear before the court of first instance, even if it is an original party or an associated party before it, and it may, as appropriate, submit summonses, briefs, memoranda, documents, and evidence to the court or receive them from it or deposit its opinion in writing when necessary. In case of the public prosecution's presence, it is represented by one of the public attorneys. \r\nThe public prosecution represents itself before the court of appeal if it is an original party in the trial but is not required to attend when it is limited to providing a written opinion on the case.",
                                    "position": 464,
                                    "article_number": "479-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 634,
                                    "body": "In all trials where the public prosecution is an associated party, the parties may not request to speak or submit new briefs after presenting their statements and requests, but they may submit a written statement to the court to correct the facts mentioned by the public prosecution. \r\nHowever, the court may, in exceptional circumstances where it deems the acceptance of new documents or supplementary briefs appropriate, permit their submission and the reopening of the pleadings, with the final word given to the public prosecution.",
                                    "position": 465,
                                    "article_number": "480-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 635,
                                    "body": "The public prosecution has the right to appeal in the cases outlined in Article 8, even if it was not an original party in the initial trial, provided that the appeal period does not exceed six months from the date of the judgment, whether it was notified or not.",
                                    "position": 466,
                                    "article_number": "481-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 10
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 184,
                            "name": "Trial Session Procedures and Their System",
                            "number": "Eleventh",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 185,
                                    "name": "Session Procedures",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 636,
                                            "body": "The court clerk must prepare a list of cases to be presented in each session, arranged according to their sequential numbers and the designated times for their hearing. \r\nThis list is presented to the court president and a copy is posted on the board prepared for this purpose at the court's door before the session begins.",
                                            "position": 467,
                                            "article_number": "482-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 637,
                                            "body": "The session date is notified to the parties at least three days before it occurs.",
                                            "position": 468,
                                            "article_number": "483-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 638,
                                            "body": "Court sessions are public under penalty of nullity, unless the court, on its own initiative or at the request of one of the parties, decides to hold them in private to preserve public order, morals, or family privacy, but the judgment in this case is pronounced publicly.",
                                            "position": 469,
                                            "article_number": "484-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 639,
                                            "body": "The session is held in the deliberation room in a non-public manner. \r\nThe court considers in the deliberation room the urgent matters as well as the judicial matters explicitly specified by law.",
                                            "position": 470,
                                            "article_number": "485-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 640,
                                            "body": "It is not permissible to publish in newspapers the proceedings of trials in defamation cases and what is prohibited from publication under Article 420 of the Penal Code and the provisions of the Press Law.",
                                            "position": 471,
                                            "article_number": "486-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 641,
                                            "body": "The parties are called at the designated time for the trial by a bailiff. \r\nIf the defendant appears in person or through his attorney in a case not subject to the exchange of briefs according to the provisions of Article 459, he may request its postponement to a subsequent session to allow him to present his defenses. \r\nIf the defendant appears in person in a case where an attorney must be appointed to represent him and there is a reason preventing him from doing so that the court is convinced of, he may request a postponement to a subsequent session to appoint an attorney and submit a defense brief.",
                                            "position": 472,
                                            "article_number": "487-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 642,
                                            "body": "The president permits the plaintiff or his attorney to speak first, then permits the defendant or his attorney, and finally the interveners, and in all cases, the last word remains with the defendant, in accordance with the provisions of Article 480.",
                                            "position": 473,
                                            "article_number": "488-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 643,
                                            "body": "If, before the conclusion of the trial, the composition of the court changes entirely or partially, the discussions must be repeated before the new composition.",
                                            "position": 474,
                                            "article_number": "489-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 644,
                                            "body": "The parties may request the court, at any stage of the trial, to record what they have agreed upon in the session minutes, signed by them or their attorneys. If they have written what they agreed upon, the written agreement is attached to the session minutes and its content is recorded therein. The court issues in both cases a decision ratifying the agreement, which is enforceable.",
                                            "position": 475,
                                            "article_number": "490-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 645,
                                            "body": "The clerk creates a record for each trial, signed by him and the president at the end of each session, noting the opening and closing times of the session, the name or names of the judge or judges, the names of the parties and their attorneys, the incidents that occurred, and the information the president orders to be recorded. \r\nThe trial record is an official document, and its forgery is considered forgery of official documents.",
                                            "position": 476,
                                            "article_number": "491-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 186,
                                    "name": "Session System",
                                    "number": "Second",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 646,
                                            "body": "The control and management of the session are entrusted to its president. Any order issued by him for this purpose must be executed immediately.",
                                            "position": 477,
                                            "article_number": "492-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 647,
                                            "body": "The president may direct questions to the parties or their representatives that he deems useful, make observations he considers necessary, and alert the litigants to the need to address an issue they have neglected. He may also prevent a speaker from continuing if their argument is irrelevant or inappropriate.",
                                            "position": 478,
                                            "article_number": "493-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 648,
                                            "body": "The president may expel from the courtroom anyone who disrupts its order. If they do not comply, the court may apply the provisions of Article 418 of the Penal Code against them.\r\nIf the act that warranted expulsion constitutes a crime deserving a harsher penalty than that specified in the mentioned article, the president shall draft a report against them and refer it to the public prosecution for prosecution. He may issue an arrest order to be executed immediately.",
                                            "position": 479,
                                            "article_number": "494-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 649,
                                            "body": "The court may, on its own initiative or at the request of one of the parties, order the deletion of offensive or indecent expressions or those that disrupt public order from any document in the trial papers, or require the person who issued it to withdraw the document containing such expressions and replace it with a document free of those expressions under penalty of removal from the file.",
                                            "position": 480,
                                            "article_number": "495-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 650,
                                            "body": "Subject to the provisions of the Law of Advocacy, the session president orders the drafting of a report on any crime that occurs during its proceedings and the measures he deems necessary for investigation, then orders the referral of the documents to the public prosecution for necessary action.\r\nIf the crime committed is a felony or misdemeanor, he may, if necessary, order the arrest of the perpetrator.",
                                            "position": 481,
                                            "article_number": "496-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 651,
                                            "body": "Subject to the provisions of the Law of Advocacy, the court may try anyone who commits a misdemeanor against its body or one of its members or employees during the session it holds and immediately sentence them to punishment.\r\nThe court may also try anyone who gives false testimony during the session and sentence them to the penalty prescribed for perjury. The court's judgment in these cases is enforceable even if appealed.",
                                            "position": 482,
                                            "article_number": "497-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 187,
                                    "name": "Conclusion of the Trial",
                                    "number": "Third",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 652,
                                            "body": "After the conclusion of the pleadings, the presiding judge decides to close the trial and sets a date for issuing the judgment within a period not exceeding six weeks. If it is not issued on the appointed date, he must set another date for it, which is communicated to the parties.",
                                            "position": 483,
                                            "article_number": "498-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 653,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20\r\nEach party may submit, within a week following the conclusion of the trial, a written memorandum to complete and clarify the points mentioned in the pleadings. \r\nThe memorandum is submitted through the court registry, and copies are deposited for the number of parties who must, at their responsibility, notify it in the court registry within three days following the one-week period mentioned in the first paragraph. They may submit a reply memorandum within a week from the date of notification. \r\nThe time limits mentioned in this article are reduced to two days in cases pending before the summary jurisdiction.",
                                            "position": 484,
                                            "article_number": "499-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 654,
                                            "body": "If a new fact occurs or an unknown fact emerges after the conclusion of the trial and before the pronouncement of the judgment, the court may decide, on its own initiative or at the request of one of the parties, to reopen the trial and re-enroll the case in the schedule of pleadings.",
                                            "position": 485,
                                            "article_number": "500-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 11
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 188,
                            "name": "Trial Emergencies",
                            "number": "Twelfth",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 189,
                                    "name": "Joinder and Separation of Claims",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 655,
                                            "body": "The court, on its own motion or at the request of the parties, may decide to consolidate two or more cases pending before it if there is a connection between them that requires, for the proper administration of justice, that the investigation and judgment be conducted together.\r\nThe court may also decide to separate the case before it into two or more cases.",
                                            "position": 486,
                                            "article_number": "501-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 656,
                                            "body": "Decisions to consolidate or separate cases are measures of judicial administration.",
                                            "position": 487,
                                            "article_number": "502-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 190,
                                    "name": "Suspension of the Trial",
                                    "number": "Second",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 657,
                                            "body": "The trial may be suspended based on the parties' agreement not to proceed for a period not exceeding six months from the date the court approves this agreement.",
                                            "position": 488,
                                            "article_number": "503-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 658,
                                            "body": "In cases other than those where the law mandates or permits the suspension of the trial, the court may decide to suspend it for a specific period or until the occurrence of an event it specifies in its decision. It may also revoke the suspension decision or shorten its duration. \r\nOnce the reason for the suspension ceases, the parties may resume the trial.",
                                            "position": 489,
                                            "article_number": "504-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 191,
                                    "name": "Interruption of Proceedings",
                                    "number": "Third",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 659,
                                            "body": "The trial is interrupted unless it has been concluded in the following cases: \r\n1- The death of one of the parties in transferable lawsuits. \r\n2- The loss of litigation capacity by one of the parties. \r\n3- The removal of the status of the person representing the party in the lawsuit as a legal representative. The interruption applies automatically from the notification of its cause to the other party.",
                                            "position": 490,
                                            "article_number": "505-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 660,
                                            "body": "The trial is not interrupted by the death of the party's attorney nor by the termination of their agency through dismissal, resignation, or any other reason, and the court may grant the party a period to appoint a new attorney.",
                                            "position": 491,
                                            "article_number": "506-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 661,
                                            "body": "The interruption of the trial results in the suspension of all ongoing deadlines and the nullification of all procedures that occur during the interruption unless the party affected by the cause of the interruption explicitly or implicitly waives the right to invoke nullification.",
                                            "position": 492,
                                            "article_number": "507-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 662,
                                            "body": "The trial resumes upon notification of the person who replaces the deceased party or the one who lost litigation capacity or the one whose status was removed, based on the request of the other party, or by notifying the latter based on the request of the former. \r\nThe trial also resumes if the session scheduled for its consideration is attended by the heir of the deceased or the person replacing the one who lost litigation capacity or the one whose status was removed, and they proceed with it.",
                                            "position": 493,
                                            "article_number": "508-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 192,
                                    "name": "Dismissal of the Trial Due to the Passage of Time",
                                    "number": "Fourth",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 663,
                                            "body": "If the trial, regardless of its subject, is left without pursuit for a period of two years since the last valid procedure was conducted, any of the parties may request its dismissal.",
                                            "position": 494,
                                            "article_number": "509-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 664,
                                            "body": "The period for dismissal does not run in the case of interruption except from the procedure that resumes the trial. In the case of suspension, the period for dismissal continues unless the suspension is stipulated by law or decided by the court for a specific period or until a certain event occurs, in which case the period is interrupted and does not resume until the period expires or the event occurs.",
                                            "position": 495,
                                            "article_number": "510-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 665,
                                            "body": "The request for dismissal of the trial is submitted to the court before which the case is pending, by a petition served to the opponent or by a plea made against the opponent who undertakes any procedure to proceed with the trial after the two years have elapsed.\r\nThe petition or plea for dismissal of the trial must be submitted, under penalty of inadmissibility, before making any request, plea, defense, or undertaking any procedure related to the trial.",
                                            "position": 496,
                                            "article_number": "511-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 666,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20 \r\n1- The trial is mandatorily dismissed when its conditions are met, but the court cannot decide it on its own initiative.\r\n2- If the court, with its means of evidence, finds that the trial has been left without pursuit for five years since the last valid procedure was conducted, it may decide to dismiss it on its own initiative without summoning the parties by a final decision effective on its original.\r\n3- Any lawsuit or seizure notation, regardless of its type and source, is erased after ten years from its registration on the property record if the interested party does not renew the registration by a fee-exempt petition submitted to the court where the case is pending or to the competent head of the execution department.\r\n4- The request to erase the lawsuit or seizure notation is submitted by petition to the head of the primary chamber within whose jurisdiction the property is located. The head of the primary chamber conducts a thorough and comprehensive investigation and orders the publication of the petition summary in the official gazette and in two local newspapers he appoints. He makes his decision twenty days after publication either by accepting the request if it is found that the lawsuit or seizure file is missing or by rejecting the request if it is found that the lawsuit or seizure file still exists. The erasure decision is issued in a final form and is effective on its original.\r\n5- The provisions of paragraphs 3 and 4 of this article apply one year after the enactment of this law. The period suspended under Law No. 90\/50 dated 1991\/5\/23 is not included in the ten-year period calculation.",
                                            "position": 497,
                                            "article_number": "512-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 667,
                                            "body": "If one of the parties to the trial consists of multiple persons and one or some of them submit a request for dismissal of the trial or a plea for its dismissal, all of them benefit from it. If the procedure interrupting the dismissal period is directed to one or some of them, the period is interrupted for all of them.\r\nIf the other party consists of multiple persons, the request for dismissal or the plea must be submitted against all of them. If one or some of them undertake a procedure interrupting the dismissal period, the others benefit from it.",
                                            "position": 498,
                                            "article_number": "513-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 668,
                                            "body": "The judgment of dismissal of the trial results in the dismissal of all its procedures, including the summons and the dismissal of judgments issued therein with evidence procedures.\r\nHowever, it does not lead to the dismissal of the effect resulting from the interruption of the statute of limitations, nor does it dismiss the right, final judgments, or the procedures based on these judgments or the declarations made by the parties and the oaths they have taken.\r\nThe parties may rely on the investigation procedures and expert works that have been completed unless they are invalid in themselves.",
                                            "position": 499,
                                            "article_number": "514-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 669,
                                            "body": "When the appeal or objection is dismissed, the contested judgment is considered final, even if not notified. When the request for retrial is dismissed before the judgment accepting the request, this request is dismissed by itself, but after the judgment accepting it, the advanced rules concerning appeal or first instance apply as appropriate.",
                                            "position": 500,
                                            "article_number": "515-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 670,
                                            "body": "The period specified for the dismissal of the trial applies to all natural and legal persons, even those lacking or with diminished capacity, and they retain the right to revert to their guardians or administrators.",
                                            "position": 501,
                                            "article_number": "516-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 671,
                                            "body": "The costs of the trial that has been dismissed are borne by the party who initiated the lawsuit.",
                                            "position": 502,
                                            "article_number": "517-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 193,
                                    "name": "Waiver of Trial and of Right",
                                    "number": "Fifth",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 672,
                                            "body": "The plaintiff may withdraw from the trial at any stage it is in.",
                                            "position": 503,
                                            "article_number": "518-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 673,
                                            "body": "The withdrawal is not complete without the defendant's consent. However, this consent is not necessary if the defendant has not yet submitted a response containing a defense on the merits, a plea of inadmissibility, or a counterclaim at the time of withdrawal.",
                                            "position": 504,
                                            "article_number": "519-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 674,
                                            "body": "The defendant's objection is not considered if it is not based on a legitimate reason.",
                                            "position": 505,
                                            "article_number": "520-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 675,
                                            "body": "The withdrawal can be explicit or implicit, as can the defendant's consent.",
                                            "position": 506,
                                            "article_number": "521-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 676,
                                            "body": "Withdrawal from the trial results in the cancellation of all its procedures, including the summons, and the withdrawing party is liable for costs. However, it does not cancel the effect of the interruption of the statute of limitations, nor does it affect the right on which the lawsuit was based.",
                                            "position": 507,
                                            "article_number": "522-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 677,
                                            "body": "Withdrawal from the appeal does not require the consent of the appellee unless it is accompanied by reservations or if the latter has previously submitted an incidental request or a cross-appeal. This withdrawal necessarily implies the appellant's acquiescence to the judgment. However, it is considered null if another party subsequently files an appeal according to the applicable procedures.",
                                            "position": 508,
                                            "article_number": "523-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 678,
                                            "body": "Withdrawal from the objection does not require the consent of the original plaintiff unless the latter has previously submitted an additional request. \r\nThis withdrawal, made without reservation, implies the objector's acquiescence to the judgment.",
                                            "position": 509,
                                            "article_number": "524-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 679,
                                            "body": "If the withdrawal is limited to a specific procedure or document of the trial, the consent of the other party is not required for its completion unless they have a legitimate interest in this procedure or document. \r\nThis withdrawal results in the procedure or document being considered as if it never existed.",
                                            "position": 510,
                                            "article_number": "525-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 680,
                                            "body": "Withdrawal from the judgment entails withdrawal from the right established therein.",
                                            "position": 511,
                                            "article_number": "526-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 681,
                                            "body": "The plaintiff may, at any stage of the trial, withdraw from the claimed right. This withdrawal extinguishes the right, terminates the lawsuit, and obligates the plaintiff to pay costs and compensation due to the opponent if necessary. The plaintiff must hand over to the latter the documents related to the claimed right.\r\nPartial withdrawal from a right, whether explicit or implicit, does not in itself imply a total withdrawal from this right.",
                                            "position": 512,
                                            "article_number": "527-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 5
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 12
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 5
                },
                {
                    "id": 194,
                    "name": "Provisions",
                    "number": "Fifth",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 195,
                            "name": "Issuance of Judgments",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 690,
                                    "body": "Deliberation for issuing judgments, under penalty of nullity, is conducted among the judges who participated in the hearing and concluded the trial in their presence. \r\nThe deliberation shall be confidential.",
                                    "position": 513,
                                    "article_number": "528-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 691,
                                    "body": "Judgments are issued by unanimous decision or by majority. In the latter case, the dissenting judge must record their dissent.",
                                    "position": 514,
                                    "article_number": "529-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 692,
                                    "body": "Judges must sign the judgment before it is pronounced, and the clerk must sign it immediately thereafter, otherwise the judgment is void.",
                                    "position": 515,
                                    "article_number": "530-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 693,
                                    "body": "The court may pronounce the judgment in the session following the conclusion of the hearing, or it may postpone its issuance to another nearby session that it specifies.",
                                    "position": 516,
                                    "article_number": "531-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 694,
                                    "body": "If it is necessary to postpone the issuance of the judgment a second time, the court shall declare this in the session, specifying the day on which it will be pronounced and stating the reasons for the postponement in the record.",
                                    "position": 517,
                                    "article_number": "532-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 695,
                                    "body": "The judgment is pronounced by the president or one of the judges who participated in the deliberation, in a session where their presence is not all required. \r\nThe pronouncement of the judgment must be public, otherwise the judgment is void, unless the law provides otherwise.",
                                    "position": 518,
                                    "article_number": "533-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 696,
                                    "body": "The pronouncement of the judgment may be limited to reading its dispositive part.",
                                    "position": 519,
                                    "article_number": "534-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 697,
                                    "body": "The judgment is issued at the court's headquarters unless otherwise provided. \r\nThe date of pronouncement of the judgment is considered the date of the judgment itself.",
                                    "position": 520,
                                    "article_number": "535-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 698,
                                    "body": "The clerk prepares a record to document the pronouncement of the judgment, signed by the president and the clerk.",
                                    "position": 521,
                                    "article_number": "536-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 699,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe judgment must include the following details: \r\n1- Its issuance in the name of the Lebanese people, explicitly stated therein. \r\n2- The name of the court that issued it. \r\n3- The names of the judges who participated in its issuance. \r\n4- The name of the public prosecutor who expressed an opinion in the case. \r\n5- The place and date of its issuance. \r\n6- The names, titles, and descriptions of the parties. \r\n7- The names of the parties' representatives. \r\n8- The presence or absence of the parties. \r\n9- A summary of their requests, reasons for them, and defenses and objections. \r\n10- A summary of the evidence and legal arguments relied upon by the parties. \r\n11- The opinion of the public prosecutor, if any. \r\n12- The reasons for the judgment and its dispositive part. \r\nThe details listed in numbers 2, 6, 9, and 12 above are mandatory under penalty of nullity of the judgment. \r\nThe judgment must also, under penalty of nullity, resolve all issues raised by the parties and state the appropriate reasons for that. \r\nFailure to include or the inaccuracy of one of the mandatory details does not result in the nullity of the judgment if it is proven by the trial record or by any other means that the provisions of the law have been observed in reality.",
                                    "position": 522,
                                    "article_number": "537-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 700,
                                    "body": "The court may, within the limits of the law, decide in the judgment it issues to grant the convicted person a period to execute it, provided it states the reasons that led to this decision. \r\nThe granted period runs from the date of the judgment if it is in person, otherwise from the date of its notification. \r\nGranting the period does not prevent taking precautionary measures.",
                                    "position": 523,
                                    "article_number": "538-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 701,
                                    "body": "The period mentioned in the previous article cannot be granted, and if granted, it must be revoked at the request of the opposing party: \r\n1- In the case of bankruptcy or insolvency of the convicted person. \r\n2- In the case where the convicted person has committed an act that led to the reduction of the special securities given to the judgment creditor under a contract, or has failed to provide the latter with the securities promised under a contract. \r\n3- In the case of seizure of the convicted person's assets or part of them by other creditors.",
                                    "position": 524,
                                    "article_number": "539-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 196,
                            "name": "Court Expenses",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 709,
                                    "body": "Trial expenses include court fees, witness compensation, expert fees, expenses of procedures with officially set tariffs, and attorney fees.",
                                    "position": 525,
                                    "article_number": "540-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 710,
                                    "body": "The court must, when issuing the judgment that concludes the dispute, rule on trial expenses on its own initiative.\r\nTrial expenses are charged to the losing party.\r\nIf there are multiple losing parties, the expenses may be divided among them equally or in proportion to each party's interest as determined by the court. If they are charged with expenses without specifying the share each must bear, the expenses are divided equally among them.\r\nParties are jointly liable for expenses if they are jointly liable for the original obligation adjudicated.",
                                    "position": 526,
                                    "article_number": "541-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 711,
                                    "body": "The court may order the winning party to bear all or part of the expenses if the right was acknowledged by the losing party before the lawsuit was filed, or if the winning party caused additional or unnecessary expenses through their fault, or if they left their opponent unaware of decisive documents in their possession or the content of those documents.",
                                    "position": 527,
                                    "article_number": "542-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 712,
                                    "body": "If each party is found to be unjustified in some of their claims, the court may distribute the expenses among them as it sees fit or charge them to one party.",
                                    "position": 528,
                                    "article_number": "543-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 713,
                                    "body": "Intervention expenses are charged to the intervener if their intervention is deemed inadmissible or their claims are rejected.",
                                    "position": 529,
                                    "article_number": "544-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 714,
                                    "body": "An attorney may be personally charged with expenses related to a trial, procedure, or enforcement action they conducted beyond the scope of their authority.",
                                    "position": 530,
                                    "article_number": "545-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 715,
                                    "body": "Expenses related to an unjustified trial, procedure, or enforcement action are borne by the attorney or judicial assistant who conducted them, without prejudice to any compensation they may claim if necessary. This also applies to expenses related to a trial, procedure, or enforcement action that is void due to their error.",
                                    "position": 531,
                                    "article_number": "546-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 716,
                                    "body": "The amount of expenses is specified in the judgment that resolves the case, and if not specified, the court clerk shall indicate it at the bottom of the enforceable copy of the judgment or in a subsequent statement considered as an executive document.",
                                    "position": 532,
                                    "article_number": "547-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 717,
                                    "body": "An objection to the decision on expenses can be filed within three days from the date of notification of the judgment or the statement of expenses, by a declaration to the court clerk exempt from fees.",
                                    "position": 533,
                                    "article_number": "548-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 718,
                                    "body": "The objection is submitted to the court that issued the judgment, which will consider it in chambers after summoning the parties or the objecting party to appear within twenty-four hours if such a summons is necessary.",
                                    "position": 534,
                                    "article_number": "549-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 719,
                                    "body": "A party granted legal aid is not charged with trial expenses.",
                                    "position": 535,
                                    "article_number": "550-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 720,
                                    "body": "The court must award compensation for any damage arising from a claim, defense, or plea intended to be malicious. It may also, when it finds it unfair to leave expenses not included in trial expenses on the party who incurred them, require the other party to pay them the amount it determines.",
                                    "position": 536,
                                    "article_number": "551-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 197,
                            "name": "Effects of Judgments",
                            "number": "Three",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 722,
                                    "body": "A judgment is judicial if it is issued in an existing dispute between parties, and final if it is issued without any existing dispute.",
                                    "position": 537,
                                    "article_number": "552-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 723,
                                    "body": "The final judgment is the one that resolves the essence of the dispute as defined in Article 365, or that resolves one of its aspects or a plea or defense related to it, and it is final concerning what it resolves. The final judgment removes the case from the court's jurisdiction.\r\nA final judgment is conclusive when it is not or no longer subject to appeal by ordinary means of appeal. \r\nAnd the judgment is definitive - or irrevocable - if it is no longer subject to appeal by any ordinary or extraordinary means of appeal.",
                                    "position": 538,
                                    "article_number": "553-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 724,
                                    "body": "Any decision issued before resolving the essence of the dispute concerning one of the investigation or evidence measures is preliminary. \r\nThe preliminary decision does not have the authority of res judicata concerning the essence of the dispute. However, the court must adhere to it unless a new or unknown fact arises, or the court discovers matters that justify its amendment or reversal.",
                                    "position": 539,
                                    "article_number": "554-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 725,
                                    "body": "Any decision that orders a precautionary or urgent measure necessitated by the circumstances of the case during its consideration is temporary.",
                                    "position": 540,
                                    "article_number": "555-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 726,
                                    "body": "Final judgments, from the time they are issued, have the authority of res judicata concerning every dispute resolved in accordance with Article 303. \r\nThey also have executive force according to the provisions of Article 564. \r\nThe effect of judgments extends to the successors of the parties and applies for the benefit of partners of the judgment creditors under a joint or indivisible obligation according to the rules established in the law in this regard.",
                                    "position": 541,
                                    "article_number": "556-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 727,
                                    "body": "Decisions issued in matters other than nationality, which may have an impact on it, do not produce their effect on nationality by law and do not bind the court competent to consider its issues.",
                                    "position": 542,
                                    "article_number": "557-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 728,
                                    "body": "Whatever the statute of limitations on the disputed right, this period is ten years concerning the right established in the judgment. \r\nThe statute of limitations does not apply to a judgment that denies the existence of a claimed right or to a judgment that establishes a right not subject to expiration by the statute of limitations.",
                                    "position": 543,
                                    "article_number": "558-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 729,
                                    "body": "The judgment is considered declaratory of the right, so its effects revert to the date of the claim of the right before the judiciary, provided that the judgment that causes a change in the person's status or capacity or the judgment issued in execution matters is constitutive and has no effect except from the date of its pronouncement.",
                                    "position": 544,
                                    "article_number": "559-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 3
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 198,
                            "name": "Correction and Interpretation of Judgments",
                            "number": "Fourth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 748,
                                    "body": "The court shall correct any purely material errors in its judgment, whether they are clerical or arithmetic, by issuing a decision on its own initiative or upon request after summoning the parties and hearing them, unless the judgment is contested by one of the ordinary means of appeal.\r\nThe request for correction of material errors is not subject to any fee.\r\nThe court clerk shall record the correction on the original copy of the judgment, sign it along with the presiding judge, and register it in the margin of the judgment in the register. The previously delivered copy shall be destroyed after being retrieved, and the judgment issued with the correction shall be notified in the same manner as the judgment itself.",
                                    "position": 545,
                                    "article_number": "560-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 749,
                                    "body": "It is permissible to appeal the judgment issued with the correction if the court exceeds the limits stipulated in the first paragraph of the previous article, using the permissible means of appeal for the judgment subject to correction. However, the judgment rejecting the correction cannot be independently appealed.",
                                    "position": 546,
                                    "article_number": "561-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 750,
                                    "body": "The parties may request the court that issued the judgment to interpret any ambiguity or obscurity in it, unless this judgment is contested by one of the means of appeal.\r\nThe request is submitted according to the procedures established for filing a lawsuit. The judgment issued with the interpretation is considered in all respects as complementary to the judgment it interprets and is subject to the same rules regarding means of appeal as that judgment.",
                                    "position": 547,
                                    "article_number": "562-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 751,
                                    "body": "If the court neglects to rule on some substantive requests, the concerned party may file a new lawsuit regarding them if the judgment is not appealed.",
                                    "position": 548,
                                    "article_number": "563-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 4
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 199,
                            "name": "Execution of Judgments",
                            "number": "Fifth",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 200,
                                    "name": "General Conditions for the Execution of Judgments",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 752,
                                            "body": "A judgment acquires enforceable power from the date of its issuance if it is final, or from the date it becomes final unless the sentenced party is granted a grace period for execution or the party in whose favor the judgment is issued is granted expedited execution.",
                                            "position": 549,
                                            "article_number": "564-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 753,
                                            "body": "The head of the registry or the clerk delegated by him delivers a copy of the judgment suitable for execution, stamped with the court's seal and signed by him, and after it is annotated with the phrase \"Certified true copy suitable for execution\" to the party benefiting from the execution of the judgment, after verifying that the judgment is enforceable. \r\nA second enforceable copy cannot be delivered to the same party except in the case of loss of the first copy, and the court that issued the judgment decides promptly on the request and the disputes related to it after summoning the parties.",
                                            "position": 550,
                                            "article_number": "565-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 754,
                                            "body": "Judgments cannot be enforced compulsorily except after their notification, except as stipulated by law or the judgment's operative part requiring its execution in its original form.",
                                            "position": 551,
                                            "article_number": "566-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 755,
                                            "body": "The evidence of the enforceable nature of the judgment is derived from its content when it is not subject to any appeal that suspends execution or is associated with expedited execution. \r\nThis evidence is derived in other cases from the compliance of the sentenced party, or from the notification of the judgment and from a statement showing, in comparison with this notification, the absence of an objection or appeal within the legal period. \r\nEach party has the right to request from the court to which an appeal can be submitted a statement showing the absence of an objection or appeal or indicating the date of submission of the appeal if it occurs.",
                                            "position": 552,
                                            "article_number": "567-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 756,
                                            "body": "Judgments issued by foreign courts are enforced in Lebanon in the cases and according to the conditions specified in this law.",
                                            "position": 553,
                                            "article_number": "568-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 757,
                                            "body": "Courts may, even on their own initiative, impose a coercive fine to ensure the execution of judgments issued by them.\r\nThe coercive fine is distinct from compensation and can be temporary or final, and is originally considered temporary unless the court declares its final nature. \r\nIn the event of partial or total non-execution or delay in execution, the court that decided the fine proceeds to liquidate it. \r\nThe court cannot modify the amount of the final fine upon liquidation unless it is proven that the non-execution of the judicial judgment is due to force majeure. However, it may modify or cancel the temporary fine even if non-execution is proven.",
                                            "position": 554,
                                            "article_number": "569-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 201,
                                    "name": "Expedited Execution",
                                    "number": "Second",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 761,
                                            "body": "Immediate execution may not be initiated unless it is stipulated in the judgment, except in cases where the judgment is enforceable by law. \r\nJudgments considered enforceable by law include, in particular, decisions issued in urgent matters, decisions or orders issued on petitions, and decisions ordering temporary or precautionary measures within the scope of the trial, as well as any other judgment or decision for which the law provides for expedited execution.",
                                            "position": 555,
                                            "article_number": "570-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 762,
                                            "body": "The court must order expedited execution, upon the request of the interested party, in the following cases: \r\n1- If the judgment was issued based on a previous final judgment or one subject to expedited execution, or if it was issued in execution of such a judgment. \r\n2- If the judgment is based on an official document or a recognized ordinary document or on an acknowledgment.",
                                            "position": 556,
                                            "article_number": "571-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 763,
                                            "body": "The court may order expedited execution, upon the request of the interested party, in commercial cases and cases where urgency is present. \r\nExpedited execution may be applied to the entire judgment or part of it. \r\nIn the cases specified in the first paragraph, the court may order the deposit of the adjudicated amount with an acceptable bank, with authorization for expedited execution if the deposit is not made.",
                                            "position": 557,
                                            "article_number": "572-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 764,
                                            "body": "Subject to the provisions of Articles 575 and 576, expedited execution may only be ordered in judgments specifically designated for such execution.",
                                            "position": 558,
                                            "article_number": "573-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 765,
                                            "body": "Expedited execution may be subject to the provision of adequate security to guarantee any obligations of restitution or compensation that may arise from the execution in the event of the judgment being annulled and the case being dismissed. \r\nThe court may authorize at any time the replacement of the original security with equivalent security.",
                                            "position": 559,
                                            "article_number": "574-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 766,
                                            "body": "If expedited execution is not requested when it is mandatory, or if requested and the court neglects to order it, the interested party may request the Court of Appeal, either through a separate petition or within an original appeal they submit or in their response to their opponent's appeal, to issue a decision for expedited execution. The court must decide on the request promptly and in chambers after the opponent's response or the expiration of the response period set by the court.\r\nIf this request is submitted through a separate petition, it is not subject to fees and security.",
                                            "position": 560,
                                            "article_number": "575-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 767,
                                            "body": "If the judgment rejects the request for expedited execution, this aspect may be appealed, and the Court of Second Instance shall decide on this appeal in chambers and promptly.",
                                            "position": 561,
                                            "article_number": "576-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 768,
                                            "body": "If a judgment with expedited execution is appealed, the Court of Appeal may, in all cases, decide, upon the request of the interested party, to suspend the expedited execution if it is clear that the consequences of the execution exceed reasonable limits given the circumstances of the case, or if the grounds for the appeal suggest the judgment may be annulled. \r\nThe court may, when deciding to suspend execution, require the provision of security or order measures it deems sufficient to protect the rights of the judgment creditor. \r\nThe court must decide to suspend execution in cases where the law prohibits expedited execution.\r\nThe aforementioned authorities also apply, in the event of an objection, to the court to which this appeal is submitted.",
                                            "position": 562,
                                            "article_number": "577-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 769,
                                            "body": "Expedited execution does not include court costs, fees, fines, and compensation for damages caused by the lawsuit.",
                                            "position": 563,
                                            "article_number": "578-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 5
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 202,
                            "name": "Summary Proceedings",
                            "number": "Sixth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 783,
                                    "body": "The single judge may, in his capacity as a judge for urgent matters, consider requests for taking urgent measures in civil and commercial matters without addressing the essence of the right, while retaining the special jurisdiction granted to the head of the execution department.\r\nIn the same capacity, he may take measures aimed at removing the clear infringement on rights or legitimate situations.\r\nIn cases where the existence of the debt is not subject to serious dispute, the judge for urgent matters may grant the creditor a temporary advance on account of his right.",
                                    "position": 564,
                                    "article_number": "579-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 784,
                                    "body": "The judge with territorial jurisdiction in urgent matters is:\r\n- Either the single judge whose jurisdiction includes the basis of the dispute or falls within the jurisdiction of the primary chamber or any other court within his district.\r\n- Or the single judge in whose district the subject of the urgent lawsuit arose.",
                                    "position": 565,
                                    "article_number": "580-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 785,
                                    "body": "No request for any measure from the judge for urgent matters related to a case pending before the Court of Appeal may be made unless the initial judgment was issued in favor of the person requesting such a measure and is not in conflict with this judgment.",
                                    "position": 566,
                                    "article_number": "581-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 786,
                                    "body": "The urgent lawsuit is considered in the session held by the judge on the day and hour he appoints. The notice period for the lawsuit is a full day unless the judge decides to shorten this period.\r\nThe judge may authorize summoning the parties within the period he appoints, either to the court, the site of the dispute, or his residence, even on official holidays and outside legal working hours. In this case, he appoints a bailiff to deliver the summons and the decision to shorten the period.",
                                    "position": 567,
                                    "article_number": "582-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 787,
                                    "body": "The judge for urgent matters issues his decision in the lawsuit brought before him without delay.",
                                    "position": 568,
                                    "article_number": "583-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 788,
                                    "body": "The decision of the judge for urgent matters does not have the authority of res judicata concerning the essence of the right. However, he may not amend or cancel it unless new circumstances arise that justify it.",
                                    "position": 569,
                                    "article_number": "584-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 789,
                                    "body": "The decision of the judge for urgent matters is enforceable immediately without a bond unless the judge orders the provision of a bond.\r\nHe may, if necessary, order the execution of the decision in its original form.",
                                    "position": 570,
                                    "article_number": "585-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 790,
                                    "body": "The decision of the judge for urgent matters is not subject to objection. However, it may be appealed in matters where the judgments of first-instance courts can be appealed, within eight days from the date of notification of the decision. The Court of Appeal decides on it according to urgent procedures. The appeal does not suspend execution.",
                                    "position": 571,
                                    "article_number": "586-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 791,
                                    "body": "The judge for urgent matters may order a coercive fine on the party who refuses to execute his decision. He may also temporarily settle it.",
                                    "position": 572,
                                    "article_number": "587-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 792,
                                    "body": "The records of the decisions of the judge for urgent matters are kept in his office.",
                                    "position": 573,
                                    "article_number": "588-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 6
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 203,
                            "name": "Temporary and Precautionary Measures",
                            "number": "Seventh",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 801,
                                    "body": "The judge presiding over the case, as well as the judge of urgent matters, taking into account the provisions of Article 581, may, upon the request of one of the parties, with or without a guarantee, take all temporary and precautionary measures that would preserve rights and prevent harm, such as sealing, inventorying assets, imposing judicial custody, selling perishable goods, and describing the situation.",
                                    "position": 574,
                                    "article_number": "589-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 802,
                                    "body": "The rules and procedures specified for appealing the decisions of the judge of urgent matters apply to the appeal of the decisions issued in accordance with the provisions of the previous article and to the time limit for their appeal.",
                                    "position": 575,
                                    "article_number": "590-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 803,
                                    "body": "It is permissible to retract or amend decisions related to temporary and precautionary measures if the circumstances justifying them change.",
                                    "position": 576,
                                    "article_number": "591-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 804,
                                    "body": "Decisions related to temporary and precautionary measures are executed in their original form.",
                                    "position": 577,
                                    "article_number": "592-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 805,
                                    "body": "In cases that require taking a temporary or precautionary measure without summoning and hearing the opponent, the provisions related to orders on petitions apply.",
                                    "position": 578,
                                    "article_number": "593-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 7
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 204,
                            "name": "Ex Parte Decisions and Orders on Petitions",
                            "number": "Eighth",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 205,
                                    "name": "Ex Parte Decisions",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 827,
                                            "body": "Decisions in summary proceedings are issued without litigation in matters that the law requires to be subject to judicial oversight due to their nature or the status of the applicant.",
                                            "position": 579,
                                            "article_number": "594-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 828,
                                            "body": "The summary request is submitted by a petition to the competent judge or court and is considered in chambers.",
                                            "position": 580,
                                            "article_number": "595-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 829,
                                            "body": "The judge initiates the investigation on their own in a non-public manner and conducts all inquiries deemed useful. They may listen to any person who can provide insight into the subject of the request or whose interests may be affected by the decision issued.",
                                            "position": 581,
                                            "article_number": "596-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 830,
                                            "body": "The judge may base their decision on all facts related to the request presented to them, even if they were not invoked by the applicant.",
                                            "position": 582,
                                            "article_number": "597-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 831,
                                            "body": "The decision is issued in chambers or in a non-public manner unless the law stipulates that it be pronounced publicly. It must include appropriate reasoning. The judge or court may order its execution in its original form.",
                                            "position": 583,
                                            "article_number": "598-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 832,
                                            "body": "The summary decision does not have the authority of res judicata. Subject to the following provisions, the judge who issued it may retract or amend it, based on a request from the interested party, if new circumstances arise or reasons become apparent that were not known at the time of issuance, provided that this does not affect a right acquired by a third party in good faith based on the mentioned decision.",
                                            "position": 584,
                                            "article_number": "599-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 833,
                                            "body": "The judge may authorize others to review the case file under their supervision and obtain a copy of it after proving their legitimate interest in this and within the limits of this interest.",
                                            "position": 585,
                                            "article_number": "600-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 834,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nSubject to the provisions of Article 86, Paragraph 1, Clause 3, a third party harmed by the issuance of the summary decision may object to it within eight days from the date of its notification or any of its execution procedures, before the judge or court that issued it, by a petition stating the reasons for the objection and notifying the beneficiary of the decision with an invitation to appear before the judge or court. If the decision was issued by the president of the preliminary chamber, the objection is submitted before this chamber. The objection period for the state and public institutions with administrative status is thirty days from the date of notification. \r\nIf the summary decision or any of its execution procedures is not notified to the harmed third party, the latter may challenge it by way of objection according to the provisions of the previous paragraph throughout the statute of limitations on their right. The objection is considered judicially and urgently.",
                                            "position": 586,
                                            "article_number": "601-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 835,
                                            "body": "A harmed third party has the right to file a lawsuit to annul the summary decision due to its violation of the law before the competent court to consider the subject matter throughout the statute of limitations based on their right. However, if the decision or any of its execution procedures is notified, the period for filing the mentioned lawsuit is thirty days from the date of this notification.",
                                            "position": 587,
                                            "article_number": "602-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 836,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe applicant who submitted a summary request and whose request was rejected may appeal the rejection decision. If the decision was issued by the president of the preliminary chamber, the appeal is submitted by way of objection before this chamber within eight days from the date of notification. \r\nIf the decision was issued by the single judge or the preliminary chamber, the appeal is submitted by way of appeal before the Court of Appeal within eight days from the date of notification. This period is thirty days for the state and public institutions with administrative status. \r\nThe appeal is submitted through the clerk of the judge or court that issued the decision. The judge or court may, after reviewing it, retract or amend the decision; otherwise, the case file is referred to the Court of Appeal. The clerk of the judge or court promptly notifies the concerned party of the order to reconsider or refer. \r\nThe Court of Appeal decides on the appeal according to the procedures followed in summary matters before the first instance court. \r\nThe appeal by a third party on the decision issued in the appeal is accepted according to the provisions of Articles 601 and 602.",
                                            "position": 588,
                                            "article_number": "603-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 206,
                                    "name": "Orders on Petitions",
                                    "number": "Second",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 837,
                                            "body": "Orders on petitions are temporary decisions issued without litigation in cases where it is permissible to issue the order without summoning and hearing the opponent, and they are subject to the following provisions while taking into account specific texts.",
                                            "position": 589,
                                            "article_number": "604-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 838,
                                            "body": "The request is submitted to the summary affairs judge unless the law states otherwise, in which case the request is submitted to the president of the competent court. \r\nIn the event of a pending dispute before the judiciary, the request is submitted, as appropriate, to the single judge or the president of the primary or appellate chamber, and the provisions of Article 581 are observed.",
                                            "position": 590,
                                            "article_number": "605-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 839,
                                            "body": "The request is submitted to the judge or the president of the competent court with a petition in two copies, including the facts of the request and its grounds, and specifying a chosen domicile for the applicant within the court's jurisdiction if they do not have a real domicile mentioned in the petition, and the supporting documents for the request are attached. \r\nIn cases of extreme urgency, the petition may be submitted to the judge at his residence and outside legal working hours.",
                                            "position": 591,
                                            "article_number": "606-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 840,
                                            "body": "The judge must issue his order by writing it on one of the two copies of the petition submitted to him within a maximum period of two days. He must state the reasons on which the order is based.",
                                            "position": 592,
                                            "article_number": "607-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 841,
                                            "body": "The court clerk must deliver the applicant the second copy of the petition with the order written on it the day after its issuance at the latest.",
                                            "position": 593,
                                            "article_number": "608-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 842,
                                            "body": "The order is enforceable in its original form by force of law and without a bond unless the judge stipulates, in the text of the order, the provision of a bond.",
                                            "position": 594,
                                            "article_number": "609-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 843,
                                            "body": "The provisions of Articles 596, 597, and 599 to 603 apply to orders on petitions, except that third-party objections are considered according to the procedures followed by the summary affairs judge. \r\nThe objection to the order issued by the president of the appellate chamber is submitted to this chamber.",
                                            "position": 595,
                                            "article_number": "610-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 844,
                                            "body": "Raising the case to the court of subject matter does not prevent the judge who issued the order from retracting or amending it.",
                                            "position": 596,
                                            "article_number": "611-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 845,
                                            "body": "The order issued on a petition lapses if it is not submitted for execution within thirty days from the date of its issuance in the absence of an appeal against it, or from the date of the decision rejecting this appeal if it occurs. This lapse does not prevent the issuance of a new order.",
                                            "position": 597,
                                            "article_number": "612-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 8
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 6
                },
                {
                    "id": 207,
                    "name": "Methods of Appealing Judgments",
                    "number": "Sixth",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 208,
                            "name": "General Provisions",
                            "number": "One",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 846,
                                    "body": "A judgment may only be annulled by using the appeal methods specified in the law, taking into account the provisions of Article 602.",
                                    "position": 598,
                                    "article_number": "613-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 847,
                                    "body": "A judgment may only be appealed by the party against whom it was rendered or by the party harmed by it. An appeal is not accepted from someone who has acquiesced to the judgment or from someone who has been granted all their requests unless the law provides otherwise.",
                                    "position": 599,
                                    "article_number": "614-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 848,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nJudgments issued during the trial may only be appealed with the judgment that concludes the trial. Exceptions to this are: \r\n1- A judgment that orders the suspension of the trial. \r\n2- A judgment that rejects a request for intervention or joinder. \r\n3- A judgment that accepts or rejects the decisive oath. \r\n4- A judgment that orders the division of joint property, its sale, or the liquidation of a company or estate.\r\n5- A judgment that resolves one of the points of dispute or one of its aspects when it is expedited before resolving other points or aspects. \r\n6- Temporary judgments. \r\nAppealing these judgments does not remove the issuing court's jurisdiction over other points or aspects of the dispute and does not prevent the continuation of the trial in matters not related to the appealed judgment.",
                                    "position": 600,
                                    "article_number": "615-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 849,
                                    "body": "The period after which the right to appeal expires begins from the date of notification of the judgment, unless the law specifies another date from which it starts. \r\nThe period applies simultaneously to the notifier and the notified party.",
                                    "position": 601,
                                    "article_number": "616-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 850,
                                    "body": "If a judgment is issued in solidarity or in an indivisible matter among the defendants, the notification to one of them makes the period applicable only to that individual. \r\nIf a judgment is issued in favor of several parties in solidarity or in an indivisible matter, each of them has the right to invoke the notification received by one of them.",
                                    "position": 602,
                                    "article_number": "617-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 851,
                                    "body": "Failure to observe the appeal periods results in the forfeiture of the right to appeal, and the court shall declare the forfeiture on its own initiative.",
                                    "position": 603,
                                    "article_number": "618-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 852,
                                    "body": "The appeal period is interrupted by the death of the defendant, the loss of their legal capacity, or the removal of the status of their legal representative in the lawsuit. The period does not resume until the judgment is notified to the successor of the deceased, the incapacitated, or the one whose status has been removed.",
                                    "position": 604,
                                    "article_number": "619-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 853,
                                    "body": "If the plaintiff dies during the appeal period, this period is not interrupted, and the defendant must file their appeal within it. This appeal is valid even if directed against the plaintiff or their heirs collectively without naming them, provided it is sent to their last known address. Once the appeal is filed and sent as described, it must be re-notified to all heirs by name and status, either personally or at their respective addresses, or by any other legal notification method before the scheduled hearing or within the period set by the court, after the appellant has been notified of the inheritance inventory or obtained such a judgment. \r\nIf the plaintiff loses legal capacity or if their status is removed, or if their legal representative dies during the appeal period, this period is not interrupted, and the defendant must file the appeal within it. This appeal is valid even if directed and notified to the one who lost capacity or whose status was removed, provided it is re-notified to the successor, personally or at their address, or by any other legal notification method before the scheduled hearing or within the period set by the court. \r\nThe incidental appeal period does not apply to the respondent until the second notification is made as described in the previous paragraphs.",
                                    "position": 605,
                                    "article_number": "620-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 854,
                                    "body": "For the purpose of this notification, the plaintiff who receives the appeal is presumed to reside at the address specified in the judgment notification document.",
                                    "position": 606,
                                    "article_number": "621-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 855,
                                    "body": "The appeal period is suspended upon the submission of a request for legal aid until the decision on this request is notified.",
                                    "position": 607,
                                    "article_number": "622-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 856,
                                    "body": "The appeal period does not apply to the public prosecution except from the date of its notification. In every case where the public prosecution is represented or gives an opinion, the clerk must promptly notify it of a copy of the judgment issued without waiting for the payment of its fees. The provisions of Article 481 are observed.",
                                    "position": 608,
                                    "article_number": "623-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 857,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nOnly the party who filed the appeal benefits from it, and it is only enforceable against the party against whom it was filed. However, if the judgment is issued in an indivisible matter or in a joint obligation or in a lawsuit requiring the involvement of specific persons, those who missed the appeal period or acquiesced to the judgment may intervene in the appeal filed within the period by another party. If they do not, the court orders the appellant to include them in the proceedings. If the appeal is filed against one of the plaintiffs within the period, the others must be included. \r\nIn any case, if the appeal is filed by one of the defendants in an indivisible matter or in a joint obligation and the decision in this appeal is in their favor, all other defendants benefit from this decision even if they did not intervene or were not included in the appeal.",
                                    "position": 609,
                                    "article_number": "624-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 858,
                                    "body": "The guarantor and the party seeking the guarantee benefit from the appeal filed by either of them in the judgment issued in the original lawsuit if their defense is united. If an appeal is filed against one of them, the other may be included in it.",
                                    "position": 610,
                                    "article_number": "625-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 859,
                                    "body": "An error in the description given by the court to its judgment does not affect the right to appeal it.",
                                    "position": 611,
                                    "article_number": "626-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 860,
                                    "body": "Decisions related to judicial administration are not subject to any appeal.",
                                    "position": 612,
                                    "article_number": "627-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 861,
                                    "body": "If an appeal or defense is filed abusively, the filer is liable for compensation and the fines stipulated in Articles 10 and 11.",
                                    "position": 613,
                                    "article_number": "628-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 862,
                                    "body": "If contradictory judgments are issued by different courts and become final, only the judgment issued by the highest court is considered. If issued by the same court or courts of equal rank, only the most recent judgment is executed.",
                                    "position": 614,
                                    "article_number": "629-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 863,
                                    "body": "There are two types of appeal methods:\r\n1- Ordinary methods, which are objection and appeal. \r\n2- Extraordinary methods, which are third-party objection, retrial, and cassation request, including suing the state regarding liability arising from judges' actions, which do not generally suspend the execution of the judgment.",
                                    "position": 615,
                                    "article_number": "630-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 209,
                            "name": "Ordinary Means of Appeal",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 210,
                                    "name": "Objection",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 1935,
                                            "body": "The objection is an appeal aimed at the court retracting a judgment issued by it in absentia. \r\nThe objection is only accepted from the party judged against in absentia according to the provisions of Article 468, paragraph 3.",
                                            "position": 616,
                                            "article_number": "631-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1936,
                                            "body": "The period for objection is fifteen days from the date of notification of the judgment.",
                                            "position": 617,
                                            "article_number": "632-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1937,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe objection is submitted by means of a summons to the court that issued the contested judgment, and the rules established for the summons of the lawsuit must be observed. It must include a statement of reasons, otherwise it is void.",
                                            "position": 618,
                                            "article_number": "633-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1938,
                                            "body": "The objection reopens the dispute before the court on the points decided in the in absentia judgment so that they are decided anew in fact and law. \r\nThe contested judgment is not annulled except by the issuance of a judgment that decides to retract it.",
                                            "position": 619,
                                            "article_number": "634-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1939,
                                            "body": "The trial in the objection is conducted according to the rules and procedures followed by the court that issued the contested judgment.",
                                            "position": 620,
                                            "article_number": "635-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1940,
                                            "body": "The court considering the objection reassesses the acceptance of the plaintiff's and objector's demands anew according to the original request and in accordance with the ordinary rules.",
                                            "position": 621,
                                            "article_number": "636-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1941,
                                            "body": "A new objection is not accepted from someone against whom the judgment was issued in absentia a second time.",
                                            "position": 622,
                                            "article_number": "637-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 211,
                                    "name": "Appeal",
                                    "number": "Second",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 1967,
                                            "body": "Appeal is a challenge submitted to the court of second instance with the intent to annul or amend a judgment issued by the court of first instance.",
                                            "position": 623,
                                            "article_number": "638-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1968,
                                            "body": "All judgments issued by the courts of first instance are subject to appeal except those exempted by a provision in the law.",
                                            "position": 624,
                                            "article_number": "639-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1969,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 and Decree 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 \r\nConsidering the value of the disputed matter, judgments resolving a dispute with a specific value not exceeding three million Lebanese pounds are not subject to appeal. \r\nThe value of the disputed matter is considered as of the date of filing the appeal. \r\nThe provisions of the second paragraph of this article apply to pending cases and are effective immediately upon the publication of this law.",
                                            "position": 625,
                                            "article_number": "640-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1970,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 and Decree 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 \r\nContrary to the provisions of the previous article, an appeal is permissible even if the value of the disputed matter does not exceed eight hundred thousand Lebanese pounds if based on one of the following reasons: \r\n1- Lack of functional or subject-matter jurisdiction. \r\n2- Nullity of the judgment due to a defect in it or nullity of the essential procedures on which the judgment was based. \r\n3- Contradiction in the judgment's operative part that makes its execution impossible. \r\n4- Omission to rule on one of the claims. \r\n5- Judgment on matters not claimed or more than what was claimed.",
                                            "position": 626,
                                            "article_number": "641-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1971,
                                            "body": "An appeal may be submitted immediately after the issuance of the final judgment and before its notification if the fee has been paid.",
                                            "position": 627,
                                            "article_number": "642-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1972,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 and Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20 \r\nExcept in cases where the law specifies a special period for appeal, this period is: \r\n- Eight days from the date of notification of the judgment for appealing the judgments of the summary affairs judge, judgments resolving execution problems issued by the head of the execution department, and decisions ordering temporary measures. \r\n- Thirty days from the date of notification of the adversarial judgment for appealing other judgments issued by the courts of first instance. \r\nWhen no specific text determines the time when the appeal period begins, this period starts from the date of notification of the judgment. \r\nIn the case of multiple judgments issued in one case, it is possible to appeal those that are appealable separately or to appeal them with the final judgment within the legally specified periods.",
                                            "position": 628,
                                            "article_number": "643-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1973,
                                            "body": "An appeal is submitted by any party in the trial with an interest in it, unless they have waived it.",
                                            "position": 629,
                                            "article_number": "644-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1974,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nAn appeal may only be directed against parties in the primary court, taking into account the special rules for provisional decisions. \r\nAn appeal may be directed against any of the parties in the primary trial.",
                                            "position": 630,
                                            "article_number": "645-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1975,
                                            "body": "The appellee may file an incidental appeal challenging the appealed judgment even after acquiescing to it or after the expiration of its appeal period. \r\nIf multiple judgments are issued in the case and the original appeal only addresses one of them, the incidental appeal may address this judgment and the other judgments even after acquiescing to them or after the expiration of their appeal periods.",
                                            "position": 631,
                                            "article_number": "646-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1976,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe original appellant, if appealing a judgment against their opponent that was not covered by their appeal, may in turn file an additional appeal challenging this judgment and any other judgment issued in the dispute not covered by their previous appeal. \r\nThey may also, after addressing some aspects of the judgment in their appeal and their opponent's incidental appeal addressing other aspects, file an additional appeal challenging the remaining aspects of the judgment not covered by their original appeal.",
                                            "position": 632,
                                            "article_number": "647-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1977,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nAn incidental appeal may also be filed against another appellee or any party in the primary trial, even if not an appellee, provided the incidental appellant had claims against them in the primary trial that were dismissed. \r\nThe party against whom an incidental appeal is filed may file a counter-incidental appeal even after acquiescing to the judgment or after the expiration of its appeal period.",
                                            "position": 633,
                                            "article_number": "648-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1978,
                                            "body": "A party not directed by the appeal and who was a party in the primary trial may file an incidental appeal against the judgment they acquiesced to or whose appeal period has expired if they are harmed by the original appeal or the incidental appeal filed by another.",
                                            "position": 634,
                                            "article_number": "649-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1979,
                                            "body": "An incidental or additional appeal must be filed with the first memorandum submitted by the appellant. However, an incidental appeal filed by someone other than the appellee remains acceptable until the conclusion of the trial.",
                                            "position": 635,
                                            "article_number": "650-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1980,
                                            "body": "If the incidental or additional appeal is filed after the appellant's acquiescence or after the expiration of the original appeal period, its acceptance is contingent upon the continuation of the appeal from which it originated. If this appeal is not accepted in form or the appellant withdraws, the incidental or additional appeal is nullified, subject to the provisions of Article 523.",
                                            "position": 636,
                                            "article_number": "651-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1981,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nIntervention in the appeal is permissible for anyone with an interest unless they were a party or represented in the primary trial or were present in another capacity. \r\nThe mentioned person may also be introduced in the appeal.",
                                            "position": 637,
                                            "article_number": "652-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1982,
                                            "body": "In cases where reconciliation is possible, the right to appeal may be waived. \r\nWaiver is not valid before filing the lawsuit, but it is permissible after filing and is done by explicit agreement before the judgment is issued, and after issuance by acquiescing to it explicitly or implicitly. \r\nVoluntary execution of the judgment without reservation is considered acquiescence to it.",
                                            "position": 638,
                                            "article_number": "653-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1983,
                                            "body": "From the moment the appeal is filed, the court of first instance loses the right to resolve issues related to the interpretation of its judgment and its execution problems related to the subject or to correct material errors contained therein, and these matters are referred to the court of appeal during the case review. As for issues arising after the issuance of the appellate judgment, the right to review them returns to the court of first instance in case of judgment confirmation and to the court of appeal in case of its annulment.",
                                            "position": 639,
                                            "article_number": "654-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1984,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe appeal is submitted by a petition filed with the registry of the court to which it is submitted, and the rules established for the petition before the court of first instance must be observed. It must be signed by an appeal lawyer and include a statement of the appealed judgment by mentioning the court from which it was issued and its date, the reasons for the appeal, and the requests. A certified copy of the appealed judgment must be attached, as well as the documents supporting the appeal unless they are already filed in the case file in which the contested judgment was issued. \r\nThe reasons for the appeal must be stated explicitly, and it is not sufficient to refer to the briefs submitted in the initial trial. \r\nThe appellant, if his appeal is original, must deposit the security stipulated in the Judicial Fees Law. \r\nThis security is forfeited in favor of the state treasury if the appeal is rejected and is returned to the appellant if he is granted his requests or some of them or if he withdraws his appeal.",
                                            "position": 640,
                                            "article_number": "655-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1985,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\nThe registry of the Court of Appeal must request the inclusion of the initial trial file the day after the appeal is submitted.\r\nThe registry of the court that issued the judgment must send this file within seven days at most from the date of the request, and this period is reduced to three days in urgent cases unless the Court of Appeal decides on shorter periods. This court shall impose a fine of ten thousand to forty thousand Lebanese pounds on anyone who neglects to request the inclusion of the file or to send it within the period, by a judgment that is not subject to appeal.",
                                            "position": 641,
                                            "article_number": "656-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1986,
                                            "body": "The rules and procedures followed in the court of first instance regarding the exchange of briefs, deadlines, notifications, trial procedures, and issuance of judgments apply to the appeal unless the law provides otherwise. \r\nThe appellate decision is issued in absentia and is subject to objection if the appellee failed to appear and was not personally notified or through his lawyer and did not submit a defense brief.",
                                            "position": 642,
                                            "article_number": "657-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1987,
                                            "body": "The investigation of the case and its preparation for pleading is conducted by a counselor appointed by the President of the Court of Appeal for this purpose. This is in accordance with the provisions of Article 456. \r\nThe appointed counselor may verify the submission of the appeal within the deadline. If he finds that it was submitted after its expiration, he shall immediately present the matter to the court to make a decision on it. \r\nThe issue of suspending the execution of the appealed judgment, which was mistakenly described as final, is also presented to the court.",
                                            "position": 643,
                                            "article_number": "658-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1988,
                                            "body": "The appeal reopens the case adjudicated before the Court of Appeal for a new decision on the facts and the law.",
                                            "position": 644,
                                            "article_number": "659-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1989,
                                            "body": "The Court of Appeal's review of the dispute is limited to the aspects explicitly or implicitly addressed by the appeal and those related to it. \r\nThe entire case is reopened before the Court of Appeal if the appeal is not limited to certain aspects only, or if it aims to annul the judgment, or if the subject of the dispute is indivisible.",
                                            "position": 645,
                                            "article_number": "660-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1990,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23\r\nThe parties may invoke new reasons, defenses, and arguments in support of the claims submitted by them before the court of first instance and may present new documents and evidence. \r\nA request by the party aiming to confirm the appealed judgment is considered an adoption by him of the reasons for this judgment that do not conflict with what he claims in the appeal.",
                                            "position": 646,
                                            "article_number": "661-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1991,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nNo new request is accepted in the appeal unless it is a counter-request or a request derived from the original request or implicitly included in it, or if it aims at set-off, or if it is a defense to reject the opponent's requests, or if it aims to resolve issues arising from third-party intervention or from the occurrence or discovery of a fact. Requests aiming at the same result sought before the court of first instance are also accepted, even if based on a new legal basis. \r\nHowever, new requests remain acceptable if the opponent does not object to their acceptance.",
                                            "position": 647,
                                            "article_number": "662-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1992,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nRequests for interest, arrears, rent allowances, and other appendices that have become due since the issuance of the judgment and requests for compensation for damages resulting from the judgment or since its issuance are not considered new requests and can be raised on appeal as additional requests by means of a brief.",
                                            "position": 648,
                                            "article_number": "663-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1993,
                                            "body": "If a final judgment dismissing the case for a reason not related to the subject is appealed, the Court of Appeal, if it annuls this judgment, must consider the subject. \r\nThe same rule applies in the case of annulling the judgment related to the subject due to the nullity of the trial procedures or the judgment.",
                                            "position": 649,
                                            "article_number": "664-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1994,
                                            "body": "The Court of Appeal may decide at any time to suspend the execution of judgments mistakenly described as final.",
                                            "position": 650,
                                            "article_number": "665-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1995,
                                            "body": "After hearing the pleadings, the opinion of the Public Prosecution is sought in the cases stipulated by law.",
                                            "position": 651,
                                            "article_number": "666-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 1996,
                                            "body": "The appellate decision that confirms the initial judgment is considered an adoption of the reasons for this judgment that do not conflict with its reasons.",
                                            "position": 652,
                                            "article_number": "667-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 212,
                            "name": "Extraordinary Means of Appeal",
                            "number": "Third",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 1997,
                                    "body": "Appeal by extraordinary means and the specified period for its use do not suspend execution unless the law provides otherwise or the court decides to suspend execution for serious reasons, with or without a bond.",
                                    "position": 653,
                                    "article_number": "668-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 1998,
                                    "body": "Extraordinary means of appeal may only be used in cases specified by law.",
                                    "position": 654,
                                    "article_number": "669-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 1999,
                                    "body": "The appellant must deposit the security amount stipulated in the Judicial Fees Law. \r\nThis security is forfeited to the benefit of the state treasury if the appellant fails in their appeal, and it is returned to them if the judgment is issued in their favor, even partially, or if they withdraw the appeal before the judgment is issued.",
                                    "position": 655,
                                    "article_number": "670-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 213,
                                    "name": "Objection by Third Parties",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2005,
                                            "body": "The objection by a third party is an appeal aimed at reversing or amending the judgment in favor of the objecting third party. \r\nThe objection by a third party reopens the dispute for the objector concerning the aspects of the judgment it addresses, to be decided anew in fact and law.",
                                            "position": 656,
                                            "article_number": "671-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2006,
                                            "body": "All judgments are subject to objection by a third party unless the law provides otherwise. The objection by a third party is also accepted against an appellate decision even if it has become final by rejecting the cassation request filed against it.",
                                            "position": 657,
                                            "article_number": "672-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2007,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe objection by a third party is permissible for any person with an interest who was neither a party nor represented in the trial in which the contested judgment was issued.",
                                            "position": 658,
                                            "article_number": "673-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2008,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe objection by a third party is permissible for creditors and other successors to challenge any judgment issued against their predecessor in rights if it is tainted with fraud or deceit directed at them or if they present reasons or defenses specific to them.",
                                            "position": 659,
                                            "article_number": "674-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2009,
                                            "body": "If the law restricts the right to litigate to a specific person or several specific persons, others who are deprived of the right to litigate cannot challenge the judgment by objection by a third party.",
                                            "position": 660,
                                            "article_number": "675-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2010,
                                            "body": "If the judgment is indivisible concerning several parties involved, the appeal by objection by a third party is not accepted unless all these parties are summoned to the trial.",
                                            "position": 661,
                                            "article_number": "676-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2011,
                                            "body": "Anyone who does not resort to objection by a third party may invoke the res judicata of the adjudicated case.",
                                            "position": 662,
                                            "article_number": "677-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2012,
                                            "body": "There are two types of objection by a third party: original and incidental.",
                                            "position": 663,
                                            "article_number": "678-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2013,
                                            "body": "The period for objection by a third party to judicial judgments is set at two months from the date the objector is notified of the judgment or any of its execution procedures. If this notification does not occur, the right to object remains, unless the law provides otherwise, until the right of the objector is extinguished by the passage of time, provided that the incidental objection by a third party is accepted without adherence to the period.",
                                            "position": 664,
                                            "article_number": "679-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2014,
                                            "body": "The original objection by a third party is submitted to the court that issued the contested judgment by a summons filed in its registry. The rules and procedures followed by this court apply to it.",
                                            "position": 665,
                                            "article_number": "680-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2015,
                                            "body": "The incidental objection by a third party is submitted to the court before which the contested judgment was invoked against the objector, in the context of another trial, where the latter was neither a party nor represented, when that court is of the same or higher grade than the court that issued the contested judgment and the dispute in which the judgment was issued falls within its jurisdiction. If one of the aforementioned conditions is missing, the objection must be submitted originally to the court that issued the judgment.",
                                            "position": 666,
                                            "article_number": "681-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2016,
                                            "body": "The incidental objection by a third party is submitted with a list of demands that includes the reasons for the objection.",
                                            "position": 667,
                                            "article_number": "682-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2017,
                                            "body": "The court before which the contested judgment is invoked by objection by a third party may decide, depending on the circumstances, either to disregard this appeal and continue the trial or to suspend the trial until the objection by a third party is resolved by a final judgment.",
                                            "position": 668,
                                            "article_number": "683-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2018,
                                            "body": "The objector must provide evidence that the contested decision was issued incorrectly in fact or law.",
                                            "position": 669,
                                            "article_number": "684-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2019,
                                            "body": "The judgment issued in the objection by a third party according to the demands contained therein shall either reverse the contested judgment or amend it within the limits affecting the rights of the objector. The original judgment retains its effects among the parties involved, even concerning the aspects that were annulled. \r\nHowever, the judgment issued in the objection by a third party shall have the res judicata effect against all parties who were summoned to the trial in accordance with the provisions of Article 676.",
                                            "position": 670,
                                            "article_number": "685-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2020,
                                            "body": "The judgment issued in the objection by a third party is subject to appeal by the same methods applicable to judgments of the court from which it was issued.",
                                            "position": 671,
                                            "article_number": "686-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2021,
                                            "body": "The objection by a third party is permissible against criminal judgments concerning civil disputes resolved in conjunction with the public prosecution. \r\nThe original objection is submitted before the civil court located in the area of the criminal court that issued the judgment and is of the same grade and competent to consider the value of the disputed matter. \r\nAll provisions stipulated in this law apply to the objection by a third party in this case.",
                                            "position": 672,
                                            "article_number": "687-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 214,
                                    "name": "Retrial",
                                    "number": "Second",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2032,
                                            "body": "A request for retrial is an appeal aimed at reversing a judgment that has acquired finality as defined by Article 553, in order to reconsider the dispute anew in fact and law.",
                                            "position": 673,
                                            "article_number": "688-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2033,
                                            "body": "A request for retrial may only be made by the parties to the judgment or their representatives.",
                                            "position": 674,
                                            "article_number": "689-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2034,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nA request for retrial may only be made for one of the following reasons: \r\n1- If fraud committed by the party in whose favor the judgment was issued or by their agent affected the issuance of the judgment and was discovered by the applicant for retrial thereafter. \r\n2- If the applicant for retrial obtained decisive documents in the dispute after the judgment was issued, which the party in whose favor the judgment was issued had withheld or prevented from being presented. \r\n3- If, after the judgment, there is an admission of forgery of the documents on which it was based or if it was adjudicated as forged. \r\n4- If the judgment was based on an oath, testimony, expert opinion, or translation that was adjudicated after its issuance as false or forged. \r\n5- If the judgment was based on a previous judgment that was later annulled, modified, or reversed, taking into account the provisions of Article 733, paragraphs 2 and 3.",
                                            "position": 675,
                                            "article_number": "690-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2035,
                                            "body": "In all the cases outlined in the previous article, a request for retrial is not accepted unless the applicant could not, without fault on their part, invoke the reason they are relying on through the use of an ordinary appeal before the judgment became final.",
                                            "position": 676,
                                            "article_number": "691-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2036,
                                            "body": "The period for requesting a retrial is thirty days starting from the day the applicant became aware of the reason on which the request is based, provided that the contested judgment was issued or became final and was notified to them before they became aware of the mentioned reason. If it was notified to them afterward, the period does not commence until the date of notification of the judgment if it was final or from the date it became final after notification, taking into account the provisions of the previous article. \r\nThe applicant for retrial bears the burden of proving the date they became aware of the reason on which their request is based.",
                                            "position": 677,
                                            "article_number": "692-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2037,
                                            "body": "The applicant for retrial must summon all parties to the contested judgment under penalty of non-acceptance of their request.",
                                            "position": 678,
                                            "article_number": "693-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2038,
                                            "body": "The request for retrial is submitted to the court that issued the judgment by a summons deposited with the registry of this court, and the rules established for summons before the court of first instance must be observed. It must include a statement of the contested judgment, its date, the reasons for retrial, and the requests, otherwise it is void.",
                                            "position": 679,
                                            "article_number": "694-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2039,
                                            "body": "The rules and procedures followed by the court to which the request for retrial is submitted apply to the consideration of the request.",
                                            "position": 680,
                                            "article_number": "695-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2040,
                                            "body": "The party against whom the request for retrial is directed may, in turn, submit an incidental retrial request within fifteen days of being notified of this request, by means of a memorandum that includes the reasons and demands.",
                                            "position": 681,
                                            "article_number": "696-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2041,
                                            "body": "If a plaintiff files an original lawsuit based on a previous judgment and the period for appealing this judgment by requesting a retrial has not expired, the defendant may submit an incidental retrial request provided that the lawsuit is filed with the court that issued that judgment or another court of its grade or higher. \r\nIf the court to which the lawsuit is submitted is of a lower grade than the court that issued the judgment, the retrial request must be submitted originally to this latter court, and in this case, the applicant for retrial has the right to request the court hearing the original lawsuit to suspend its decision until the original retrial request is submitted and a judgment is issued on it. The court may decide, based on the circumstances of the case, to accept this request or reject it and continue to consider the original lawsuit.",
                                            "position": 682,
                                            "article_number": "697-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2042,
                                            "body": "The court to which the request for retrial is submitted may first decide on the admissibility of this request and then consider the subject matter. It may also rule on the acceptance of the retrial request and the subject matter in a single judgment if the parties have submitted their requests on the subject matter before it.",
                                            "position": 683,
                                            "article_number": "698-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2043,
                                            "body": "The decision issued accepting the request for retrial annuls the contested judgment and orders the return of the deposited security amount.",
                                            "position": 684,
                                            "article_number": "699-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2044,
                                            "body": "Acceptance of the retrial request entails reconsideration of the aspects addressed by this request and what is related to it by virtue of correlation or indivisibility and what is a necessary result of the retrial.",
                                            "position": 685,
                                            "article_number": "700-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2045,
                                            "body": "A request for retrial is not accepted against a judgment that was appealed by a previous retrial request, except for a reason that appeared after the judgment issued in the first appeal.",
                                            "position": 686,
                                            "article_number": "701-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2046,
                                            "body": "The judgment issued rejecting the request for retrial or the judgment issued on the subject matter of the dispute after accepting this request cannot be appealed by a retrial request.",
                                            "position": 687,
                                            "article_number": "702-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 215,
                                    "name": "Distinction",
                                    "number": "Third",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2079,
                                            "body": "Appeal by way of cassation is an appeal submitted to the Supreme Court for the purpose of overturning the decision due to its violation of legal rules.",
                                            "position": 688,
                                            "article_number": "703-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2080,
                                            "body": "Appeals by way of cassation are accepted for decisions issued by the Courts of Appeal that conclude the litigation, unless a contrary provision exists. \r\nDecisions issued by the Court of Appeal before the decision concluding the litigation are accepted for appeal by way of cassation according to the provisions of Article 615.",
                                            "position": 689,
                                            "article_number": "704-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2081,
                                            "body": "Appeal by way of cassation is not permissible for default judgments except after the expiration of the objection period against them.",
                                            "position": 690,
                                            "article_number": "705-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2082,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nAppeal by way of cassation is permissible even if the contested decision was issued in favor of or against a person who was not a party to the trial. \r\nIn urgent matters, appeal by way of cassation is permissible even without litigation.",
                                            "position": 691,
                                            "article_number": "706-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2083,
                                            "body": "The Public Prosecutor at the Court of Cassation, on his own initiative or at the request of the Minister of Justice, may appeal by way of cassation for the benefit of the law in any decision subject to annulment that none of the parties requested to annul within the legal period or the parties waived the request to annul, when the decision is based on a violation of the law or an error in its application or interpretation. \r\nHe may also appeal by way of objection for the benefit of the law against decisions and for the reasons stated in Article 95, Clause 4. \r\nThe appeal by way of cassation or objection is submitted within a period of one year from the date of the decision by a petition signed by the Public Prosecutor. The court considers the appeal in chambers without summoning the parties. The parties do not benefit from this appeal.",
                                            "position": 692,
                                            "article_number": "707-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2084,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nAppeal by way of cassation is permissible for the following reasons:\r\n(1)- Violation of the law or error in its application or interpretation, and the appellant must specify the text, legal principle, or legal rule that was violated or erroneously applied or interpreted, and the aspects of the violation or error. \r\n(2)- Violation of rules of functional or subject-matter jurisdiction. \r\n(3)- Contradiction in the operative paragraph of the same decision making it impossible to execute. \r\n(4)- Omission to decide on one of the claims. \r\n(5)- Judgment on matters not requested by the parties or more than what they requested. \r\n(6)- Lack of legal basis for the contested decision such that its factual reasons are insufficient or unclear to support the legal solution decided therein. \r\n(7)- Distortion of the content of documents by stating facts contrary to what is contained therein or contradicting the clear and explicit meaning of their texts. \r\n(8)- Contradiction between two judgments issued at the final level in the same case by different courts or by the same court.",
                                            "position": 693,
                                            "article_number": "708-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2085,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Decree 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nAppeal by way of cassation is not permissible for decisions issued in cases where the value of the claim does not exceed six million Lebanese pounds, and if the value does not exceed this limit, the appeal is only accepted for the second, third, fourth, fifth, and eighth reasons stated in Article 708 of this law. The value of the disputed matter is considered as of the date of submitting the cassation. \r\nThe provisions of the second paragraph of this article apply to pending cases and are effective upon the publication of this law.",
                                            "position": 694,
                                            "article_number": "709-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2086,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe period for appeal by way of cassation is two months unless a specific contrary provision exists. \r\nWhen no specific provision determines the time from which the period for appeal by way of cassation begins, this period starts from the date of notification of the decision. In the case of multiple appellate decisions issued in one case, it is possible to appeal those that can be appealed separately or with the final decision within the legally specified period.",
                                            "position": 695,
                                            "article_number": "710-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2087,
                                            "body": "Appeal by way of cassation is permissible before the notification of the appellate decision, provided its fees are paid.",
                                            "position": 696,
                                            "article_number": "711-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2088,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20 \r\nThe respondent may submit an incidental appeal within thirty days from the date of being notified of the original appeal against the decision addressed by the original appeal, even after acquiescing to it or the expiration of the cassation period. If multiple decisions were issued in the case and the original appeal addressed only one of them, the incidental appeal may address this decision and all other decisions, even after acquiescing to them or the expiration of the appeal periods against them.",
                                            "position": 697,
                                            "article_number": "712-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2089,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe original appellant, in case his opponent appeals a decision not addressed by the original appeal, may in turn appeal by way of additional cassation request, this decision and any other decision not addressed by his previous request. \r\nHe may also, after addressing in his original appeal some aspects of the decision and his opponent's incidental appeal addressed other aspects of it, submit an additional appeal for the remaining aspects of the decision not addressed by his original appeal. \r\nThe additional appeal is submitted in both previous cases within fifteen days from the date of notification of the incidental appeal submission.",
                                            "position": 698,
                                            "article_number": "713-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2090,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23\r\nAn incidental appeal may also be submitted, within the same period specified in the first paragraph of Article 712, against another opponent in the original appeal or any opponent in the appellate trial, even if not a respondent, provided the incidental appeal submitter had claims directed against him in the appellate trial that were dismissed. \r\nThe one against whom an incidental appeal is directed may submit a counter-incidental appeal even after acquiescing to the decision or the expiration of the appeal period, within fifteen days from being notified of the incidental appeal.",
                                            "position": 699,
                                            "article_number": "714-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2091,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nAnyone who was not directed an appeal and was a party in the appellate trial may submit an incidental appeal against the decision he acquiesced to and even if the appeal period has expired, provided he is harmed by the original appeal or the incidental appeal submitted by others. The appeal remains admissible in this case as long as no decision has been issued in the case.",
                                            "position": 700,
                                            "article_number": "715-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2092,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe incidental or additional appeal is submitted by a memorandum. \r\nIf submitted after the acquiescence of the one raising it or after the expiration of the original appeal period, its acceptance is contingent on the continuation of the appeal from which it originated. If this appeal is not accepted in form or the appellant withdraws it, the incidental or additional appeal is nullified, subject to the provisions of Article 736.",
                                            "position": 701,
                                            "article_number": "716-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2093,
                                            "body": "The original appeal is submitted by a petition deposited at the registry of the Court of Cassation, and it can be submitted through the Court of Appeal that issued the contested decision, which forwards it with the case file to the Court of Cassation after registering the contested decision in the special register.",
                                            "position": 702,
                                            "article_number": "717-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2094,
                                            "body": "The appeal for cassation must be signed by an attorney in the appeal and must include, in addition to the information related to the names of the parties, their descriptions, and the domicile of each, a statement of the contested decision by mentioning the court that issued it and its date, as well as a statement of the reasons for the defect and the requests. A certified copy of the contested decision must be attached, along with the supporting documents for the appeal unless they are already filed in the case file from which the decision to be annulled was issued.",
                                            "position": 703,
                                            "article_number": "718-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2095,
                                            "body": "A number of copies equal to the number of parties must be deposited with the appeal for cassation for notification to them unless they are represented by a single attorney, in which case one copy is sufficient.",
                                            "position": 704,
                                            "article_number": "719-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2096,
                                            "body": "The original appellant for cassation must deposit in the judicial treasury the security amount specified by the law on judicial fees and must submit with the appeal for cassation the receipt voucher proving this deposit. In the case of multiple appellants with a unified interest in a single appeal, one security is sufficient. Those exempted by a legal provision are exempt from depositing the security.",
                                            "position": 705,
                                            "article_number": "720-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2097,
                                            "body": "The appeal for cassation is not admissible if it does not meet its legal requirements, but the appellant can correct and complete the deficiencies if the deadline for requesting cassation has not expired; otherwise, the right to correct or complete the deficiencies is forfeited.",
                                            "position": 706,
                                            "article_number": "721-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2098,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6 If the appeal for cassation has been deposited with the registry of the court that issued the contested decision, this registry must send all the documents related to the appeal to the Court of Cassation the day after the appeal is submitted. The registry of the Court of Cassation must request within two days of the deposit of the appeal for cassation or its arrival to it, the inclusion of the case file with all its components. The registry of the court that issued the decision must send the file within seven days at most from the date of the request. The Court of Cassation shall impose a fine of ten thousand to forty thousand Lebanese pounds on anyone who neglects to request the inclusion of the file or to send it within the deadline.",
                                            "position": 707,
                                            "article_number": "722-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2099,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20 and Law No. 144 dated 1999\/10\/29 The appeal by way of cassation does not suspend the execution of the contested decision before this decision is annulled unless the Court of Cassation decides to suspend the execution against a guarantee whose type and amount it determines. However, the Court of Cassation may not decide to suspend the execution of decisions related to alimony, custody, and expedited execution decisions unless there is an important reason justifying it. Except for the cases specified in the previous paragraph, the execution department must stop the execution when the executed against proves that he included in his appeal a request to suspend the execution until the Court of Cassation issues its decision on this request within the specified deadline in the following paragraph. The Court of Cassation must immediately upon receiving the request notify it to the appellee, who is given a week to respond, and the Court of Cassation must decide on the request to suspend execution within a month from the expiration of this period, otherwise, the execution continues. The Court of Cassation may allow the continuation of execution at the request of the judgment creditor provided that the adjudged amount is deposited in an acceptable bank or a guarantee is provided to ensure the results of that execution in case the decision to be executed is annulled.",
                                            "position": 708,
                                            "article_number": "723-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2100,
                                            "body": "The appellant for cassation has thirty days from the deposit of his appeal to submit a list detailing the reasons for the appeal entrusted to it.",
                                            "position": 709,
                                            "article_number": "724-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2101,
                                            "body": "The appellee has thirty days from the date of notification to submit a list responding to the appeal for cassation, and he may also submit another list within a similar period responding to the detailed list. The appellant has the right to reply within fifteen days, and his opponent has the final right to reply within a similar period.",
                                            "position": 710,
                                            "article_number": "725-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2102,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 The appellee, even after the expiration of the cassation period, may involve in the appeal any party in the case in which the contested decision was issued, who was not directed to the appeal if he has an interest in involving him. The involved party may deposit with the registry of the Court of Cassation within fifteen days from the date of his notification, a list of his defense accompanied by the documents he deems necessary to submit.",
                                            "position": 711,
                                            "article_number": "726-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2103,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 Any party in the case in which the contested decision was issued, who was not directed to the appeal, may intervene in the case of this appeal to request its rejection. His intervention is by depositing a list of his defense, accompanied by supporting documents, with the registry of the Court of Cassation before the appeal is decided.",
                                            "position": 712,
                                            "article_number": "727-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2104,
                                            "body": "New reasons are not accepted before the Court of Cassation unless they are purely legal reasons or arise from the decision to be annulled unless a contrary provision is provided.",
                                            "position": 713,
                                            "article_number": "728-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2105,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 Within three days following the submission of the appeal for cassation, the president of the chamber handling the case appoints a counselor from its counselors to monitor the procedures and alert the parties to any deficiencies to complete them within the legal deadlines. He then prepares within three months from the end of the exchange of lists a report outlining the facts of the case, the reasons for the appeal, and the legal solutions he proposes. The report remains confidential to the parties until the final decision is issued. The president of the chamber may undertake these tasks himself.",
                                            "position": 714,
                                            "article_number": "729-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2106,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 The appeal file is referred to the Public Prosecution to express its opinion within fifteen days in the cases stipulated in Article 478.",
                                            "position": 715,
                                            "article_number": "730-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2107,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 The Court of Cassation first considers in the deliberation chamber the formal acceptance of the appeal and the availability of cassation reasons. If it decides. If it decides to reject the appeal, it rules to uphold the contested decision. The Court of Cassation may reject the appeal by substituting an erroneous reason in the decision with a purely legal reason or also by disregarding an erroneous legal reason it deems superfluous. It may annul the contested decision by adopting a purely legal reason related to public order on its own initiative. If the court adopts a purely legal reason on its own initiative, the provisions of Article 373, paragraph 3, are observed.",
                                            "position": 716,
                                            "article_number": "731-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2108,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 Subject to the provisions of Article 737, paragraph 3, and the provisions related to suing the state regarding liability arising from the actions of judicial judges, decisions issued by the Court of Cassation cannot be appealed by any means of appeal.",
                                            "position": 717,
                                            "article_number": "732-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2109,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe parties revert, concerning the points addressed by the cassation, to the state they were in before the issuance of the annulled decision. \r\nThe annulment results, without the need for a new decision, in the nullification of all judgments and procedures subsequent to the annulled decision if they were issued based on it, or as an application or execution of it, or if they were necessarily linked to it. The appellant has the right, upon the issuance of the cassation decision, to request the recovery of the funds paid in execution of the annulled decision without attributing any fault to the appellee due to the execution. \r\nIf the cassation is limited to a part of the decision, it remains effective in the other parts unless they are consequent to the annulled part.",
                                            "position": 718,
                                            "article_number": "733-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2110,
                                            "body": "In the event of the annulment of the contested decision, the Court of Cassation may directly decide on the subject of the case if it is ready for judgment, otherwise, it sets a date for hearing the pleadings or conducting what it deems necessary for investigation. In this case, the procedures followed in the Court of Appeal are applied, and the parties may submit new requests, defenses, and means to the extent they are admissible on appeal, and the Court of Cassation rules on the case anew in fact and law, except for the aspects not addressed by the cassation.",
                                            "position": 719,
                                            "article_number": "734-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2111,
                                            "body": "If the case requires investigation, the Court of Cassation specifies the matters to be investigated and assigns one of its advisors to carry it out.",
                                            "position": 720,
                                            "article_number": "735-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2112,
                                            "body": "The waiver of the appeal before the Court of Cassation is not complete without the consent of the appellee if it includes reservations or if the appellee has previously filed an incidental appeal. The opposition of the appellee is not considered if it is not based on a legitimate reason. \r\nThe waiver necessarily implies the appellant's acquiescence to the decision. However, it is considered as if it never occurred if another party later files an appeal according to the applicable procedures. \r\nThe waiving party bears the costs of the appeal they waived unless otherwise agreed.",
                                            "position": 721,
                                            "article_number": "736-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2113,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23\r\nThe claim of forgery of any ordinary or official document submitted to the Court of Cassation is subject to the provisions of Articles 180 to 202. \r\nThe chamber of the Court of Cassation handling the appeal in which the allegedly forged document was submitted considers the forgery case. \r\nThe decision issued in the forgery case is subject to appeal by way of retrial and third-party objection.",
                                            "position": 722,
                                            "article_number": "737-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2114,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 and Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20 and Law 4 dated 1989\/1\/5 \r\nThe rules, effects, and procedures applicable before the Court of Cassation apply to cassation requests considered by the General Assembly, unless otherwise provided. \r\nAll decisions issued by the General Assembly, regardless of their subject, are not subject to any means of appeal, including suing the state regarding liability arising from judges' actions. \r\nThe procedures before the Court of Cassation are followed, except for the appeal period, in the cases specified in clause 3 of Article 95. \r\nThe procedures before the Court of Cassation are also followed in the cases specified in clause \/4\/ of Article \/95\/, including the appeal period which starts from the date of notification of the decision subject to objection. \r\nThe objection does not suspend the execution of the contested decision unless the General Assembly decides to suspend execution against a guarantee specifying its type and amount, provided that the General Assembly may not suspend the execution of decisions related to alimony, custody, and expedited execution decisions unless there is an important reason justifying it. \r\nThe public prosecution is represented in the public trial by the public prosecutor or his delegate from the public attorneys, and it expresses its opinion on the cases presented.",
                                            "position": 723,
                                            "article_number": "738-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2115,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nSubject to the provisions of Article 6 of the Law of October 21, 1980, concerning the consideration of individual labor disputes and disputes arising from the application of the Social Security Law, the reasons, procedures, and effects of cassation provided for in this law apply to appeals against judgments issued by labor arbitration councils. \r\nAppellate decisions issued in demarcation and liberation cases are subject to appeal by way of cassation according to the rules provided in this section.",
                                            "position": 724,
                                            "article_number": "739-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2116,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe term \"cassation\" is replaced by the term \"distinction\" in any text where it appears in this sense.",
                                            "position": 725,
                                            "article_number": "740-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 216,
                                    "name": "Suing the State Regarding Liability Arising from the Acts of Judicial Judges",
                                    "number": "Fourth",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2132,
                                            "body": "The state may be sued regarding liability arising from the actions of a judge, whether they are involved in judgment, investigation, or the public prosecution, in all cases where such a lawsuit is permitted by a specific provision and in the following cases: \r\n1- Refusal to administer justice. \r\n2- Deception or fraud. \r\n3- Bribery. \r\n4- Gross error that a judge who pays ordinary attention to their duties is assumed not to commit.",
                                            "position": 726,
                                            "article_number": "741-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2133,
                                            "body": "Before filing a lawsuit against the state due to a judge's refusal to administer justice, the aggrieved party must warn the judge twice to perform their duty with two petitions, each separated by seven days, directed to them through the court clerk. The clerk must forward them within twenty-four hours under penalty of disciplinary sanctions in case of delay. \r\nAfter ten days have passed since the submission of the second petition without the judge responding to the applicant's request in any way, the lawsuit against the state becomes admissible.",
                                            "position": 727,
                                            "article_number": "742-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2134,
                                            "body": "The General Assembly of the Court of Cassation shall consider the lawsuit filed against the state in the aforementioned cases.",
                                            "position": 728,
                                            "article_number": "743-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2135,
                                            "body": "The lawsuit must be filed within two months from the date of notification of the judgment or action or the date the conditions for refusal to administer justice are met according to the provisions of Article 742, unless it is based on fraud, deception, or bribery and this reason was not known until after the notification of the judgment or action, in which case the period begins from the date of knowledge of that reason.",
                                            "position": 729,
                                            "article_number": "744-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2136,
                                            "body": "The lawsuit is filed by a summons directed to the state, and it must include a statement of the judgment or action complained of by the plaintiff and the reason or reasons on which the lawsuit is based and the supporting evidence. \r\nThe parties in whose favor the judgment was issued must be included in the trial.",
                                            "position": 730,
                                            "article_number": "745-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2137,
                                            "body": "The summons is not accepted unless it is signed by a lawyer expressly authorized to file the mentioned lawsuit. \r\nHowever, if the concerned party is unable to appoint a lawyer and the Bar Association President refuses to appoint a lawyer to file the lawsuit based on the Law of Advocacy, the concerned party may sign the summons themselves after proving this refusal.",
                                            "position": 731,
                                            "article_number": "746-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2138,
                                            "body": "The plaintiff must deposit a security equivalent to the security for a cassation appeal with their summons.",
                                            "position": 732,
                                            "article_number": "747-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2139,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6 \r\nIf the summons contains offensive phrases not justified by the right of defense, its signatory is subject to a fine ranging from four hundred thousand to eight hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, imposed by the General Assembly, without prejudice to disciplinary or criminal prosecution.",
                                            "position": 733,
                                            "article_number": "748-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2140,
                                            "body": "Filing the summons against the state does not result in the suspension of the execution of the judgment complained of; however, the General Assembly may decide to suspend the execution or allow it according to the rules and conditions stipulated in Article 723.",
                                            "position": 734,
                                            "article_number": "749-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2141,
                                            "body": "The General Assembly first examines whether the lawsuit meets its legal conditions and the seriousness of its reasons, and thus its admissibility. \r\nIf it is decided not to accept the lawsuit or if the request is rejected on the merits, the plaintiff loses the security they deposited and is ordered to compensate the defendant as estimated by the General Assembly.",
                                            "position": 735,
                                            "article_number": "750-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2142,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe judge attributed with the cause of the lawsuit may intervene in the trial at any time to present their statements and request compensation against the plaintiff if necessary. \r\nThe judge may not be involved in the trial except by a decision from the General Assembly based on a request from the defendant. \r\nThe judge attributed with the cause of the lawsuit may not perform any of their duties related to the plaintiff from the time the summons is filed.",
                                            "position": 736,
                                            "article_number": "751-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2143,
                                            "body": "If the lawsuit is accepted, the decision is notified to the defendant within three days, and they may submit a written response within fifteen days from the date of notification. This response is notified to the plaintiff, who has the right to reply within a similar period. \r\nAfter the plaintiff submits their reply, the defendant may submit their final response within fifteen days of receiving the reply, then a session for pleading is set, and the trial is conducted in secret. The public prosecution presents its opinion in writing or orally.",
                                            "position": 737,
                                            "article_number": "752-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2144,
                                            "body": "In the event of a judgment confirming the request based on refusal to administer justice, the defendants are ordered to compensate the plaintiff for the damage caused to them and to refer the main lawsuit to another judge for consideration.",
                                            "position": 738,
                                            "article_number": "753-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2145,
                                            "body": "In the event of a judgment confirming the lawsuit based on deception, fraud, bribery, or gross error, the judgment or action complained of is annulled, and the plaintiff is compensated for the damage caused to them.",
                                            "position": 739,
                                            "article_number": "754-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2146,
                                            "body": "The annulment of the judgment or action complained of returns the case to the state it was in before the judgment or action complained of, and proceedings resume based on a list of demands.",
                                            "position": 740,
                                            "article_number": "755-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2147,
                                            "body": "The judge whose judgment or action was annulled does not participate in considering the main lawsuit and is automatically removed from considering it. \r\nIf the lawsuit was filed regarding a judgment or action issued by a chamber of the court, the main lawsuit is referred to another chamber after the annulment of the judgment or action.",
                                            "position": 741,
                                            "article_number": "756-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2148,
                                            "body": "If the judgment or decision complained of was executed before the decision in the lawsuit filed against the state was issued, and then a contrary judgment or decision was issued that could not be executed for some reason, the aggrieved party may resort again to the court that issued the judgment or decision that could not be executed to request compensation against the other party for the damage caused to them and not compensated for. \r\nThe judgment or decision issued in the compensation request is subject to the same appeal procedures as the judgment or decision that could not be executed.",
                                            "position": 742,
                                            "article_number": "757-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2149,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nIf the judgment is issued against the state for compensation, it has the right to recourse against the judge before the General Assembly of the Court of Cassation. \r\nThe state may also recourse against the party in whose favor the annulled judgment or decision was executed, as referred to in Article 757, to the extent of the compensation it has borne due to this execution, in accordance with Article 754. The lawsuit is filed before the General Assembly of the Court of Cassation.",
                                            "position": 743,
                                            "article_number": "758-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2150,
                                            "body": "If a judgment is issued against the state, it may, in the cases specified in clauses 2, 3, and 4 of Article 741, file a lawsuit to challenge the judge before the General Assembly of the Court of Cassation, within the time limits and according to the procedures stipulated in this section, considering the state as the plaintiff, with the aim of annulling the mentioned judgment and then reconsidering the case anew according to the provisions of Articles 755 and 756. The state may demand appropriate compensation from the judge in the same lawsuit in case of annulment of the judgment, and it has the right to revert to the other party according to the provisions of Article 757.",
                                            "position": 744,
                                            "article_number": "759-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2151,
                                            "body": "Judgments issued in lawsuits filed against or by the state shall be notified to the Supreme Judicial Council and the Judicial Inspection Authority.",
                                            "position": 745,
                                            "article_number": "760-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2152,
                                            "body": "The provisions of this fourth section (Articles 741 to 760) shall apply immediately upon the publication of this law in the Official Gazette to all pending lawsuits challenging judges before the General Assembly of the Court of Cassation. The plaintiff shall have a period of two months to correct their lawsuit according to these provisions, starting from the publication of this law.",
                                            "position": 746,
                                            "article_number": "761-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 3
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 7
                }
            ],
            "position": 1
        },
        {
            "id": 900,
            "name": "Disputes and Various Procedures",
            "number": "Second",
            "articles": [],
            "category": "Book",
            "children": [
                {
                    "id": 901,
                    "name": "Arbitration",
                    "number": "First",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 902,
                            "name": "Rules of Arbitration in Domestic Law",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 2206,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Law No. 440 dated 29\/7\/2002 \r\nThe contracting parties may include in the commercial or civil contract concluded between them a clause stipulating that all amicable disputes arising from the validity, interpretation, or execution of this contract shall be resolved through arbitration. The state and public law entities, regardless of the nature of the contract subject to the dispute, may resort to arbitration. As of the effective date of this amending law, the arbitration clause or arbitration agreement in administrative contracts shall not be valid unless approved by a decree issued by the Council of Ministers based on the proposal of the competent minister for the state or the supervisory authority for public law entities.\r\nText of Article (762) before its amendment by Law No. 440 dated 29\/7\/2002:\r\nThe contracting parties may include in the commercial or civil contract concluded between them a clause stipulating that all amicable disputes arising from the execution or interpretation of this contract shall be resolved through arbitration.",
                                    "position": 747,
                                    "article_number": "762-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2207,
                                    "body": "The arbitration clause is not valid unless it is written in the main contract or in a document referred to by this contract. \r\nIt must include, under penalty of nullity, the appointment of the arbitrator or arbitrators by their persons or their qualifications or a statement of the method by which they are appointed.",
                                    "position": 748,
                                    "article_number": "763-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2208,
                                    "body": "If, after the dispute arises, an obstacle occurs in appointing the arbitrator or arbitrators - due to one of the parties or when applying the method of their appointment, their appointment is requested from the President of the Primary Chamber. \r\nIf the President of the Primary Chamber finds that the arbitration clause is clearly void or insufficient to allow the appointment of the arbitrator or arbitrators, he issues a decision confirming this and declares that there is no place for their appointment. The void arbitration clause is considered as if it never existed.",
                                    "position": 749,
                                    "article_number": "764-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2209,
                                    "body": "An arbitration contract is a contract by which the parties agree to resolve an amicable dispute arising between them through the arbitration of one or several persons.",
                                    "position": 750,
                                    "article_number": "765-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2210,
                                    "body": "The arbitration contract is not proven except in writing. \r\nIt must include, under penalty of nullity, the determination of the subject of the dispute and the appointment of the arbitrator or arbitrators by their persons or their qualifications or a statement of the method by which they are appointed. \r\nThe arbitration contract is considered void if the appointed arbitrator refuses the task assigned to him.",
                                    "position": 751,
                                    "article_number": "766-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2211,
                                    "body": "The parties may agree to resolve a dispute through arbitration even if it is the subject of a lawsuit before the judiciary. They can agree that the resolution be according to the provisions of foreign law or foreign custom.",
                                    "position": 752,
                                    "article_number": "767-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2212,
                                    "body": "The task of the arbitrator is not assigned to anyone other than a natural person, and if the arbitration contract appoints a legal person, its task is limited to organizing the arbitration. \r\nThe arbitrator must not be a minor, under guardianship, deprived of his civil rights, or bankrupt unless his status is restored.",
                                    "position": 753,
                                    "article_number": "768-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2213,
                                    "body": "The arbitrator must accept the task assigned to him, and this acceptance is proven in writing. \r\nIf there is a reason for recusal in the person of the arbitrator, he must inform the parties, and in this case, he may not accept the task except with the consent of these parties. \r\nAfter accepting the task, the arbitrator may not withdraw without a serious reason, otherwise, he may be liable for compensation to the injured party.",
                                    "position": 754,
                                    "article_number": "769-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2214,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Law No. 440 dated 29\/7\/2002\r\nArbitrators may not be dismissed except by the consent of all parties, and they may not be recused from judgment except for reasons that occur or appear after their appointment. \r\nThe recusal is requested for the same reasons that a judge is recused. \r\nThe recusal request is submitted to the Primary Chamber located in the area of the agreed arbitration center, otherwise to the Primary Chamber in Beirut, within fifteen days from the date the recusal requester becomes aware of the arbitrator's appointment or the date the reason for recusal appears thereafter. \r\nThe court's decision in this regard is not subject to any appeal.\r\nText of Article (770) before its amendment by Law No. 440 dated 29\/7\/2002:\r\nArbitrators may not be dismissed except by the consent of all parties. They may not be recused from judgment except for reasons that occur or appear after their appointment. The recusal is requested for the same reasons that a judge is recused. \r\nThe recusal request is submitted to the Primary Chamber located in the area of the agreed arbitration center, otherwise to the Primary Chamber in Beirut, within five days from the date the recusal requester becomes aware of the arbitrator's appointment or the date the reason for recusal appears thereafter.",
                                    "position": 755,
                                    "article_number": "770-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2215,
                                    "body": "If there are multiple arbitrators, their number must always be odd, otherwise, the arbitration is void. \r\nIf the parties appoint two arbitrators or an even number of arbitrators, another arbitrator must be added, chosen as specified by the parties, otherwise by agreement of the appointed arbitrators, and if they do not agree, he is appointed by a decision of the President of the Primary Chamber.",
                                    "position": 756,
                                    "article_number": "771-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2216,
                                    "body": "If a natural or legal person is appointed to organize the arbitration, the task of arbitration is entrusted to an arbitrator or several arbitrators accepted by all parties. \r\nIf this acceptance does not occur, the person tasked with organizing the arbitration invites each party to appoint one arbitrator and himself appoints the necessary arbitrator to complete the arbitration panel when necessary. If the parties fail to appoint an arbitrator, the person tasked with organizing the arbitration appoints him. \r\nIt is permissible to directly appoint arbitrators according to the provisions of the second paragraph.",
                                    "position": 757,
                                    "article_number": "772-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2217,
                                    "body": "If no time limit is specified in the arbitration agreement, whether a clause or a contract, the arbitrators must perform their task within six months at most from the date the last arbitrator accepts his task. \r\nThe time limit, whether agreed or legal, may be extended either by agreement of the parties or by a decision of the President of the Primary Chamber issued upon the request of one of the parties or the arbitration panel.",
                                    "position": 758,
                                    "article_number": "773-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2218,
                                    "body": "In the cases stipulated in Articles 764, 771, and 773, the President of the Primary Chamber referred to in Article 770, paragraph 2, issues his decision promptly upon the request of one of the parties or the arbitration panel. This decision is not subject to any appeal. \r\nHowever, the decision referred to may be appealed when the president has declared in it that there is no place for appointing the arbitrator or arbitrators for one of the reasons specified in the second paragraph of Article 764, and the Court of Appeal considers the appeal promptly.",
                                    "position": 759,
                                    "article_number": "774-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2219,
                                    "body": "The parties may agree in the arbitration clause, the arbitration contract, or a separate contract that the arbitration be ordinary or absolute, and they may authorize the arbitrator or arbitrators to reconcile the parties.",
                                    "position": 760,
                                    "article_number": "775-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2220,
                                    "body": "In case of doubt regarding the description of arbitration, it is considered ordinary arbitration. \r\nIn ordinary arbitration, the arbitrator or arbitrators apply the rules of law and the procedures of ordinary litigation, except for those that are inconsistent with the principles of arbitration, especially the rules outlined in this section. \r\nThe parties may exempt the arbitrator or arbitrators from applying the procedures of ordinary litigation or some of them, except those related to public order, provided they are consistent with the rules and principles of arbitration. The exemption cannot specifically include the principles stipulated in articles 365 to 368 and 371 to 374. \r\nThe exemption mentioned is only established by an explicit provision in the arbitration agreement or in a separate agreement.",
                                    "position": 761,
                                    "article_number": "776-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2221,
                                    "body": "In absolute arbitration, the arbitrator or arbitrators are exempted from applying the rules of law and the procedures of ordinary litigation and judge according to equity. \r\nThis exemption excludes the rules of law related to public order and the fundamental principles of litigation procedures, especially those related to the right of defense and the reasoning of the judgment, as well as the rules specific to the arbitration system. \r\nAbsolute arbitration is only established by an explicit provision in the arbitration agreement or in a separate agreement.",
                                    "position": 762,
                                    "article_number": "777-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2222,
                                    "body": "The dispute is presented to the arbitrator or arbitrators by the parties jointly or by the one who is more urgent.",
                                    "position": 763,
                                    "article_number": "778-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2223,
                                    "body": "The investigation is conducted by the arbitrators collectively unless the arbitration contract allows them to delegate one of them for this purpose. \r\nThe arbitrators listen to the statements of third parties without administering an oath. \r\nThe arbitrators refer to the judge or the president of the competent court to hear the dispute in the absence of arbitration to carry out the following: \r\n1- Ruling on witnesses who fail to appear or refuse to answer with the penalties prescribed in this law.\r\n2- Issuing judicial delegations.",
                                    "position": 764,
                                    "article_number": "779-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2224,
                                    "body": "If one of the parties possesses evidence, the arbitrators may order its presentation.",
                                    "position": 765,
                                    "article_number": "780-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2225,
                                    "body": "Subject to any special agreement between the parties, the arbitration proceedings end: \r\n1- By the dismissal of the arbitrator, their death, the occurrence of an impediment preventing them from performing their duties, or their deprivation of civil rights. \r\n2- By the arbitrator's refusal or recusal from judging. \r\n3- By the expiration of the arbitration period.",
                                    "position": 766,
                                    "article_number": "781-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2226,
                                    "body": "The interruption of arbitration proceedings is subject to the provisions of articles 505 to 508.",
                                    "position": 767,
                                    "article_number": "782-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2227,
                                    "body": "Unless there is an opposing agreement, the arbitrator may decide on the incident of applying the line according to the provisions of articles 174 to 178.\r\nIf forgery is claimed regarding a document presented in the arbitration proceedings, the arbitrator must suspend the proceedings until the incident is resolved by a decision from the competent preliminary chamber to hear the dispute or the judge in the area competent to hear the dispute in the absence of arbitration. The arbitration period is suspended and does not resume until the arbitrators are notified of the decision issued in the incident.",
                                    "position": 768,
                                    "article_number": "783-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2228,
                                    "body": "If an incidental issue arises during arbitration that falls outside the jurisdiction of the arbitrators, or if a document is contested, or if criminal proceedings are initiated regarding its forgery or a criminal incident related to the dispute, the arbitrators suspend their work, and the period specified for the judgment is suspended until the arbitrators are notified of the final judgment issued in that incidental issue.",
                                    "position": 769,
                                    "article_number": "784-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2229,
                                    "body": "If one of the parties disputes before the arbitrator the principle or extent of the jurisdiction to hear the case presented to them, they have the authority to decide on this dispute.",
                                    "position": 770,
                                    "article_number": "785-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2230,
                                    "body": "Third-party intervention in the dispute before the arbitrators is not allowed unless the parties agree to it.",
                                    "position": 771,
                                    "article_number": "786-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2231,
                                    "body": "The arbitrator or arbitrators determine the date on which the case is considered under review or deliberation in preparation for issuing the decision. \r\nFrom this date, it is no longer permissible to submit any request, reason, observation, or document unless requested by the arbitrator or arbitrators.",
                                    "position": 772,
                                    "article_number": "787-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2232,
                                    "body": "In the case of multiple arbitrators, deliberation among them is conducted secretly, and the decision is issued unanimously or by majority.",
                                    "position": 773,
                                    "article_number": "788-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2233,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Law No. 440 dated 2002\/7\/29 \r\nArbitrators decide the dispute according to the rules specified in article 776 unless the parties authorize them in the arbitration contract to decide it as absolute arbitrators, in which case they apply the rules specified in article 777. \r\nThe arbitrator, in the context of an ongoing arbitration dispute, may order the taking of temporary or precautionary measures deemed necessary by the nature of the dispute according to article 589 of this law. \r\nThe arbitrator may issue interim decisions and may decide on part of the requests before issuing the final decision ending the dispute.\r\nText of article (789) before its amendment by Law No. 440 dated 2002\/7\/29:\r\nArbitrators decide the dispute according to the rules specified in article 776 unless the parties authorize them in the arbitration contract to decide it as absolute arbitrators, in which case they apply the rules specified in article 777.",
                                    "position": 774,
                                    "article_number": "789-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2234,
                                    "body": "The arbitration decision must include: \r\n1- The name of the arbitrator or the names of the arbitrators who issued it. \r\n2- The place and date of its issuance. \r\n3- The names, titles, and descriptions of the parties and their representatives. \r\n4- A summary of the facts, requests, and supporting evidence presented by the parties. \r\n5- The reasons for the decision and its operative part.",
                                    "position": 775,
                                    "article_number": "790-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2235,
                                    "body": "The arbitration decision is signed by the arbitrator or arbitrators who issued it. \r\nIf a minority of them refuse to sign, the other arbitrators indicate this, and the decision has the same effect as if signed by all of them.",
                                    "position": 776,
                                    "article_number": "791-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2236,
                                    "body": "Upon the issuance of the arbitration decision, the case is removed from the arbitrator's hands. \r\nHowever, the arbitrator retains the authority to interpret the decision, correct any errors or omissions, and complete it if it fails to address one of the requests. The provisions of articles 560 to 563 apply in this regard. \r\nHowever, the interpretation, correction, or completion of the decision by the arbitrator is only permissible within the period specified for deciding the dispute, and after this period, the court that would have jurisdiction in the absence of arbitration undertakes the interpretation, correction, or completion of the decision.",
                                    "position": 777,
                                    "article_number": "792-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2237,
                                    "body": "For the purpose of granting the enforceable form to the arbitration decision, the original of this decision must be deposited with the registry of the preliminary chamber referred to in article 770- paragraph 2, either by one of the arbitrators or the most urgent party. A copy of the arbitration agreement, certified as a true copy by the arbitrators or a competent official authority or the head of the registry after reviewing the original, must be attached to the original decision. The court clerk prepares a report of this deposit.",
                                    "position": 778,
                                    "article_number": "793-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2238,
                                    "body": "The arbitral award, from the moment it is issued, has the authority of res judicata concerning the dispute it resolved.",
                                    "position": 779,
                                    "article_number": "794-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2239,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree No. 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 and Law No. 440 dated 2002\/7\/29\nThe arbitral award is not enforceable except by an order on a petition issued by the president of the primary chamber where the original decision was deposited, based on a request from the concerned parties, after reviewing the decision and the arbitration agreement.\nIf the subject of the arbitration dispute falls under the jurisdiction of the administrative judiciary, the enforceable form is granted by the president of the State Council. In case of refusal, an objection can be made to his decision before the Council of Cases.\nThe dispute referred to in this paragraph is understood to be the dispute that may arise between the contracting parties in the administrative contract regarding the interpretation or execution of this contract, without requests for annulment due to exceeding the limit of authority, which remains exclusively within the competence of the administrative judiciary.\nText of Article (795) before its amendment by Law No. 440 dated 2002\/7\/29:\nThe arbitral award is not enforceable except by an order on a petition issued by the president of the primary chamber where the original decision was deposited, based on a request from the concerned parties, after reviewing the decision and the arbitration agreement.\nIf the subject of the arbitration dispute falls under the jurisdiction of the administrative judiciary, the enforceable form is granted by the president of the State Council. In case of refusal, an objection can be made to his decision before the Council of Cases.",
                                    "position": 780,
                                    "article_number": "795-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2240,
                                    "body": "The enforceable form is placed on the original arbitral award deposited and on the original submitted by the applicant for this form, and this latter original is returned to him immediately.\nThe decision refusing the enforceable form must include a statement of reasons, and the enforceable form may only be refused for one of the annulment reasons stipulated in Article 800.",
                                    "position": 781,
                                    "article_number": "796-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2241,
                                    "body": "The rules related to the expedited execution of judgments apply to arbitral awards. In the case of appeal or annulment proceedings, the president of the appellate chamber to which the appeal is submitted grants the enforceable form to the arbitral award associated with expedited execution. The Court of Appeal may decide on expedited execution in the cases and under the conditions specified in Article 575.",
                                    "position": 782,
                                    "article_number": "797-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2242,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23\nThe arbitral award is not subject to objection.\nThis decision may be challenged by a third-party objection before the competent court that would have jurisdiction over the case if not for the arbitration, taking into account the provisions of Article 681, paragraph 1.",
                                    "position": 783,
                                    "article_number": "798-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2243,
                                    "body": "The arbitral award is subject to appeal unless the parties have waived the right to appeal in the arbitration agreement.\nThe arbitral award issued by an absolute arbitrator is not subject to appeal unless the parties have expressly reserved the right to file this appeal in the arbitration agreement, in which case the Court of Appeal considers the case as an absolute arbitrator.",
                                    "position": 784,
                                    "article_number": "799-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2244,
                                    "body": "If the parties have waived the right to appeal or have not expressly reserved the right to appeal as indicated in the previous article, it remains possible for them to challenge the decision issued by the arbitrators by way of annulment despite any contrary agreement.\nThe challenge by way of annulment is only permissible in the following cases:\n1- The decision was issued without an arbitration agreement or based on a void or expired arbitration agreement.\n2- The decision was issued by arbitrators not appointed according to the law.\n3- The decision exceeded the time limit set for the arbitrator or arbitrators.\n4- The decision was issued without observing the right of defense for the parties.\n5- The decision does not include all its mandatory data related to the parties' claims, reasons, and supporting means, the names of the arbitrators, the reasons for the decision, its operative part, its date, and the signatures of the arbitrators on it.\n6- The decision violates a rule related to public order.",
                                    "position": 785,
                                    "article_number": "800-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2245,
                                    "body": "If the court to which the annulment challenge is submitted annuls the arbitral award, it considers the subject matter within the limits of the task assigned to the arbitrator, unless the parties agree otherwise.",
                                    "position": 786,
                                    "article_number": "801-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2246,
                                    "body": "The appeal and the challenge by way of annulment are submitted to the Court of Appeal within whose jurisdiction the arbitral award was issued.\nBoth the appeal and the challenge by way of annulment are permissible from the issuance of the contested decision, but they are not accepted if submitted after thirty days from the notification of the decision given the enforceable form.",
                                    "position": 787,
                                    "article_number": "802-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2247,
                                    "body": "Unless the arbitral award is expedited in execution, the time limit for both the appeal and the challenge by way of annulment suspends the execution of the decision, and the challenge submitted within the time limit also suspends its execution.",
                                    "position": 788,
                                    "article_number": "803-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2248,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree No. 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 and Law No. 529 dated 1996\/6\/20 and Law No. 440 dated 2002\/7\/29\nBoth the appeal and the challenge by way of annulment are submitted, investigated, and decided according to the rules and procedures established for litigation before the Court of Appeal.\nThe description given by the parties to the method of challenge when submitting it may be modified or clarified until the end of the challenge period.\nThe decision issued by the Court of Appeal in the cases mentioned in the first paragraph is not subject to challenge by objection and is subject to cassation according to general rules.\nSubject to the provisions of Article 5 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the arbitral award in absolute arbitration is not subject to cassation unless the Court of Appeal annuls the mentioned decision. In this case, cassation is limited to the reasons for annulment.\nText of Article (804) before its amendment by Law No. 440 dated 2002\/7\/29:\nBoth the appeal and the challenge by way of annulment are submitted, investigated, and decided according to the rules and procedures established for litigation before the Court of Appeal.\nThe description given by the parties to the method of challenge when submitting it may be modified or clarified until the end of the challenge period. The decision issued by the Court of Appeal in the cases mentioned in the first paragraph is subject to challenge by objection and cassation according to general rules.",
                                    "position": 789,
                                    "article_number": "804-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2249,
                                    "body": "The decision granting the enforceable form is not subject to any challenge.\nHowever, the appeal of the arbitral award or the challenge by way of its annulment implicitly, within the limits of the litigation before the Court of Appeal, constitutes a challenge to the decision of the enforceable form or a removal of the authority of the judge competent to issue it.",
                                    "position": 790,
                                    "article_number": "805-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2250,
                                    "body": "The decision refusing the enforceable form is subject to appeal within thirty days from the date of its notification. In this case, the Court of Appeal may, at the request of the parties, consider the reasons that these parties could have invoked against the arbitral award by way of appeal or annulment as appropriate.",
                                    "position": 791,
                                    "article_number": "806-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2251,
                                    "body": "The rejection of the appeal or the rejection of the challenge by way of annulment, in whole or in part, grants the enforceable form to the arbitral award or to its sections that were not annulled or invalidated.",
                                    "position": 792,
                                    "article_number": "807-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2252,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe arbitral award is subject to challenge by way of retrial for the reasons and under the conditions specified for challenging judgments in this manner. \r\nThis challenge is submitted to the Court of Appeal within whose jurisdiction the arbitral award was issued, and the decision issued by the Court of Appeal is subject to challenge by way of cassation and by way of third-party objection.",
                                    "position": 793,
                                    "article_number": "808-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Section",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 903,
                            "name": "International Arbitration",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Section",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 942,
                                    "name": "General Provisions",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2278,
                                            "body": "Arbitration related to international trade interests is considered international. \r\nThe state and other public legal entities have the right to resort to international arbitration.",
                                            "position": 794,
                                            "article_number": "809-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2279,
                                            "body": "The arbitration agreement may directly appoint the arbitrator or arbitrators, or refer to an arbitration system to determine the method of their appointment. \r\nIf there is any difficulty in appointing the arbitrator or arbitrators in arbitration taking place in Lebanon or where the Lebanese Code of Civil Procedure is applied, the more urgent party may, if there is no contrary clause, request the appointment by a decision issued by the President of the Preliminary Chamber according to the conditions specified in Article 774 whenever necessary. In the field of applying international arbitration rules, the Beirut Court replaces the court of the arbitration center located abroad.",
                                            "position": 795,
                                            "article_number": "810-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2280,
                                            "body": "The arbitration agreement may directly specify, or refer to an arbitration system, the procedures to be followed in the arbitration proceedings. It may also subject these proceedings to a specific procedural law determined in the agreement. \r\nIf there is no provision in the agreement, the arbitrator applies, as deemed appropriate, the procedures he finds suitable, either directly or by resorting to a specific law or an arbitration system.",
                                            "position": 796,
                                            "article_number": "811-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2281,
                                            "body": "When international arbitration is subject to Lebanese law, the provisions of Articles 762 to 792 do not apply unless there are no special agreements, and subject to the provisions of Articles 810 and 811.",
                                            "position": 797,
                                            "article_number": "812-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2282,
                                            "body": "The arbitrator resolves the dispute according to the legal rules chosen by the parties, or otherwise according to the rules he finds appropriate. In all these cases, he considers commercial customs. \r\nHe resolves the dispute as an absolute arbitrator if the parties' agreement specifies his task in this manner.",
                                            "position": 798,
                                            "article_number": "813-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Paragraph",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 945,
                                    "name": "Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards Issued Abroad or in International Arbitration",
                                    "number": "Second",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2292,
                                            "body": "Arbitral awards are recognized and given enforceable status if the person invoking them proves their existence and they are not clearly contrary to international public order. \r\nThe existence of the arbitral award is proven by presenting its original accompanied by the arbitration agreement or certified copies of these documents authenticated by the arbitrators or any competent authority. If these documents are in a foreign language, they must be translated by a sworn translator.",
                                            "position": 799,
                                            "article_number": "814-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2293,
                                            "body": "The provisions of Articles 793 to 797 apply to the arbitral award. \r\nIf the arbitration took place abroad, a certified copy of the arbitral award may be submitted for the purpose of registration and granting enforceable status.",
                                            "position": 800,
                                            "article_number": "815-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Paragraph",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 947,
                                    "name": "Methods of Appeal Against Arbitral Decisions Issued Abroad or in International Arbitration",
                                    "number": "Third",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2306,
                                            "body": "The decision that refuses to recognize an arbitral award issued abroad or in international arbitration or to grant it enforceability is subject to appeal.",
                                            "position": 801,
                                            "article_number": "816-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2307,
                                            "body": "The appeal of the decision granting recognition or enforceability is only permissible in the following cases: \r\n1- The decision was issued without an arbitration agreement or based on an invalid or expired arbitration agreement. \r\n2- The decision was issued by arbitrators not appointed according to the law. \r\n3- The decision exceeds the time limit set for the arbitrators. \r\n4- The decision was issued without observing the right of defense for the parties. \r\n5- The decision violates a rule related to international public order.",
                                            "position": 802,
                                            "article_number": "817-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2308,
                                            "body": "The appeal mentioned in the previous articles is not accepted after thirty days from the notification of the initial decision.",
                                            "position": 803,
                                            "article_number": "818-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2309,
                                            "body": "The international arbitral award issued in Lebanon is subject to annulment in the cases mentioned in Article 817.\r\nThe order granting enforceability to this decision is not subject to any appeal. However, the appeal of this latter decision by way of annulment implicitly includes, within the limits of the dispute before the Court of Appeal, an appeal of the enforceability decision or a removal of the jurisdiction of the judge competent to issue this decision. \r\nThe appeal is submitted to the Court of Appeal in whose jurisdiction the arbitral award was issued. \r\nThe appeal is permissible from the date of issuance of the decision. However, it is not accepted after thirty days from the date of notification of the decision granted enforceability.",
                                            "position": 804,
                                            "article_number": "819-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2310,
                                            "body": "Unless the arbitral award is immediately enforceable, the appeal period suspends its execution, and the execution is also suspended by the appeal submitted within the period.",
                                            "position": 805,
                                            "article_number": "820-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2311,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Law No. 440 dated 29\/7\/2002 \r\nArticles 804 new and 805 paragraph 2 apply to this section, excluding other articles related to methods of appeal in domestic arbitration.\r\nText of Article (821) before its amendment by Law No. 440 dated 29\/7\/2002:\r\nArticles 804 paragraph 1 and 805 paragraph 2 apply to this section, excluding other articles related to methods of appeal in domestic arbitration.",
                                            "position": 806,
                                            "article_number": "821-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Paragraph",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 1
                },
                {
                    "id": 904,
                    "name": "Actual Offer and Deposit.",
                    "number": "Second",
                    "articles": [
                        {
                            "id": 2313,
                            "body": "The debtor who wishes to discharge his obligation towards his creditor may offer to the latter, through the notary public, the item or amount he considers himself indebted with, and deposit it with the same notary public or, if it is a sum of money, deposit it through and in the name of the latter in an acceptable bank or in the treasury.\r\nIf the item offered cannot be transported to the notary public's office, the debtor offers the creditor to receive it at a specified location, and the notary public gives the necessary authorization for its delivery.\r\nThe notary public shall draft a report to document the offer and deposit, including a clear identification of the item offered and its location, and shall promptly notify the person to whom the offer is made with a copy.",
                            "position": 807,
                            "article_number": "822-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2314,
                            "body": "The creditor must take a stance by accepting or rejecting the offer, either by a statement recorded on the notification document or by a statement submitted to the notary public within forty-eight hours at most from the date of notification, and acceptance cannot be conditional or reserved. In case of rejection of the offer, the notary public must notify the debtor.\r\nIf the creditor declares acceptance of the offer, the notary public may deliver to him the item or amount deposited with or in his name or located at the place specified in the offer. If he does not claim it, he bears the risk of its loss, and the debtor is discharged from the debt.\r\nIf the creditor rejects the offer and the item offered is not in the possession of the notary public and can be transported, the debtor may request from the urgent matters judge within two days from the date of being notified of the creditor's rejection to authorize its deposit at the location designated by the judge. If the item is intended to remain where it is, the debtor may request the aforementioned judge to place it under custody.",
                            "position": 808,
                            "article_number": "823-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2315,
                            "body": "The debtor, under penalty of losing the effects of the offer and deposit, must file a lawsuit within ten days from the date of being notified of the creditor's rejection to prove the validity of the offer and deposit.\r\nThe creditor has ten days from the date of issuing his rejection to file a lawsuit to prove the invalidity of the offer and deposit.\r\nThe lawsuit filed to prove the validity or invalidity of the offer and deposit is submitted according to the rules established for filing lawsuits.\r\nThis lawsuit may be submitted as an incidental request in an original lawsuit according to the procedures related to incidental requests.",
                            "position": 809,
                            "article_number": "824-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2316,
                            "body": "The judgment declaring the validity of the offer and deposit announces the discharge of the debtor from the date of the offer and deposit, and from the date of deposit, the interest on the debt amount ceases to accrue, the debtor's liability for delay in payment is lifted, and the expenses and risks are transferred to the creditor.",
                            "position": 810,
                            "article_number": "825-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2317,
                            "body": "The debtor may make the offer in the session before the court without further procedures if the person to whom the offer is directed is present.\r\nThe court decides, upon rejection of the offer, to deposit the offered amount in the treasury in exchange for a receipt in its name. The clerk drafts a report documenting the deposit and what was mentioned in the session report regarding the offer and its rejection. If the item offered in the session is not money, the offeror must request the court to appoint a custodian for it. The judgment issued appointing the custodian is not subject to any appeal.\r\nThe offeror may immediately request a judgment declaring the validity of the offer.",
                            "position": 811,
                            "article_number": "826-"
                        }
                    ],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [],
                    "position": 2
                }
            ],
            "position": 2
        },
        {
            "id": 905,
            "name": "Execution",
            "number": "Third",
            "articles": [],
            "category": "Book",
            "children": [
                {
                    "id": 906,
                    "name": "General Provisions",
                    "number": "First",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 907,
                            "name": "The Execution Department and Its General Jurisdiction",
                            "number": "One",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 2336,
                                    "body": "A department for execution is linked to the Court of First Instance, headed by the single judge in the area to which it belongs. In the case of multiple single judges, it is headed by the one assigned this task. \r\nThe head of the execution department is assisted by one or more execution officers from the judicial assistants. \r\nThe term \"execution department\" replaces the term \"enforcement department\" in any text where it appears.",
                                    "position": 812,
                                    "article_number": "827-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2337,
                                    "body": "The execution department is responsible for executing judgments, decisions, and orders issued by courts of all kinds that include obligations requiring execution by taking measures on assets or persons, official documents, and other documents that the law permits to be executed, and for ordering precautionary seizures, while observing the provisions of laws that assign such tasks to other authorities.\r\nRegarding judgments issued by criminal courts, execution is limited to personal rights. \r\nIf the judgment is enforceable in its original form, it may be executed either by the court's registry that issued it or by the execution department.",
                                    "position": 813,
                                    "article_number": "828-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2338,
                                    "body": "Except where a contrary provision exists, the head of the execution department is competent to issue decisions and orders related to execution, and is exclusively competent to resolve the substance of issues related to execution procedures, making decisions on them promptly.\r\nThe head of the execution department may decide, according to the procedures followed in urgent matters, to suspend execution and require the party raising a non-procedural issue to refer to the court of substance within a deadline set for them, under penalty of continuing execution if the referral is not made within the deadline. Based on a lawsuit filed by the debtor of a monetary debt against the creditor within the warning period, aiming to grant them time for payment, the head may decide, according to the conditions outlined in Articles 538 and 539, to grant the debtor a period not exceeding six months without preventing precautionary measures from being taken. \r\nIn all cases, the head of the execution department may temporarily suspend execution with or without a guarantee, even without summoning the opponent, until a decision is issued.",
                                    "position": 814,
                                    "article_number": "829-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2339,
                                    "body": "Jurisdiction for executing judicial judgments, decisions, and orders lies with the department located at the center of the Court of First Instance that heard the adjudicated case, or at the center of the Court of Appeal if the judgment was issued by this court or its president in a case filed directly with either. \r\nJurisdiction for executing foreign judgments and Lebanese or foreign arbitration decisions lies with the department competent to execute court judgments issued by its president's decision of enforceability. \r\nJurisdiction for executing official and ordinary written documents and other directly executable papers lies with the department to which the actual or chosen domicile of the debtor belongs, or their residence if they have no domicile, or the domicile of one of the multiple debtors, or the place designated for fulfilling the obligation, unless execution concerns movable or immovable property, in which case jurisdiction lies with the execution department in the area where the property is located. In the case of multiple properties in different locations, jurisdiction lies with the department in the area where one of these properties is located. \r\nThe provisions of this article apply to precautionary seizures.",
                                    "position": 815,
                                    "article_number": "830-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2340,
                                    "body": "If the assets to be executed upon, or some of them, are located outside the area of the department requested to execute, it must delegate the department in whose area the assets are located to carry out the execution tasks and deposit the collected assets.",
                                    "position": 816,
                                    "article_number": "831-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2341,
                                    "body": "The execution officer, under the supervision of the head of the department, performs all necessary execution tasks, especially the following: \r\n1- Receiving petitions and documents, registering them in the records with sequential numbers, and providing the submitter with a receipt without a stamp, organizing a file for each case, and a report in which transactions and the president's decisions are recorded, and this report is signed.\r\n2- Collecting amounts paid in settlement of the debt and depositing them in the treasury fund and distributing them, and collecting amounts obtained from the sale of seized assets and depositing them in an acceptable bank according to the president's decision and distributing them. \r\nThe execution officer may, when necessary, seek the assistance of public force directly or through the department's presidency or the public prosecution. They may place seals without prior authorization from their superior.",
                                    "position": 817,
                                    "article_number": "832-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2342,
                                    "body": "Anyone who unlawfully resists the execution officer after being informed of their official capacity is subject to the penalty stipulated in Article 379 of the Penal Code.",
                                    "position": 818,
                                    "article_number": "833-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2343,
                                    "body": "Employees of execution departments are prohibited, under penalty of the punishment stipulated in Article 364 of the Penal Code, from purchasing themselves or through intermediaries or on behalf of others, assets offered at public auction or seized by the department to which they belong.",
                                    "position": 819,
                                    "article_number": "834-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 908,
                            "name": "General Rules in Execution",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 2353,
                                    "body": "Forced execution is not permitted except with an enforceable instrument. Enforceable instruments are judgments, decisions, judicial orders, enforceable arbitration awards, official and ordinary documents, and other papers that the law considers directly enforceable.",
                                    "position": 820,
                                    "article_number": "835-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2354,
                                    "body": "Subject to the provisions of expedited execution, a judgment is not subject to forced execution unless it has the finality status as defined in Article 553.",
                                    "position": 821,
                                    "article_number": "836-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2355,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe execution request is submitted with a petition deposited at the execution office and includes the name of the applicant for execution, their surname, domicile, and capacity, as well as the name of the person against whom execution is sought, their surname, domicile, and capacity, along with a statement of the instrument to be executed, the amount of the debt or the nature of the obligation, and the assets to be seized. The instrument to be executed must be attached to the request. \r\nThe petition must also include the designation of a chosen domicile for the applicant for execution within the jurisdiction of the execution office if they do not have a domicile there.\r\nIf the applicant for execution does not designate a chosen domicile in the petition in the aforementioned case, the office of the execution department is considered their chosen domicile, and notifications related to them are then made to the head of the execution department, and a copy of the document to be notified is posted on the notice board at the department's door. \r\nAny objection to the execution must include the designation of a chosen domicile for the objector within the jurisdiction of the execution office if they do not have a domicile there, otherwise, the provisions of the previous paragraph must be followed.\r\nThe person against whom execution is sought, who does not have a domicile within the jurisdiction of the execution office, must designate a chosen domicile in that jurisdiction by a declaration recorded on the document notifying them of the execution request or procedural warning, or submit it to the execution officer within the warning period, otherwise, the provisions of the third paragraph of this article apply. \r\nIf the applicant for execution or the person against whom execution is sought is represented by a lawyer, their office is considered their chosen domicile, and they may be notified there wherever this office is located. \r\nThe previous rules apply whether the execution is requested by the creditor or by the debtor voluntarily.",
                                    "position": 822,
                                    "article_number": "837-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2356,
                                    "body": "The instrument to be executed must be notified to the person against whom execution is sought, personally or at their domicile, with a warning for voluntary execution within a maximum period of five days. Notification of the instrument is dispensed with if it has been previously notified to the person against whom execution is sought. The enforceable judgment is executed on its original without warning.",
                                    "position": 823,
                                    "article_number": "838-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2357,
                                    "body": "If the execution of the judgment or instrument is contingent upon fulfilling an obligation or providing a guarantor, the applicant for execution must attach to their petition the documents proving the fulfillment of the obligation or the provision of the guarantee. Instead of a guarantee, a sum of money, securities, or guarantees acceptable to the judge may be deposited, or the applicant for execution may accept the deposit of the execution proceeds with an acceptable bank or the delivery of the adjudicated item to a custodian. The opponent may dispute before the execution office against the applicant for execution regarding the solvency of the guarantor or custodian or the sufficiency of the deposited money and provided guarantees, and the decision issued in this regard is not subject to any appeal.",
                                    "position": 824,
                                    "article_number": "839-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2358,
                                    "body": "Creditors of the person against whom execution is sought, if their debt meets the legal conditions for execution, have the right to participate in the execution seizure proceedings on movable or immovable property according to the rules stipulated in this law. \r\nAnyone who legally or contractually replaces the creditor in their right takes their place in the execution procedures taken.",
                                    "position": 825,
                                    "article_number": "840-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2359,
                                    "body": "If the debtor dies or loses capacity or the legal representative's status is removed before submitting the execution request, execution is not permitted against their heirs or successors except after five days from the date of notifying them of the enforceable instrument. \r\nAfter submitting the execution request, the provisions of Articles 505 to 508 apply.",
                                    "position": 826,
                                    "article_number": "841-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2360,
                                    "body": "If the creditor or debtor dies and a dispute arises regarding the status of the heirs or it is impossible to appoint them, the head of the execution office may, upon the request of the claimant of inheritance or the interested party, impose a precautionary seizure and appoint a representative for the heirs.",
                                    "position": 827,
                                    "article_number": "842-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2361,
                                    "body": "If a full year passes without the applicant for execution or one of the participants in the execution proceedings taking action to follow it up, these proceedings are nullified by a decision made by the head of the execution office upon the request of one of the parties involved or automatically, after notifying the parties to submit their comments within a five-day period, unless a decision to suspend execution has been issued or a legal obstacle has prevented the continuation of the execution proceedings. \r\nThis nullification results in the invalidation of the execution request and subsequent procedures unless their effects have been exhausted. The nullification does not eliminate the effect of interrupting the statute of limitations.",
                                    "position": 828,
                                    "article_number": "843-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2362,
                                    "body": "The provisions of Articles 10 and 11 of this law apply to the applicant for execution and the objector to this execution if they are abusive in their request or objection.",
                                    "position": 829,
                                    "article_number": "844-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2363,
                                    "body": "In principle, the rules of execution for a monetary debt apply to execution under a specific obligation. The judgment issued for the custody, preservation, or delivery of a minor to the guardian may be executed forcibly, even if it requires the use of force and entering the home. It may be re-executed whenever necessary.",
                                    "position": 830,
                                    "article_number": "845-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2364,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\nParties in execution must seek the assistance of a lawyer in cases exceeding the value of one million Lebanese pounds.",
                                    "position": 831,
                                    "article_number": "846-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 2
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 909,
                            "name": "Execution of Written Instruments and Commitments",
                            "number": "Third",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 2365,
                                    "body": "Every creditor with a personal or real right arising from a contract or commitment proven by an official or ordinary document may request the execution of this document against their debtor directly through the competent execution department.\r\nThe enforceable official document is the original document or the first copy identical to the original. In case of loss of the first copy, the judge of urgent matters decides on the request to issue a second enforceable copy after duly summoning the parties.",
                                    "position": 832,
                                    "article_number": "847-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2366,
                                    "body": "The execution request is submitted to the execution department with jurisdiction according to the third paragraph of Article 830.",
                                    "position": 833,
                                    "article_number": "848-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2367,
                                    "body": "A copy of the execution request related to a real property right is notified to the real estate registry office through the assistant office for registration in the real estate register. The copy may be delivered to the execution requester for deposit with this reference.\r\nThe real estate registrar must notify the execution department without delay of the registration or any obstacle preventing it.",
                                    "position": 834,
                                    "article_number": "849-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2368,
                                    "body": "The execution department notifies the executed against party with a copy of the execution request and the document to be executed, warning them to fulfill within ten days or to submit their objection to the execution within this period before the competent court. Upon the expiration of this period without submitting the objection, the document becomes unchallengeable except for the reason of total or partial absence of the right.\r\nThis last appeal does not stop the execution unless it is based on forgery.\r\nIf forgery of the document is claimed before the criminal courts, the head of the execution department decides to suspend the execution until the claim is resolved by a final decision. If forgery is claimed before the civil court, this court decides on the request to suspend the execution, and its decision is notified to the execution department for implementation.\r\nThe first paragraph of this article must be included in the notification document under penalty of nullity of this notification.",
                                    "position": 835,
                                    "article_number": "850-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2369,
                                    "body": "The executed against party may object to the execution within the ten-day period mentioned in the previous article by submitting a summons to the competent court in the area where the execution department is located. They must attach any documents they have to their summons.",
                                    "position": 836,
                                    "article_number": "851-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2370,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20\r\nThe court clerk notifies the execution department with a copy of the summons containing the objection to the execution on the day it is submitted. The objection does not stop the execution of debt documents, but the court may suspend this execution or condition it on a guarantee if it finds that the objection is based on serious grounds.\r\nIf the subject of the execution is not a debt document, the objection to it suspends the execution until the first instance court issues a judgment dismissing it.\r\nIn all cases, the objection or suspension of execution does not prevent taking precautionary measures to preserve the right of the execution requester.\r\nThe judgment dismissing the objection to the execution or determining the execution requester's right in a specific manner is enforceable immediately and executed on its original. However, the court may condition its execution on providing a guarantee it specifies.\r\nHalf of the proportional fee due on the execution of judicial judgments and official documents is collected for the execution of debt documents.\r\nThe provisions of this article, as amended by this law, apply only to execution requests submitted after its enactment, and previously submitted requests remain subject to the legal provisions in force at the time of their submission.",
                                    "position": 837,
                                    "article_number": "852-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2371,
                                    "body": "If the executed against party does not object to the execution or explicitly declares that they do not object to it, they are exempt from the non-urgent portion of the judicial fees, and the execution is carried out without collecting this portion from the execution requester.",
                                    "position": 838,
                                    "article_number": "853-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2372,
                                    "body": "If the objection only concerns part of the claimed right, the execution continues for the other part.",
                                    "position": 839,
                                    "article_number": "854-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2373,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\nBoth the objector to the execution and the execution requester must be represented by a lawyer before the court unless the subject of the dispute has a specific value not exceeding one million Lebanese pounds.",
                                    "position": 840,
                                    "article_number": "855-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2374,
                                    "body": "Appeals against judgments in execution objections that are appealable must be filed within ten days from the date of their issuance if the parties are informed of this date, without the need to submit a copy of them.",
                                    "position": 841,
                                    "article_number": "856-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 3
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 910,
                            "name": "Subject of Execution and What Cannot Be Seized",
                            "number": "Fourth",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 2391,
                                    "body": "The debtor may, at any stage of the proceedings before the sale takes place, deposit an amount of money equal to the debt of the creditors and participants in the seizure, including interest and expenses. This deposit results in the removal of the seizure from the seized assets and its transfer to the deposited amount, which is allocated to satisfy the debt of the creditors and participants exclusively.",
                                    "position": 842,
                                    "article_number": "857-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2392,
                                    "body": "A creditor with a right of privilege, mortgage, or insurance on one or some of the debtor's assets is not obliged to first execute on these assets.",
                                    "position": 843,
                                    "article_number": "858-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2393,
                                    "body": "If the value of the debt for which the precautionary seizure was made is less than the value of the seized assets, the debtor may request the head of the execution department to limit the seizure to some of these assets, provided that their value is not less than twice the value of the debt for which the seizure was made. This is done through a lawsuit filed according to the procedures prescribed for urgent cases, involving all the seizing creditors. \r\nThe seizing creditors have priority in satisfying their rights from the assets on which the seizure is limited. If the seizure relates to real estate, the decision to limit the seizure must be registered in the real estate registry to confirm the mentioned priority right.",
                                    "position": 844,
                                    "article_number": "859-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2394,
                                    "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree No. 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 and Legislative Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7\r\nand Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\nSeizure cannot be imposed on assets that the law prohibits from being seized and on the following assets: \r\n1- State assets and other public legal entities. \r\n2- Foreign state assets, except those subject to private law dealings. \r\n3- Rights inherent to the debtor's person. \r\n4- Private correspondence. \r\n5- The author's right to his works and artistic effects before their publication, and his right to republish, translate, or present them in a new form. \r\n6- Endowment property. \r\n7- Easement rights and accessory real rights if requested to be seized independently of the related property. \r\n8- Items prepared for clothing and necessary bedding for the debtor and his family. \r\n9- Items necessary for the debtor to perform his religious duty. \r\n10- Items prepared for consumption, fuel, and types of income necessary for the debtor and his family's sustenance for two months, and what the farmer's land needs in terms of seed grains for the season. \r\n11- Tools specific to the debtor's work, and books necessary for his profession, not exceeding a value of two million Lebanese pounds. The debtor retains the right to choose what to keep. \r\n12- Machines and tools used for education and the application of sciences and arts or their practice within the limits and conditions specified in the previous clause. \r\n13- One cow or six sheep or ten goats and the materials necessary to feed them for two months for those who use them for their craft or work. \r\n14- Items or amounts determined by the judiciary for alimony or for a specific purpose. \r\n15- Family compensation, cost of living compensation, and amounts granted to employees, workers, and servants as aid. \r\n16- Severance compensation for public sector employees and their retirement pensions, provided that they may be seized up to half for a state debt or food alimony established by a judgment, with food alimony taking precedence over state debt. \r\n17- Amounts or funds gifted or bequeathed with a stipulation of non-seizure or non-assignment. The period of seizure prevention for these amounts or funds is determined to be ten years from the date the gifted or bequeathed person takes possession, and only creditors who become creditors after the mentioned period have the right to seize the mentioned funds or amounts. \r\n18- The debt that constitutes a provision for a commercial paper in circulation. \r\n19- Canceled. \r\n20- The entire commercial establishment and its intangible elements without prejudice to the provisions of bankruptcy and Legislative Decree No. 11 issued on July 11, 1967. However, its tangible elements may be seized through executive seizure. \r\nThe provisions of the Banking Secrecy Law are observed.",
                                    "position": 845,
                                    "article_number": "860-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2395,
                                    "body": "The provisions of the previous article do not apply concerning paragraphs 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 to the creditor claiming the price of the items mentioned in these paragraphs and in the possession of the debtor or for their maintenance expenses, nor to the creditor whose debt arose from providing foodstuffs.",
                                    "position": 846,
                                    "article_number": "861-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2396,
                                    "body": "If the execution officer finds promissory notes or bills of exchange belonging to the debtor during the seizure, he shall take possession of them and collect their value. If their maturity date is distant, the head of the execution department orders their sale at public auction and allows the buyer to collect their value.",
                                    "position": 847,
                                    "article_number": "862-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2397,
                                    "body": "Subject to the provisions of Article 15 of Legislative Decree No. 25 issued on May 4, 1943, concerning work emergencies, and Article 57 of the Social Security Law issued on September 26, 1963, wages and retirement pensions of employees, workers, and servants, and salaries of public sector employees may only be seized according to the following percentages: \r\n1- One-tenth of what does not exceed the official minimum wage. \r\n2- One-fifth of what exceeds this limit and does not exceed three times it. \r\n3- One-third of what exceeds three times it and does not exceed six times it. \r\n4- Half of what exceeds six times it and does not exceed nine times it. \r\n5- The full amount of what exceeds nine times it. \r\nThe original salary, wage, or retirement pension considered for determining the seizable value includes any amount exceeding this salary as a supplement, such as bonuses and other increases. \r\nSeverance compensation for employees, workers, and servants may only be seized according to the aforementioned percentages, provided that the official minimum wage is calculated on an annual basis.",
                                    "position": 848,
                                    "article_number": "863-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2398,
                                    "body": "Subject to the provisions of clause 5 of the previous article, wages and retirement pensions of employees, workers, and servants, their severance compensations, and salaries of public sector employees may be seized up to half in the following cases: \r\n1- For a state debt. \r\n2- For the price of foodstuffs. \r\n3- For alimony debt.",
                                    "position": 849,
                                    "article_number": "864-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2399,
                                    "body": "Assignment is only permissible for another part of the salaries, wages, retirement pensions, and severance compensations mentioned in the previous articles equivalent to the seizable part.",
                                    "position": 850,
                                    "article_number": "865-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 4
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 1
                },
                {
                    "id": 911,
                    "name": "Provisional Seizure",
                    "number": "Second",
                    "articles": [
                        {
                            "id": 2400,
                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe creditor may request the head of the execution department to authorize the imposition of a precautionary seizure on the debtor's assets to secure his debt. However, this seizure is not permissible for a debt that is not due or conditional on an unfulfilled condition, except in the cases specified in Article 111 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts. \r\nIf the debt is not evidenced by a document, the head of the execution department may decide to impose a precautionary seizure whenever there is evidence suggesting the existence of this debt.",
                            "position": 851,
                            "article_number": "866-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2401,
                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe request for seizure is submitted with a petition accompanied by the debt documents and other necessary documents.\r\nIf the debt is not specified in amount, the head of the execution department must temporarily estimate it, adding to the principal debt the due interest, one year's interest not yet due, and the expected fees and expenses.",
                            "position": 852,
                            "article_number": "867-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2402,
                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe head of the execution department issues a decision to seize, reject, or restrict it with a guarantee or temporary estimation of the debt without prior warning to the debtor. \r\nThe decision rejecting the seizure request is subject to appeal within the deadline and according to the procedures related to orders on petitions. As for the decision to impose the seizure and the temporary estimation of the debt, it can be appealed before the judge who issued it within five days from the date of notification, and this appeal is considered according to the procedures followed in urgent matters.",
                            "position": 853,
                            "article_number": "868-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2403,
                            "body": "The execution officer carries out the necessary actions and procedures to impose the seizure on the assets decided to be seized and notifies the seizure decision to the real estate registry office through the assistant office if it concerns real estate, or to the competent official departments for keeping the records of the seized assets or documenting the transactions related to them, as well as notifying the seizure decision to the debtor after the seizure is imposed.\r\nThe procedures applicable to the seizure of movable property are applied to the precautionary seizure of movables, and the procedures applicable to the seizure of real estate are applied to the precautionary seizure of real estate, except for those that do not align with the nature and purpose of the precautionary seizure.",
                            "position": 854,
                            "article_number": "869-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2404,
                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe seizure is nullified if the seizing party does not submit a request to execute his executive document or a claim to the competent court to rule in his favor for the debt causing the seizure, within five days from the date of the seizure decision, unless this request or claim has been previously submitted. The seizing party must prove that he has done so within five days from the date of receiving a written notification from the execution department, otherwise, the head of the execution department will automatically declare the nullification of the seizure. \r\nHowever, it is permissible to submit a request to execute a non-due debt document to prevent the nullification of the seizure, provided that execution procedures are not initiated before maturity. \r\nA copy of the request to execute the document or the claim mentioned in the first paragraph is notified to all departments to which the seizure decision was notified. The notification is carried out at the request of the seizing party through the execution department or the court clerk, as appropriate. \r\nThe execution department notifies the decision of the nullification of the seizure to all departments to which the seizure decision was notified to delete its annotation.",
                            "position": 855,
                            "article_number": "870-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2405,
                            "body": "The precautionary seizure is converted into an executive seizure upon the issuance of an enforceable judgment proving the creditor's right, and if the seizure is based on a document or paper directly enforceable, it is not converted until the expiration of the warning period without objection to the execution.",
                            "position": 856,
                            "article_number": "871-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2406,
                            "body": "The executive seizure proceedings take their normal course at the request of the seizing party without the need for a new seizure, and the head of the execution department declares the conversion of the precautionary seizure into an executive seizure, and the execution officer notifies this conversion to the real estate registry office if the seized asset is real estate or to the competent department if it is an item subject to registration with this department.",
                            "position": 857,
                            "article_number": "872-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2407,
                            "body": "The person whose assets are seized may request the head of the execution department, in confrontation with the seizing party, to lift the seizure if he provides a guarantee that ensures the creditor's right equivalent to the value of the debt causing the seizure and its accessories. \r\nThe head of the execution department estimates the nature and amount of this guarantee.",
                            "position": 858,
                            "article_number": "873-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2408,
                            "body": "The seizure can be lifted at the request of the seizing party without the need to notify and summon the person whose assets are seized.",
                            "position": 859,
                            "article_number": "874-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2409,
                            "body": "Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20 \r\nThe precautionary seizure on movables prevents the person whose assets are seized from disposing of the property in a manner transferring ownership or arranging any rights on it.\r\nIf the seized asset is real estate or movable, its records are preserved, and the transactions related to it are documented in the official departments. The person whose assets are seized can dispose of it or arrange any rights on it and divide it, provided that the new owner or the right acquirer bears the consequences of this seizure and the results of the main lawsuit related to the debt causing the seizure. In all cases, the exploitation of the seized asset and the enjoyment of its yield remain with the person whose assets are seized unless the head of the execution department appoints a judicial custodian for this asset.",
                            "position": 860,
                            "article_number": "875-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2410,
                            "body": "If the assets seized as a precaution are in the possession of a third party, the officer executing the seizure delivers to this person a copy of the seizure decision and a copy of the report related to the seizure of the assets in his possession.",
                            "position": 861,
                            "article_number": "876-"
                        }
                    ],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [],
                    "position": 2
                },
                {
                    "id": 912,
                    "name": "Sequestration of Entitlement",
                    "number": "Third",
                    "articles": [
                        {
                            "id": 2548,
                            "body": "Anyone with a right of privilege or pursuit over movable property may request from the head of the enforcement department where those items are located to authorize the imposition of a claim seizure on them.",
                            "position": 862,
                            "article_number": "877-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2549,
                            "body": "In cases where the true owner is legally entitled to claim ownership of movable property from the possessor, that owner may request authorization to impose a claim seizure on it.",
                            "position": 863,
                            "article_number": "878-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2550,
                            "body": "The rules applicable to precautionary seizure are followed in claim seizure, but it cannot be lifted in exchange for a guarantee.",
                            "position": 864,
                            "article_number": "879-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2551,
                            "body": "The judgment establishing the right includes a ruling to return the seized item to its true owner or to the place where it should be.",
                            "position": 865,
                            "article_number": "880-"
                        }
                    ],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [],
                    "position": 3
                },
                {
                    "id": 913,
                    "name": "Seizure with a Third Party",
                    "number": "Fourth",
                    "articles": [
                        {
                            "id": 2552,
                            "body": "Every creditor has the right to request from the head of the execution department to seize what belongs to his debtor with a third party from the following funds: \r\n1- Monetary amounts and debts, even if deferred or conditional. \r\n2- Securities priced or priceable on the stock exchange and issued in the form of shares or nominal or mixed bonds, and revenues and profit shares in companies. \r\n3- Shares in companies even before their dissolution, regardless of the contrary provisions in Article 909 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts and the preemptive rights of purchase belonging to the company and other partners, provided that the provisions of Article 897, paragraph 3 of the present law are observed. \r\n4- Fungible items and movable property.",
                            "position": 866,
                            "article_number": "881-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2553,
                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe request for seizure is submitted with a petition accompanied by debt documents and other necessary documents. \r\n- If the debt for which precautionary seizure is requested with a third party is not secured by a document, the head of the execution department may decide to impose this seizure whenever he has evidence suggesting the existence of the mentioned debt. However, this seizure is not permissible to secure a debt that is not due or conditional on an unfulfilled condition except in the cases specified in Article 111 of the Code of Obligations and Contracts.",
                            "position": 867,
                            "article_number": "882-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2554,
                            "body": "A creditor whose liability is occupied by a debt in favor of his debtor may request the seizure of this debt under his hand unless it has been settled by way of set-off. This is done by notifying the seizure to the seized party. \r\nThe head of the execution department, upon a request submitted by the seized party or any interested party facing the seizer, may order the latter to deposit the money in the department's treasury or an acceptable bank within a specified period. If not deposited within this period, the seizure is automatically annulled and its annulment is declared by a decision from the head of the department upon a request submitted by the depositor facing the seizer. \r\nThe head of the execution department considers each of the mentioned requests according to the procedures followed in urgent matters.",
                            "position": 868,
                            "article_number": "883-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2555,
                            "body": "If the debt causing the seizure is not of a specified amount, the head of the execution department must estimate its value temporarily, provided that the principal debt includes the due interest, one year's interest not yet due, and the expected fees and expenses.",
                            "position": 869,
                            "article_number": "884-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2556,
                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe head of the execution department issues a decision for precautionary seizure with a third party or its rejection or its restriction with a guarantee or the temporary estimation of the debt without prior warning to the debtor. \r\nThe decision rejecting the seizure request is subject to appeal within the deadlines and according to the procedures related to orders on petitions. As for the decision imposing the seizure and the temporary estimation of the debt, it is subject to appeal before the judge who issued it within five days from the date of its notification. This appeal is considered according to the procedures followed in urgent matters. \r\nThe provisions of Articles 873 and 874 apply to the seizure with a third party in its precautionary stage.",
                            "position": 870,
                            "article_number": "885-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2557,
                            "body": "The seizure covers every debt that arises for the debtor in the liability of the seized party until the time of his declaration of what is in his liability unless the seizure is specific to a certain debt or a debt due periodically. \r\nIf the seized party has several branches, the seizure only applies to the branch specified by the seizer, and if the seizer does not specify a particular branch for the seized party, the seizure automatically applies to the main office located in Lebanon and its branches therein, and the notification is made in this case to the main office.",
                            "position": 871,
                            "article_number": "886-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2558,
                            "body": "Subject to the provisions of the Banking Secrecy Law, no element of the current account may be seized independently, but the balance may be seized, and the notification of the seizure to the seized party results in the suspension and liquidation of the account, for the purpose of executing the seizure, based on previous transactions even if they have not been recorded in it.",
                            "position": 872,
                            "article_number": "887-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2559,
                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe seizure decision and its documents are notified without delay to the seized party, requiring him to declare within five days what is in his liability of money or debt by stating the items and the amount of the debt or its balance, its cause and conditions, the transfers that occurred regarding it, and the seizures imposed on it. The text of Article 890 is included in the notification document. \r\nThe seizure decision and its documents are not notified to the seized party until after the notification reaches the seized party. The notification must be sent to the seized party within a maximum period of five days from the date of receipt of the notification document by the seized party. \r\nIn the case of the seized party or the seized party residing outside Lebanon, the notification is made to him according to the provisions of Article 413.",
                            "position": 873,
                            "article_number": "888-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2560,
                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe seized party submits his declaration in response to the seizure decision, recording it on the notification memorandum or the seizure report, or submitting it by petition or sending it by registered letter with acknowledgment of receipt within five days of the notification. \r\nThe seized party must submit an additional declaration of any subsequent seizure or transfers on the debt after the first declaration and any destruction of the property within five days from the date of his notification of the seizure or transfer or the occurrence of the destruction incident. \r\nThe execution officer must notify the seizer without delay of the content of the declaration submitted by the seized party to enable him to dispute it if necessary. \r\nThe original and additional declarations are exempt from any fee or financial stamp.",
                            "position": 874,
                            "article_number": "889-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2561,
                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nIf the seized party does not send the original declaration within the specified period, he becomes liable to the seizer for the amount that was the reason for the seizure unless he presents an excuse worthy of acceptance as determined by the court. \r\nIf the seizer estimates the amount of the seized party's debt, the latter is only liable for what the seizer has determined.",
                            "position": 875,
                            "article_number": "890-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2562,
                            "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\nAny seizer or seized party may dispute the validity of the seized party's declaration by summoning him before the competent court according to general rules.\r\nIf it appears that the seized party acted in bad faith, he shall be fined from ten thousand to two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds, preserving the right of the seizer to compensation for the damage caused by this conduct due to the delay and expenses incurred. \r\nIf the disputed declaration relates to movable property, the execution officer, based on the president's authorization, may enter the location of those items and seize them. If the seized party hides them or attempts to hide them in bad faith, he is subject to the penalty for embezzlement and destruction of seized property.",
                            "position": 876,
                            "article_number": "891-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2563,
                            "body": "The seizure entails: \r\n1- The detention of the seized property in its entirety under the control of the garnishee from the date of notification of the seizure, preventing the latter from delivering or paying it to the debtor or offsetting it against the debt. \r\n2- Preventing the debtor from receiving the asset or collecting the debt, or from waiving it, reducing its value, granting a grace period to his debtor, or disposing of the seized property to the detriment of the seizing party. \r\n3- Considering the garnishee as the custodian of the seized asset. \r\nThe seizure does not stop the accrual of interest on the garnishee, but the accrual of this interest stops upon deposit. \r\nIf the seizure is on a nominal bond, it prevents the disposal of the principal, interest, and returns.",
                            "position": 877,
                            "article_number": "892-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2564,
                            "body": "The head of the execution department may, upon the request of the debtor, decide according to the procedures followed in urgent matters to limit the seizure to a part of the seized property sufficient to settle the debt. \r\nThe seizing party has a privilege on the part where the seizure is limited, and the debtor may collect the other part from his debtor.",
                            "position": 878,
                            "article_number": "893-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2565,
                            "body": "The garnishee may voluntarily deposit the seized funds with the department's treasury or an acceptable bank even if the dispute over the seizing party's debt is ongoing. The seizure remains on the deposited funds and amounts. \r\nThe head of the execution department, upon a request from the seizing party or the debtor against the garnishee, may order the latter, following the procedures in urgent matters, to deposit the seized funds in the department's treasury or an acceptable bank within a specified period. If the garnishee fails to deposit within the specified period, both the seizing party and the debtor may take precautionary measures on the garnishee's funds to protect their rights. \r\nThe execution officer must inform the seizing party and the debtor of the deposit within five days.",
                            "position": 879,
                            "article_number": "894-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2566,
                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe provisional seizure with a third party is nullified if the seizing party does not submit a request to execute his executive document or a claim to the competent court to rule on his debt, which is the reason for the seizure, within five days from the date of notification by the execution department upon the debtor's request, notifying the garnishee of the seizure decision, unless he has previously submitted such a request or claim. The seizing party must prove that he has done so within five days from the date of receiving a letter in this regard from the execution department, otherwise, the head of the execution department will automatically declare the nullification of the seizure. \r\nHowever, it is permissible to submit a request to execute a non-due debt document to prevent the nullification of the seizure, provided that execution procedures are not initiated before maturity. \r\nThe execution department notifies the third party of the decision to nullify the seizure. \r\nThe provisions regarding the conversion of a provisional seizure into an executive seizure, as stipulated in articles 871 and 872, apply to the seizure with a third party.",
                            "position": 880,
                            "article_number": "895-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2567,
                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe garnishee, upon an order decided by the head of the execution department in the execution phase and within a maximum period of five days, must deliver to this department, considering the provisions of article 890, what he has acknowledged, or what satisfies the seizing party's debt and the value of expenses if the declared amount exceeds them or if the garnishee neglected to declare and did not obtain a decision accepting his excuse, or what the court ruled in the declaration dispute. He may deduct the expenses he incurred as estimated by the head of the execution department. \r\nThe garnishee must accompany the delivery with a detailed statement of the seizures and assignments on the seized funds. \r\nThe seizing party, in case the garnishee fails to deliver according to the provisions of the previous paragraph, may execute on the garnishee's funds in the same execution process without needing to obtain an executive document against him. \r\nAfter the execution department deducts the transaction expenses, it distributes the remaining funds received from the garnishee to the appearing seizing parties up to the date of the order mentioned in the first paragraph, then delivers the balance to the debtor if there are no other seizing parties who appeared after the mentioned date, and if the amount is insufficient to satisfy the appearing seizing parties up to the date of the previously mentioned order, proportional distribution is conducted. Preference rights and the provisions of articles 898 and 899 are observed.",
                            "position": 881,
                            "article_number": "896-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2568,
                            "body": "If the seizure involves movable assets, upon executing the seizing party's document, they must be sold according to the rules established for the sale of movables without the need for a new seizure. \r\nIf the seized property is a debt not yet due, it may be sold at public auction by order of the head of the execution department and through the execution officer, unless otherwise provided by law. \r\nIf the seized property is a share in a company, it is sold according to the rules stipulated in articles 937 to 944 to the extent that they are consistent with the nature of this property. In cases where a legal provision grants partners the right to approve the buyer, the partners have a ten-day period from the date of notification of the referral decision to the company's headquarters to exercise this right. If they do not declare their approval to the execution department within this period according to legal conditions, the buyer has the right to resort to liquidating the sold share. The price is distributed according to the provisions of articles 990 and following.",
                            "position": 882,
                            "article_number": "897-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2569,
                            "body": "If the debtor assigns the debt before the notification of the seizure to the garnishee, the seizure is not considered. \r\nIf the assignment is after the notification of the seizure to the garnishee and before the notification of the seizure to the debtor, the assignee is considered as the second seizing party and may participate with the seizing party to the extent of his share in the debt unless the seizing party has become privileged. If the assignment occurs after the notification of the seizure to both the garnishee and the debtor, it does not affect the seizing party.",
                            "position": 883,
                            "article_number": "898-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2570,
                            "body": "If the assignment of the debt occurs after the notification of the seizure to the garnishee and before its notification to the debtor, and then a second seizure occurs after the assignment, the distribution is as follows: \r\nFirst, the share of the first seizing party is determined by conducting a proportional distribution among the three parties involved, then the surplus is given to the assignee with preference over the second seizing party.",
                            "position": 884,
                            "article_number": "899-"
                        }
                    ],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [],
                    "position": 4
                },
                {
                    "id": 914,
                    "name": "Enforcement Seizure",
                    "number": "Fifth",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 915,
                            "name": "Enforcement Seizure on Movable Property",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 916,
                                    "name": "General Provisions on Seizure",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2571,
                                            "body": "Execution is primarily carried out on movables through seizure and applies to movable objects and assets, and bearer or endorsable securities in the possession of the debtor.",
                                            "position": 885,
                                            "article_number": "900-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2572,
                                            "body": "The seizure is void if not preceded by a warning delivered by the execution department to the debtor at least twenty-four hours and at most five days before the seizure, unless the head of the execution department decides, at the creditor's request, to deliver the warning and the seizure report simultaneously. In this case, the seizing party bears the costs of the seizure if the debtor fulfills the obligation within two days from the date of seizure, unless the debtor had been warned before the execution request by a notary or by registered mail to pay the debt and did not comply.",
                                            "position": 886,
                                            "article_number": "901-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2573,
                                            "body": "The person against whom the seizure is made may object to the warning sent to him by the execution department or to the seizure by summoning his opponent before the head of the execution department, who will consider the objection according to the provisions of Article 829.",
                                            "position": 887,
                                            "article_number": "902-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2574,
                                            "body": "The execution officer must proceed to impose the seizure decided by the head of the execution department at the location of the objects and funds to be seized and enter the debtor's house after announcing his official status. The search of the debtor's house is only conducted in the presence of the local mayor or a member of the judicial police. \r\nThe seizure report is organized at the place of seizure unless necessity dictates otherwise. \r\nThe presence of the seizing party during the seizure process can be excluded if requested by the person against whom the seizure is made.",
                                            "position": 888,
                                            "article_number": "903-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2575,
                                            "body": "If the debtor or a member of his family or his employees refuse to allow entry to the house, workplace, or warehouse, or if they are called and no one answers, or if they refuse to open locked doors, boxes, or safes, the execution officer may break the doors and locks, provided this is done in the presence of the local mayor or a member of the judicial police. He may temporarily seal the doors with red wax and place a notice prohibiting tampering with the seals without the knowledge of the execution department under penalty of legal action, or he may appoint a guard to protect the assets. \r\nThe execution officer may, if necessary, seek the assistance of public force to carry out his task.",
                                            "position": 889,
                                            "article_number": "904-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2576,
                                            "body": "The seizure report must include: \r\n1- The identity of the creditor and the debtor and their respective domiciles. \r\n2- The appointment of a chosen domicile in the area of the execution department for the seizing party and the person against whom the seizure is made, if they do not have a real domicile in that area or have not previously chosen a domicile there. \r\n3- The actions taken by the execution officer, the obstacles and objections encountered, and the decisions made regarding them. \r\n4- A description of the seized objects and funds, including their type, characteristics, quantity, weight, or measurement, and their approximate value. \r\n5- The appointment of a custodian to receive the seized funds after listening to the statements of those present from both parties and recording them.",
                                            "position": 890,
                                            "article_number": "905-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2577,
                                            "body": "The person against whom the seizure is made may be appointed as the custodian of the seized funds unless there are serious reasons to fear their dissipation. He cannot refuse the custodianship.",
                                            "position": 891,
                                            "article_number": "906-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2578,
                                            "body": "If no one accepts the custodianship and the person against whom the seizure is made is not present, the execution officer must take the necessary measures to preserve the seized funds by depositing them in a secure place.",
                                            "position": 892,
                                            "article_number": "907-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2579,
                                            "body": "The custodian must sign the seizure report, and if he does not, the reasons preventing him from doing so must be noted, and a copy of it must be delivered to him. The execution officer must explain to him the responsibilities placed on him and warn him that any destruction, embezzlement, or concealment of the seized objects or refusal to deliver them exposes him to criminal and civil liability.",
                                            "position": 893,
                                            "article_number": "908-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2580,
                                            "body": "The custodian may not use, exploit, or lend the seized funds. However, if the custodian is the owner or has the right to use them, he may use them for their intended purpose unless prohibited by the head of the execution department in the seizure decision or a subsequent decision. \r\nIf the seizure is on livestock, tools, or machinery necessary for the management or exploitation of land, a factory, a workshop, or an establishment, the head of the execution department may assign the custodian or another person to manage and exploit them.",
                                            "position": 894,
                                            "article_number": "909-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2581,
                                            "body": "The funds become seized as soon as the seizure report is organized, even if not delivered to a custodian. Article 911- The head of the execution department may decide on a fee for the custodianship from public expenses if the custodian is not the person against whom the seizure is made.",
                                            "position": 895,
                                            "article_number": "910-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 917,
                                    "name": "Special Procedures for Seizing Certain Types of Movable Property",
                                    "number": "Second",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2582,
                                            "body": "The produce connected to the land, trees, or standing crops cannot be seized separately from the property except in the six weeks preceding their maturity. This seizure is carried out in the manner of an executive seizure. The seizure is executed by drafting a report that prevents the debtor from disposing of the produce, and it is assessed by an expert. The head of the execution department may appoint a custodian for it if necessary.",
                                            "position": 896,
                                            "article_number": "912-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2583,
                                            "body": "When seizing the produce or crops in the situation specified in the previous article, the execution officer must specify in the report the location of the land, its area, the type of crops and trees, their number, and what is expected to be harvested or produced from them.",
                                            "position": 897,
                                            "article_number": "913-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2584,
                                            "body": "The right to harvest the produce is sold by auction; however, the head of the execution department may delegate the task of harvesting to a custodian or the seizer himself if the maturity has reached a level where there is a risk of damage to the fruits or crops. In such a case, the harvested fruits or crops are sold according to what the head of the execution department decides under the provisions of Article 923. The custodian or seizer is reimbursed for what they spent on harvesting the produce.",
                                            "position": 898,
                                            "article_number": "914-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2585,
                                            "body": "If the seizure involves jewelry or ingots of gold, silver, or precious metal, and jewels or precious stones, they must be weighed, their descriptions accurately determined, and valued by an expert, then transferred in a sealed package.",
                                            "position": 899,
                                            "article_number": "915-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2586,
                                            "body": "The execution department deposits money, securities, valuable items, and jewelry in its safe or in one of the accepted banks.",
                                            "position": 900,
                                            "article_number": "916-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2587,
                                            "body": "If the seizure is on assets kept in a safe rented by the debtor from a bank or on assets displayed in a public exhibition, the execution officer must immediately appoint the bank manager or the exhibition manager as a custodian for them. \r\nIn the first case, the safe is sealed with red wax until it can be opened and its contents inventoried in the presence of the debtor or the local mayor or a member of the judicial police. \r\nThe custodianship ends when the execution department receives the seized assets.",
                                            "position": 901,
                                            "article_number": "917-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 918,
                                    "name": "Participation in Seizure",
                                    "number": "Third",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2588,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nCreditors of the debtor under seizure may not impose a second executive seizure on the seized assets. However, they may request to participate in the seizure by submitting a petition to the execution department accompanied by documents supporting their rights. They must choose a domicile within the department's jurisdiction if they do not have one, unless they are represented by a lawyer, in which case the lawyer's office is considered their chosen domicile and they can be notified there wherever this office is located. \r\nCreditors of the debtor under seizure may request a new seizure on assets not covered by the first seizure. After the decision to impose the new seizure is issued, the execution officer may inventory the previously seized assets in the presence of the custodian, if present, and record a report of the seizure of the new assets, handing these assets over to the same custodian or another custodian. \r\nCreditors must bear the expenses if their request does not result in the discovery of new assets.",
                                            "position": 902,
                                            "article_number": "918-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2589,
                                            "body": "The execution officer must notify the request for participation in the seizure to the seizing party, the debtor under seizure, and the custodian. The notification of participation in the seizure is considered a seizure on the proceeds obtained from the sale of the seized asset unless the request for participation in the seizure was submitted after the cessation of the sale. In this case, its effect is limited to the remaining proceeds after satisfying the seizing party and the participants in the seizure before the cessation of the sale.",
                                            "position": 903,
                                            "article_number": "919-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2590,
                                            "body": "The head of the execution department may, when previously seized assets are located in different places, decide according to the circumstances to gather all the assets in one location and unify the sale procedure.",
                                            "position": 904,
                                            "article_number": "920-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 919,
                                    "name": "Sale Procedures",
                                    "number": "Fourth",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2591,
                                            "body": "The head of the execution department must decide to sell the seized assets at public auction within five days from the date of the seizure report.",
                                            "position": 905,
                                            "article_number": "921-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2592,
                                            "body": "The sale takes place at the location of the seized assets or in the nearest market or any other place designated by the head of the execution department.",
                                            "position": 906,
                                            "article_number": "922-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2593,
                                            "body": "If the seized assets are subject to spoilage or price fluctuations, the head of the execution department must decide, upon the request of the interested parties or the custodian, to sell them at any time in the manner deemed appropriate, without necessarily adhering to the procedures stipulated in this section.",
                                            "position": 907,
                                            "article_number": "923-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2594,
                                            "body": "The execution officer sets a date for the sale, specifying the day and hour, and announces the sale by publishing in daily newspapers, the official gazette, posting on walls in the city or town square, on the announcement board at the entrance of the execution department, and at the location of the seized assets, at least eight days and no more than fifteen days before the scheduled sale date.",
                                            "position": 908,
                                            "article_number": "924-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2595,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Decree 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20 \r\nThe head of the execution department determines the number of publications and announcements based on the value of the seized assets and designates the daily newspapers. He may suffice with posting if the value does not exceed one million Lebanese pounds.",
                                            "position": 909,
                                            "article_number": "925-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2596,
                                            "body": "It is permissible to entrust village chiefs with posting announcements in designated places.",
                                            "position": 910,
                                            "article_number": "926-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2597,
                                            "body": "The posting is verified by a certificate from the execution officer, the bailiff, or the village chief, and the publication is verified by providing a copy of the newspaper.",
                                            "position": 911,
                                            "article_number": "927-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2598,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Decree 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 \r\nIf the execution officer estimates that the value of the seized asset does not exceed one hundred and sixty thousand Lebanese pounds and the debtor does not dispute this estimate, it suffices with the estimated amount. Otherwise, the head of the execution department appoints an expert to estimate the value of the seized asset, and the estimated value is mentioned in the auction announcements. The sale cannot be completed unless the offered price reaches sixty percent of the estimated value.",
                                            "position": 912,
                                            "article_number": "928-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2599,
                                            "body": "Gold, silver items, and precious jewelry are weighed accurately, and their value is estimated by an expert. The value of antiques is also estimated, and the estimated value is mentioned in the auction announcements. They cannot be sold for less than nine-tenths of this value.",
                                            "position": 913,
                                            "article_number": "929-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2600,
                                            "body": "The execution officer initiates the auction procedures at the designated time and place and awards the asset to the highest bidder who pays the highest price. Assistance from the municipal auctioneer or another auctioneer chosen by the execution officer may be sought, and their fee is determined from the sale proceeds and considered part of the execution expenses. \r\nThe execution officer records all procedures conducted before him in a report, stating the name of each bidder and the price reached for each item or transaction.",
                                            "position": 914,
                                            "article_number": "930-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2601,
                                            "body": "If no bidders appear at the scheduled auction time, the head of the execution department must determine the amount to be reduced from the auction price and then postpone the sale date for at least fifteen days and no more than thirty days. The same publication procedure followed before the first auction is repeated before the new auction date. \r\nThe head of the execution department may expand the publication and posting procedure, and the reduced price must be mentioned. The head of the execution department must repeat the postponement and reduction until a buyer comes forward. \r\nThe provisions of this article apply immediately upon the publication of this law.",
                                            "position": 915,
                                            "article_number": "931-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2602,
                                            "body": "The sale price is paid immediately, and the execution officer cannot grant the buyer any grace period.",
                                            "position": 916,
                                            "article_number": "932-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2603,
                                            "body": "If the buyer refuses or is unable to pay the price, the seized assets are re-offered for sale at his expense, and the auction is conducted immediately if possible. The defaulting buyer bears the difference between the price he offered and the final paid price, along with any additional expenses incurred. The sale report serves as an enforceable document against him for the price difference and mentioned expenses. \r\nThe defaulting buyer does not benefit from any increase in price.",
                                            "position": 917,
                                            "article_number": "933-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2604,
                                            "body": "The sale must cease when the value of the sales reaches an amount sufficient to cover the expenses and the debts of the seizing creditor and the participants in the seizure. The sale proceeds are allocated to settle the debts, and the seizure ends on the assets not sold.",
                                            "position": 918,
                                            "article_number": "934-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2605,
                                            "body": "Anyone who purchases movable property in good faith at an auction and pays the price becomes its owner definitively, subject to the provisions of Article 306, Paragraph 1.",
                                            "position": 919,
                                            "article_number": "935-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2606,
                                            "body": "If the seizing creditor refrains from continuing the execution procedures despite being notified by the execution department of a request from a participant in the seizure to continue those procedures, and five days have passed since receiving this notification, this participant may, by decision of the head of the execution department, replace the seizing creditor to continue the execution. This substitution is communicated to the debtor.",
                                            "position": 920,
                                            "article_number": "936-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 920,
                                    "name": "Procedures for the Sale of Shares and Bonds",
                                    "number": "Fifth",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2607,
                                            "body": "Subject to the special provisions of the Beirut Stock Exchange system, shares of any kind and negotiable bonds are sold at public auction by the Beirut Execution Department. Other execution departments must send the papers to be sold to this department by mail in sealed envelopes with declared value.",
                                            "position": 921,
                                            "article_number": "937-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2608,
                                            "body": "The head of the execution department may, if the bonds or shares offered for sale are significant, seek the assistance of one of the specialists in the stock exchange or banks in some preparatory procedures for the sale. In such a case, he must decide on the necessary advertising procedures, taking into account the legal provisions and regulations related to stock exchange sales.",
                                            "position": 922,
                                            "article_number": "938-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2609,
                                            "body": "The creditor shall prepare a list that includes the identity of the parties involved, their domicile, the type of right to be sold, its nominal and actual value, the document proving it, the securities and rights attached to it, the determination of the starting price, and the bidding conditions. The execution officer must invite the concerned parties to review the list and submit their observations or objections in a petition addressed to the head of the execution department within five days of receiving the invitation, otherwise, they lose their right to do so.",
                                            "position": 923,
                                            "article_number": "939-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2610,
                                            "body": "The head of the execution department decides on the objections according to the procedures outlined in Article 829. He may suspend the sale for important reasons.",
                                            "position": 924,
                                            "article_number": "940-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2611,
                                            "body": "The head of the execution department sets a date for the sale, preceded by the publication and posting process in the same manner and within the deadlines stipulated in Articles 924 to 927. \r\nIf the sale is not conducted according to the aforementioned conditions, the provisions of Article 931 apply.",
                                            "position": 925,
                                            "article_number": "941-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2612,
                                            "body": "The auction is conducted publicly before the head of the execution department, who issues a final decision awarding the sale to the last bidder. A valid copy of the decision for execution is not delivered to the buyer until the price is paid and the sale conditions are fulfilled.",
                                            "position": 926,
                                            "article_number": "942-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2613,
                                            "body": "The head of the execution department may require the legal entity issuing the original bond to transfer it to the name of the buyer or make it a bearer bond according to the latter's preference, unless prohibited by the law or the system governing this bond.",
                                            "position": 927,
                                            "article_number": "943-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2614,
                                            "body": "If the buyer does not pay the price within ten days of the issuance of the award decision, the head of the execution department, upon the request of the creditor or one of the concerned parties, sends a warning to do so within three days. If the buyer fails to pay, the sale is repeated at his expense, and the advertisements must state that the sale is conducted at the expense of the defaulting buyer and mention the initial price set for the auction and the price at which the first award ended. The final award decision must obligate the first buyer to cover the price with the additional expenses caused by him. The latter does not benefit from any increase in the price.",
                                            "position": 928,
                                            "article_number": "944-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 5
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 921,
                                    "name": "Claim for the Recovery of Seized Property",
                                    "number": "Sixth",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2615,
                                            "body": "Anyone claiming ownership of the seized movables may object to the seizure before the Head of the Execution Department and request the release of these movables from seizure. They must deposit in advance the publication expenses if applicable and present any documents they have and clarify the evidence proving their right. The execution officer must then summon, through special memorandums or registered letters with acknowledgment of receipt, the objector, the seizer, the participants in the seizure, and the person against whom the seizure was made to a session before the Head of the Execution Department. The head examines the objection according to the procedures followed in urgent cases. \r\nExecution is suspended immediately upon filing the objection until the Head of the Execution Department issues a decision regarding it.",
                                            "position": 929,
                                            "article_number": "945-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2616,
                                            "body": "If all parties involved acknowledge the objector's ownership of the claimed property, this property is released from seizure and handed over to the objector. If they disagree, the Head of the Execution Department may, upon determining the seriousness of the dispute, decide to temporarily remove the property from sale and deposit it in a designated place or hand it over to a custodian until the dispute is resolved. They may require the objector to provide a guarantee to cover any damage that may affect the seizer, the person against whom the seizure was made, or the participants in the seizure.\r\nThe objector must file a lawsuit against the seizer, the participants in the seizure, and the person against whom the seizure was made to prove their right before the competent court within five days from the issuance of the Head of the Execution Department's decision; otherwise, execution resumes, and any measures taken to stop it are nullified. The court clerk notifies the Execution Department of a copy of the summons on the day it is filed. Execution remains suspended until a judgment is issued dismissing the lawsuit in whole or in part, and this judgment is enforceable immediately.",
                                            "position": 930,
                                            "article_number": "946-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2617,
                                            "body": "Anyone claiming ownership of the seized property may file their lawsuit even after the auction sale if the buyer is in bad faith.",
                                            "position": 931,
                                            "article_number": "947-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 6
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 922,
                            "name": "Enforcement Seizure on Real Estate",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [],
                            "category": "Chapter",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "id": 923,
                                    "name": "Seizure and its Effects",
                                    "number": "First",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2618,
                                            "body": "The request for execution on the property or on a common share in it, or on the real property right, or on a floor or apartment registered in the real estate register according to the Law on the Organization of Ownership of Buildings Composed of Several Floors or Apartments is submitted to the competent execution department or to the execution department where the property or all the properties to be executed upon are located in its area, by a request from the creditor accompanied by the executive document and a statement from the real estate registry office about the property or properties to be executed upon, indicating their ownership and related rights and burdens, as well as their descriptions or contents. \r\nIf the property is not subject to the real estate registry system, the statement is issued by the local mayor or by the real estate registry office based on the special register, and if the property is under determination and liberation, the statement is issued by the real estate judge.",
                                            "position": 932,
                                            "article_number": "948-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2619,
                                            "body": "If the debtor's properties are located in areas belonging to different execution departments, the execution procedure must be handled by the department competent for this procedure, provided that its procedures regarding properties belonging to other departments are carried out by delegating these departments unless the properties are contiguous or fall within the scope of a single project investment, in which case a single execution is carried out at the department to which the project center or one of the properties belongs.",
                                            "position": 933,
                                            "article_number": "949-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2620,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe execution officer sends a warning to the debtor immediately upon receiving the creditor's request, which includes instructing him to: \r\n1- Pay within five days. \r\n2- Appoint a chosen domicile within the department's jurisdiction if he does not have a domicile there or has not previously chosen one, within the period mentioned in the previous clause, otherwise, the department's office is considered his chosen domicile, unless he is represented by a lawyer, in which case his office is considered his chosen domicile and he can be notified there wherever this office is located. \r\nIt also includes mentioning the type of property or real right to be seized, the property number, and the area in which it is located.\r\nA copy of the document to be executed is attached to the warning, unless it has already been notified to the debtor, in which case a reference to the document, the date of its notification, and the amount of the debt required is sufficient.",
                                            "position": 934,
                                            "article_number": "950-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2621,
                                            "body": "If the owner of the property or the owner of the real right is not the debtor, the execution officer must send him a copy of the warning.",
                                            "position": 935,
                                            "article_number": "951-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2622,
                                            "body": "Upon the expiration of the warning period without the debt being paid, the head of the execution department, at the creditor's request, decides to seize the properties. It is permissible, at the request of the latter, to decide on the seizure and notify the warning simultaneously to the debtor, and the provisions of Article 901 are applied in this case. \r\nThe execution officer must immediately send a copy of the seizure decision to the real estate registry office through the assistant office to which the property belongs, and the latter must record it in the daily register upon its arrival and then refer it to the real estate registry office for registration in the property's real estate sheet. \r\nIf the property is not subject to the real estate registry system, the execution officer sends a copy of the seizure decision to the local mayor, who must record the seizure immediately in the book he has or in a book created for this purpose, and another copy to the competent real estate registry office, which must record the seizure immediately in a special register it maintains for each village or town or real estate area, and the notification to the registrar and the mayor can be done by the concerned party, and the mentioned authority must return the notification document to the execution department signed by him next to his official seal and with the date of notification mentioned, and if the property is under determination and liberation, a copy of the seizure decision is notified to the real estate judge to record the seizure on the determination and liberation report.",
                                            "position": 936,
                                            "article_number": "952-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2623,
                                            "body": "The real estate registrar must send to the execution department within five days of receiving the seizure decision a statement proving: \r\n1- The date of recording the seizure in the daily register and in the real estate sheet or in the special register related to properties not subject to the real estate registry system.\r\n2- A summary of the rights, burdens, seizures, and precautionary restrictions on the property. \r\nThe mayor must also send to the execution department within the same period a statement proving the date of recording the seizure in the book he has and a summary of the rights, burdens, seizures, and precautionary restrictions on the property not subject to the real estate registry system. \r\nThe real estate judge must also send to the execution department within the same period a notification containing the data mentioned in the previous paragraph and recorded in the determination and liberation report when the seizure is on a property under determination and liberation.\r\nThe real estate registrar, the real estate judge, and the mayor must, when there is a legal impediment preventing the recording of the seizure, return the papers with this impediment mentioned to the execution department, which notifies the seizer without delay, and they must also place a precautionary restriction on the seizure.",
                                            "position": 937,
                                            "article_number": "953-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2624,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nWithin five days of receiving the response from the real estate registrar, the real estate judge, or the mayor confirming the recording of the seizure, and after the debtor has in any case been notified of the warning and its period has expired, the head of the execution department appoints an expert to accompany the execution officer to the property location and conduct an inspection in the presence of the mayor or a member of the selection council or two witnesses from the local residents to verify the description of the property, determine its boundaries, contents, and value. If this work takes more than one day, it is carried out consecutively as required by the circumstances. \r\nThe execution officer prepares a report describing the property and notifies a copy of it to the authorities mentioned in Article 952, which must record in the registers, books, or reports they have and mentioned in that article a reference to this report and what it proves contrary to the restrictions, and the execution applicant may register new constructions on behalf of his debtor, and the registration fees are added to the execution expenses.",
                                            "position": 938,
                                            "article_number": "954-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2625,
                                            "body": "The execution applicant must advance a sufficient deposit to cover the inspection and expert expenses as estimated by the head of the execution department when submitting his request.",
                                            "position": 939,
                                            "article_number": "955-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2626,
                                            "body": "If there are multiple execution applicants on a single property, the one who first registered his seizure has the priority right to pursue the execution.\r\nHowever, it is permissible for someone who registered his seizure later to request from the head of the execution department, in a petition submitted to him and for serious reasons, to be allowed to substitute the earlier registrant in proceeding with the procedures. The head's decision is subject to appeal by the methods used to appeal orders issued on petitions.",
                                            "position": 940,
                                            "article_number": "956-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2627,
                                            "body": "Every creditor becomes, from the moment of registering their seizure or participation in the seizure in the real estate register, the Mukhtar's book, the special register related to properties not subject to the real estate registration system, or in the determination and liberation report, a party in the execution process. Also, every holder of a real right or registered creditor becomes a party in this process from the moment they are notified of any of its procedures.",
                                            "position": 941,
                                            "article_number": "957-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2628,
                                            "body": "Upon registering the seizure or participation in it as mentioned in the previous article, the seizing or participating party acquires a real right on the seized property.",
                                            "position": 942,
                                            "article_number": "958-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2629,
                                            "body": "From the moment of registering each seizure and participation in it as outlined in Article 957, the following do not apply to the seizers and participants in the seizure: \r\n1- The actions of the debtor that would transfer ownership of the property, divide it, or establish a real right on it, unless the concerned parties deposit a sufficient amount to settle the debts of these creditors and their accessories before the sale and notify them of the deposit. These amounts are seized and allocated to settle their debts exclusively. The head of the execution department, after five days from notifying the mentioned creditors of the deposit and in the absence of objections from any of them, must cancel the seizure. Upon the depositor's request, they may reduce the deposited amounts to the actual amount of the debts and return the excess to the depositor. The head of the execution department considers objections to the deposit and requests to reduce the deposited amounts according to the procedures followed in urgent cases. \r\n2- Leases made by the debtor unless they do not lead to a right of extension and do not exceed one year for buildings and three years for agricultural lands, and are accompanied by the permission of the head of the execution department, who takes the necessary measures to preserve the rental payments to be added to the price upon distribution.",
                                            "position": 943,
                                            "article_number": "959-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2630,
                                            "body": "Lease contracts, settlements regarding the lease, and the transfer of it and its payments, free from fraud and documented with a correct date before the registration of the seizure, are valid against the seizers, participants in the seizure, and auction participants without violating the rules related to the real estate register.",
                                            "position": 944,
                                            "article_number": "960-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2631,
                                            "body": "The registration of the seizure results in the retention of the property's revenues and fruits subsequent to the registration, making them not subject to any non-real estate seizure. These revenues and fruits are added to the price upon distribution.",
                                            "position": 945,
                                            "article_number": "961-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2632,
                                            "body": "The rent or the owner's share in sharecropping is seized in the hands of the tenant or farmer as a garnishee without the need for any procedure other than notifying the latter not to pay the debtor. The execution officer may issue the notification during or after inspecting the property. The head of the execution department, upon the request of the creditor or debtor, may order the deposit of the due payments in an acceptable bank.",
                                            "position": 946,
                                            "article_number": "962-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2633,
                                            "body": "If the property is not rented or handed over to a farmer, the debtor is considered its guardian, obliged to preserve it, deliver it to the execution department for sale, and responsible for its fruits, except those necessary for their and their family's livelihood. If the debtor resides in it, they may stay without rent. The head of the execution department may remove the property from the debtor's possession if there is a risk of damage or misuse. In this case, they may allocate an amount from the property's income to assist the debtor's livelihood, proportionate to their condition.",
                                            "position": 947,
                                            "article_number": "963-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2634,
                                            "body": "The head of the execution department may authorize, upon the request of the concerned parties, the harvesting of crops and even non-civil fruits, selling them in an appropriate manner, and depositing the price in an acceptable bank.",
                                            "position": 948,
                                            "article_number": "964-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 1
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 924,
                                    "name": "Regulation of the Sale Terms Document",
                                    "number": "Second",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2635,
                                            "body": "The enforcement officer shall, upon the request of the seizing party, prepare the terms of sale document within eight days from the date of registration of the property description report that he organized, and it shall include: \r\n1- A summary of previous actions. \r\n2- A statement of the seized properties and their contents, their rights, and the burdens upon them according to the real estate registry records or the Mukhtar's book or the special register for properties not subject to the real estate registry system or the determination and liberation report held by the real estate judge and the submitted documents, and according to the property description report. \r\n3- The terms of sale and the offer price as determined by the head of the enforcement department based on six-tenths of the estimated value of the properties.",
                                            "position": 949,
                                            "article_number": "965-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2636,
                                            "body": "The enforcement officer shall, within three days from the date of setting the terms of sale document, send a notice to the debtor and to every holder of a real right or registered creditor on the property and every creditor who has become a party to the proceedings, summoning them to the department to review the terms of sale document and to submit their observations on it by means of a petition deposited with the enforcement officer, or to challenge it by way of an objection based on a nullity occurring in the enforcement procedure due to a defect in form or substance, within a period of five days from the date of notification in each of the mentioned cases. \r\nThe provisions of Article 850 shall be observed when the enforcement is based on a bond. \r\nAnyone who has been notified of the notice may review the submitted observations in the department and make their comments on them before a decision is issued regarding them.\r\nThe objection shall be notified to the parties and they shall be summoned to a session to consider it before the head of the enforcement department.",
                                            "position": 950,
                                            "article_number": "966-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2637,
                                            "body": "After ten days have passed from the date of the last notification of the notice conducted according to the provisions of the previous article, the head of the enforcement department shall consider the previous observations without the need to summon the parties and shall amend the terms of sale document based on them when necessary. His decision regarding these observations shall be final without the need for any notification. \r\nThe head of the enforcement department shall consider, after the expiration of the mentioned period, the objection stipulated in the previous article according to the procedures established for considering enforcement issues.",
                                            "position": 951,
                                            "article_number": "967-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2638,
                                            "body": "The terms of sale document becomes final and unchangeable if the period specified in Article 966 expires without submitting observations or objections to it or after the issuance of the decision referred to in the first paragraph of the previous article. At that point, the right of anyone notified of the notice to submit any appeal related to the enforcement procedures that have taken place is forfeited, as is the right of the seller of the seized property who was notified of the notice to file any lawsuit to cancel the sale. An appeal related to the right that is the basis of the seizure shall have no effect on those procedures, subject to the provisions of Article 850. \r\nHowever, if more than two years have passed since the appraisal and the auction has not yet taken place, the head of the enforcement department, regardless of the judicial authority that decided the appraisal, may decide to re-conduct it according to prevailing prices, either automatically or at the request of one of the interested parties. In the event of such a decision, the sale may not be conducted at a price less than six-tenths of the new appraised value, nor may the property that cannot be divided in kind be sold at public auction for less than the new appraised value. When necessary, the head of the enforcement department shall amend the terms of sale document regarding the determination of the offer price on the mentioned basis, and this amendment shall not be notified to anyone. In the absence of bidders, the provisions of Article 976, paragraph 2, shall apply. \r\nThe provisions of the second paragraph of this article shall apply above the publication of this law to all enforcement transactions, including pending transactions.",
                                            "position": 952,
                                            "article_number": "968-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 2
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 925,
                                    "name": "Auction Session",
                                    "number": "Third",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2639,
                                            "body": "The enforcement officer shall prepare a summary of the terms in the form of an announcement, which shall include: \r\n1- The identity of the executor and the executed against, and the domicile of each. \r\n2- The date of the seizure and the date of its registration in the land registry or the special register related to properties not subject to the land registry system, or the mukhtar's register, or the determination and liberation record with the land judge, and the amount of the debt claimed. \r\n3- A statement of the seized property or properties and the designated auction price for each. \r\n4- The date of the auction by month, day, and hour, and the place of its execution as determined by a decision from the head of the enforcement department. \r\n5- The expenses to be paid in addition to the price as estimated by the head of the enforcement department.",
                                            "position": 953,
                                            "article_number": "969-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2640,
                                            "body": "The head of the enforcement department orders the publication of the announcement in two daily newspapers he appoints and in the official gazette, and it is posted in the following places: \r\n1- The board prepared for announcements at the enforcement department. \r\n2- The domicile of the executed against. \r\n3- The doors of the seized properties or boards affixed to them and visible from outside. \r\n4- The door of the municipal building, and if not available, the door of the mukhtar's house in the area where the property is located. \r\n5- The city or town square. The head of the enforcement department may, if necessary, increase or decrease the number of publications based on the request of the concerned parties.",
                                            "position": 954,
                                            "article_number": "970-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2641,
                                            "body": "The announcement procedure by publication and posting must be completed at least ten days before the auction session. It is permissible to entrust the village mukhtars with posting the announcements in the designated places.",
                                            "position": 955,
                                            "article_number": "971-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2642,
                                            "body": "The publication is proven by presenting a copy of the newspaper issue containing the announcement, and the posting is proven by a certificate from the enforcement officer, the process server, or the town mukhtar.",
                                            "position": 956,
                                            "article_number": "972-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2643,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nAnyone wishing to participate in the auction must: \r\n1- Deposit in the name of the head of the enforcement department, before starting the auction, at the treasury fund or one of the accepted banks, an amount equivalent to the auction price or provide a bank guarantee ensuring this amount. \r\n2- Appoint a chosen domicile within the department's jurisdiction if he does not have one or has not previously appointed one, otherwise, the department's office is considered his chosen domicile, unless represented by a lawyer, in which case his office is considered his chosen domicile and can be notified there wherever this office is located.",
                                            "position": 957,
                                            "article_number": "973-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2644,
                                            "body": "The creditor whose debt amount is not less than the auction price is exempt from the obligation of deposit or guarantee. If the value of his debt is less than this price, he is required to deposit the difference or provide a guarantee for it, provided that no other creditor with a privilege precedes him or shares with him.",
                                            "position": 958,
                                            "article_number": "974-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2645,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe auction session is held publicly before the head of the enforcement department in his office or another place he deems appropriate, and it is not commenced except upon the request of one of the seizing creditors or participants in the seizure or registered owners of priority rights whose debt meets the legal conditions for enforcement, or one of the debtors or the person to whom the property has been transferred encumbered with a mortgage, security, or registered privilege, and the process server calls for the sale by repeating the auction price. \r\nAny increase, even if invalid, nullifies the previous increase.",
                                            "position": 959,
                                            "article_number": "975-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2646,
                                            "body": "The head of the enforcement department decides to award the sale to the last bidder who offered the highest price after fifteen minutes have passed or to the earlier bidder in case of equal offers. \r\nIf no one comes forward to purchase, the sale is postponed for a period ranging between one and two months, and the auction price is reduced. The announcement procedure is then conducted again based on the reduced price. The head of the enforcement department must repeat this action until a buyer comes forward.",
                                            "position": 960,
                                            "article_number": "976-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2647,
                                            "body": "Anyone who participated in the auction and fulfilled the obligation of deposit or guarantee and was not the last bidder may withdraw the deposited money or guarantee immediately after the auction session ends.",
                                            "position": 961,
                                            "article_number": "977-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2648,
                                            "body": "If the buyer in the auction does not deposit the full price in the name of the head of the enforcement department at the treasury fund or one of the accepted banks within three days from the date of the award decision, the head of enforcement sets a new session for the sale, and the announcement and publication procedures are repeated, specifically mentioning the property or properties subject to the first award and the price at which this award was made and the person to whom it was awarded. If someone comes forward in the new session to purchase with a ten percent increase and is accompanied by the full price including the mentioned increase or an equivalent bank guarantee, the auction is repeated based on this price. \r\nIf no one comes forward with the ten percent increase, the first buyer, in the same session, may deposit the price at which the award was made to him along with the expenses resulting from his delay, otherwise, the auction must be immediately repeated at his expense. No offer in this session is considered unless accompanied by its full value or an equivalent bank guarantee. \r\nThe issuance of the award decision in the ten percent increase auction or in the auction conducted at the expense of the defaulting buyer results in the cancellation of the rights of the latter and the establishment of the new buyer in his place retroactively. The award decision in the auction conducted at the expense of the defaulting buyer must include obligating the latter to the price difference with the additional expenses he caused, but he does not benefit from the increase in price.",
                                            "position": 962,
                                            "article_number": "978-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2649,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe head of the enforcement department may, during the auction session, and upon the debtor's request, take into account the latter's situation and the economic condition and postpone the sale for a period ranging between two and six months, provided that the debtor advances for the benefit of all seizing creditors and participants in the seizure and registered owners of priority rights whose debt meets the legal conditions for enforcement the interest for the granted period and the paid expenses. This postponement may not be renewed except with the consent of the mentioned creditors.",
                                            "position": 963,
                                            "article_number": "979-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2650,
                                            "body": "The head of the enforcement department must decide to postpone the sale for one year based on a petition submitted by the debtor to him at least five days before the sale date, proving that the net income of his assets for this period is sufficient to pay the amounts due to all the creditors mentioned in the previous article. The head of the enforcement department may take the necessary measures to preserve this income.",
                                            "position": 964,
                                            "article_number": "980-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2651,
                                            "body": "The sale is suspended for one of the following reasons: \r\n1- Issuance of a decision by a competent judicial authority to suspend execution. \r\n2- Execution based on an arbitration decision that is contested, taking into account the provisions of Article 797, or on a document alleged to be partially forged. \r\n3- Failure of any of the persons mentioned in Article 975 to request the sale at the auction session. \r\n4- Death of the debtor before the auction session if this death is notified to the seizers and participants in the seizure, and the sale remains suspended until the heirs are informed of the new auction date. \r\n5- Bankruptcy of the debtor if there is no special privilege holder among the seizers, participants in the seizure, or registered creditors insisting on proceeding with the sale.",
                                            "position": 965,
                                            "article_number": "981-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2652,
                                            "body": "Decisions limited to postponing or suspending the sale are not subject to any appeal.",
                                            "position": 966,
                                            "article_number": "982-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2653,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Law 529 dated 1996\/6\/20 \r\nThe issuance of the referral decision entails: \r\n1- The buyer fulfilling the obligations imposed on him, especially paying the price, fees, and expenses without the need for a warning or request, within twenty days from the date of the decision, and the execution department deposits the paid amounts in one of the accepted banks. \r\n2- Considering the buyer as the owner concerning the executed against and those who were parties to the procedures, enabling him to vacate the property through the execution department, either amicably or forcibly, from the executed against within five days from the date of notifying him of an eviction warning from the execution department. In case the executed against does not attend or refuses to receive the items and funds belonging to him and present in the property, these items are handed over to a judicial custodian. The matter is notified to the executed against to take those items within three days, otherwise, they will be sold at public auction, and the proceeds of the sale will be kept in the treasury or an accepted bank as a trust for its owner after deducting preservation expenses.\r\n3- The forfeiture of the right of those notified to review the terms of sale book to file any appeal related to the procedures following the finalization of this terms book.",
                                            "position": 967,
                                            "article_number": "983-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2654,
                                            "body": "The executed against has the right, within ten days from the issuance of the referral decision, to deposit in the treasury or an accepted bank an amount sufficient to pay all debts and expenses, and this deposit results in the annulment of the referral decision and the lifting of the seizure.",
                                            "position": 968,
                                            "article_number": "984-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2655,
                                            "body": "The execution department, after the expiration of the period specified in the previous article and the finalization of the referral decision and the buyer's payment of the price and fees, must request the registration of the referral decision in the land registry or in the mukhtar's book or in the special register related to properties not subject to the land registry system or in the determination or liberation record held by the land judge.",
                                            "position": 969,
                                            "article_number": "985-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2656,
                                            "body": "The registration stipulated in the previous article results in the transfer of ownership concerning third parties and the purification of the property from the liens, mortgages, and privileges that belong to the persons who were notified to review the terms of sale book.",
                                            "position": 970,
                                            "article_number": "986-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2657,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nThe referral decision is not subject to objection but is subject to appeal within five days from its issuance for the following reasons: \r\n1- Defect in the auction procedures or in the form of the decision. \r\n2- Its issuance after refusing to suspend execution when it was obligatory. \r\n3- Violation of the law in a subsidiary dispute addressed by the referral decision if it affects the validity of the procedures. \r\nThe referral decision can be annulled within the statute of limitations on the right on which the annulment request is based, provided it does not exceed five years from its issuance, through a principal lawsuit filed before the competent court by someone who was not a party to the execution transaction.",
                                            "position": 971,
                                            "article_number": "987-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 3
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 926,
                                    "name": "Delegation in Execution Procedures",
                                    "number": "Fourth",
                                    "articles": [
                                        {
                                            "id": 2658,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nIf the applicant for execution neglects for any reason to carry out the procedures within the legal deadlines or to follow them up, any creditor who has become a party to it or another creditor with an enforceable document whose debt meets the legal conditions for execution may summon him before the Head of the Execution Department to hear the judgment of replacing him in the right to follow up the execution. The head must consider the request according to the procedures followed in urgent matters, and the offer of the executor and his commitment to resume the procedures does not prevent its acceptance, and the negligent creditor is not reimbursed for the expenses incurred except after the issuance of the substitution decision.",
                                            "position": 972,
                                            "article_number": "988-"
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "id": 2659,
                                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 20 dated 1985\/3\/23 \r\nIf the executing creditor waives his right or the execution procedure, any other creditor who was a party to the execution and whose debt meets the legal conditions for execution may continue the procedures from the point they reached without the need for a substitution decision.",
                                            "position": 973,
                                            "article_number": "989-"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "category": "Section",
                                    "children": [],
                                    "position": 4
                                }
                            ],
                            "position": 2
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 5
                },
                {
                    "id": 927,
                    "name": "Procedure for Distribution of Proceeds",
                    "number": "Sixth",
                    "articles": [
                        {
                            "id": 2660,
                            "body": "If the sale involves assets for which rights are registered in a special register, the execution applicant, after the sale conducted based on an executive seizure of movable property and payment of the price or after registering the referral decision stipulated in Articles 985 and 986, must present a certificate from the competent authority showing the status of that sale and the rights and burdens on it up to the date of the sale or referral. \r\nAny of the other parties in the execution transaction may present the certificate mentioned in the first paragraph.",
                            "position": 974,
                            "article_number": "990-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2661,
                            "body": "If the proceeds from the sale of the seized assets are sufficient to cover the expenses and other debts owed to the seizers, participants in the seizure, and creditors whose names are registered and who have declared themselves to the execution department before the sale, the execution officer must pay each of them their established right within a maximum period of ten days from the date of sale and payment of the price concerning assets for which rights are not registered in a special register or from the date of presenting the certificate mentioned in Article 990 concerning the remaining assets, by issuing a transfer to the treasury or bank where the money was deposited and delivering the remainder to the debtor. \r\nOnly the creditors mentioned in the previous paragraph participate in the distribution transaction.",
                            "position": 975,
                            "article_number": "991-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2662,
                            "body": "If the price is not sufficient to satisfy the rights as outlined in the previous article, the execution department must send, within five days from the date of sale and payment of the price or from the date of presenting the certificate mentioned in Article 990, a notice to the creditors mentioned in the first paragraph of the previous article, requiring them to submit a request for the settlement of their debts with their documents within ten days of receiving the notice. \r\nOnly those creditors who submit a settlement request within this period participate in the price distribution transaction. \r\nThe execution officer must prepare a distribution draft within ten days from the date of receiving the last settlement request, based on the following priority order: \r\n1- Execution expenses. \r\n2- Debts associated with a privilege, mortgage, or insurance, considering their ranks. \r\n3- Ordinary debts according to their amounts.",
                            "position": 976,
                            "article_number": "992-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2663,
                            "body": "As soon as he prepares the distribution draft, the execution officer invites the concerned parties, including the debtor, to appear before him, by means of a notification document or a registered letter with acknowledgment of receipt, and this invitation must reach them at least three days before the scheduled date. He presents his draft to them, and if they agree to it, it becomes final, and if they agree to part of it, the partial agreement is finalized and executed immediately for the benefit of those who benefit from it. If one of them rejects it, the case is referred to the head of the execution department to consider it within five days after inviting the executed against and the creditors in the manner and within the period specified above. \r\nIf the objection is dismissed and the objector is found to be abusive in his objection, he is subject to a claim before the competent authority for delay interest as compensation and the fine stipulated in Article 11 of this law.",
                            "position": 977,
                            "article_number": "993-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2664,
                            "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\nThe absence of one of the creditors from appearing before the execution officer does not prevent an amicable settlement unless it does not guarantee the full performance of his right. In this case, his absence is considered a refusal, and the case is referred to the head of the execution department, who may impose a fine ranging between twenty thousand and two hundred thousand Lebanese pounds unless he presents an acceptable excuse.",
                            "position": 978,
                            "article_number": "994-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2665,
                            "body": "After listening to the statements of the executed against and the creditors, the head of the execution department approves the final list and assigns each of them the amount due to them. His decision is subject to appeal within five days from the date of issuance, and the appellate decision is not subject to cassation, and the distribution decision is not executed until it becomes final.",
                            "position": 979,
                            "article_number": "995-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2666,
                            "body": "The head of the execution department may administratively combine in one distribution transaction the amounts obtained from seizures on several properties of the debtor, taking into account the rights owed to creditors concerning each property.",
                            "position": 980,
                            "article_number": "996-"
                        }
                    ],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [],
                    "position": 6
                },
                {
                    "id": 928,
                    "name": "Imprisonment of the Debtor",
                    "number": "Seventh",
                    "articles": [
                        {
                            "id": 2667,
                            "body": "The creditor may request the imprisonment of their debtor who refuses to pay any of the following debts, subject to the provisions of other laws: \r\n1- Compensation awarded due to a criminal or civil offense and the legal expenses related to the lawsuit for this compensation. \r\n2- Compensation awarded to the judge and the state as a result of dismissing the lawsuit filed against the latter regarding liability arising from the actions of judges. \r\n3- Alimony awarded. Each installment of it is considered an independent debt. \r\n4- The dowry and deferred dowry awarded to the wife.",
                            "position": 981,
                            "article_number": "997-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2668,
                            "body": "It is also permissible to imprison the person sentenced to deliver a minor child in case of refusal to deliver them.",
                            "position": 982,
                            "article_number": "998-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2669,
                            "body": "The decision to imprison the debtor concerning alimony debts, dowry, deferred dowry, and the delivery of a minor child is issued by the head of the execution department, and by the public prosecution concerning all other debts for which imprisonment is permissible under the provisions of this law or other laws.",
                            "position": 983,
                            "article_number": "999-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2670,
                            "body": "Amended according to Decree No. 2411 dated 1992\/5\/7 and Decree No. 3800 dated 2000\/9\/6\r\nThe duration of imprisonment concerning all debts mentioned in the previous article is one day for every twenty thousand Lebanese pounds of the debt and its accessories, provided that it does not exceed a maximum of six months. \r\nThe duration of imprisonment for the person sentenced to deliver a minor child is a maximum of six months.",
                            "position": 984,
                            "article_number": "1000-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2671,
                            "body": "The request for imprisonment is submitted to the competent execution department for executing the judgment or to the appellate public prosecution. The head of the execution department or the public prosecutor must issue their decision after verifying the debtor's refusal to execute by explicit refusal or after the expiration of a five-day warning period, and this period may be reduced for alimony debt or the obligation to deliver the minor, provided it is not less than one day.",
                            "position": 985,
                            "article_number": "1001-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2672,
                            "body": "The debtor may object to the decision of their imprisonment before the head of the execution department in the presence of the creditor if the conditions for imprisonment are not met.",
                            "position": 986,
                            "article_number": "1002-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2673,
                            "body": "Imprisonment does not apply to: \r\n1- Anyone under fifteen years of age or over sixty-five years of age at the time of execution, except in the case of imprisonment for delivering a minor. \r\n2- The bankrupt debtor during bankruptcy proceedings or the debtor seeking preventive composition. \r\n3- The creditor's spouse or their descendants and ascendants for debts other than those specified in paragraphs 3 and 4 of Article 997 and other than the obligation to deliver the minor child stipulated in Article 998. \r\n4- A pregnant woman until two months after childbirth and the mother of the newborn until the child reaches one year of age.",
                            "position": 987,
                            "article_number": "1003-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2674,
                            "body": "Imprisonment cannot be executed against both spouses simultaneously if they have a child under fifteen years of age.",
                            "position": 988,
                            "article_number": "1004-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2675,
                            "body": "Imprisonment is executed by the public prosecution and applies to the debtor the prison system imposed on those detained for a misdemeanor, and the living expenses are borne by the state, provided that it retains the right to recover them from the debtor.",
                            "position": 989,
                            "article_number": "1005-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2676,
                            "body": "Imprisonment may continue after its term has expired for a new debt based on the request of the same creditor or another creditor.",
                            "position": 990,
                            "article_number": "1006-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2677,
                            "body": "Imprisonment ends: \r\n1- By paying the debt or at the creditor's request. \r\n2- By the debtor providing a solvent guarantor who ensures the payment of the debt within eight days. \r\n3- When the debtor reaches sixty-five years of age. If the guarantor fails to pay within the specified period, the creditor may execute against them without the need for a judgment or request the imprisonment of the original debtor again.",
                            "position": 991,
                            "article_number": "1007-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2678,
                            "body": "General amnesty does not prevent the imprisonment of the debtor, nor does it extinguish the debt by executing the imprisonment, unless otherwise provided by a contrary provision.",
                            "position": 992,
                            "article_number": "1008-"
                        }
                    ],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [],
                    "position": 7
                },
                {
                    "id": 929,
                    "name": "Enforcement of Foreign Judgments and Instruments",
                    "number": "Eighth",
                    "articles": [],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "id": 930,
                            "name": "On the Execution of Foreign Judgments",
                            "number": "First",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 2679,
                                    "body": "A judgment is considered foreign, within the meaning of this chapter, if it is issued in the name of a sovereignty other than the Lebanese sovereignty.",
                                    "position": 993,
                                    "article_number": "1009-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2680,
                                    "body": "Foreign judgments are not enforceable in Lebanon through means of execution on property or coercion on persons unless they are accompanied by an executory formula according to the conditions stipulated in this chapter. \r\nHowever, before a foreign judgment is accompanied by the executory formula, it may be used as evidence or as a basis for precautionary measures such as provisional real estate registration, judicial custody, the bankruptcy trustee's claim of debts owed to it, or its intervention in the bankrupt's lawsuits, provisional seizure, seizure of entitlement, and garnishment. The request for the executory formula serves as a substitute for a lawsuit to prove the seizure or a lawsuit to validate the debt.",
                                    "position": 994,
                                    "article_number": "1010-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2681,
                                    "body": "This law does not apply to foreign judgments issued by criminal or administrative courts unless they include obligations of a civil nature, and only with regard to these obligations.",
                                    "position": 995,
                                    "article_number": "1011-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2682,
                                    "body": "Foreign judgments related to capacity and personal status and foreign decisions issued by voluntary jurisdiction courts produce their effects in Lebanon without being accompanied by the executory formula, provided they are not subject to dispute.\r\nExecution procedures, as intended in Article 1010, include the registration or correction or cancellation of annotations recorded in the Lebanese personal status registers.",
                                    "position": 996,
                                    "article_number": "1012-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2683,
                                    "body": "The request for the executory formula of a foreign judgment is submitted in a voluntary manner through a petition to the President of the Civil Court of Appeal where the defendant's domicile, residence, or the location of the assets to be executed upon is situated, or otherwise to the President of the Beirut Civil Court of Appeal. The president issues a decision on the petition either accepting or rejecting the request. \r\nIf the decision is issued accepting the request and granting the executory formula, the aggrieved party has the right to object to it before the Court of Appeal within thirty days from the date of notification of this decision or any execution procedure. If the judgment granted the executory formula is judicial and not expedited, the opponent's appeal period suspends execution, as does an appeal filed within the period. \r\nIf the request is rejected, the applicant has the right to object to the rejection decision within fifteen days from the date of notification before the Court of Appeal. \r\nThe appellate decision is subject to the same means of appeal applicable to decisions issued by the Courts of Appeal.",
                                    "position": 997,
                                    "article_number": "1013-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2684,
                                    "body": "The executory formula is granted to the foreign judgment if the following conditions are collectively met: \r\nA- It must be issued by competent judges according to the law of the country where it was issued, provided that their jurisdiction is not determined solely based on the nationality of the plaintiff. In the case of two foreign judgments issued in the name of two different sovereignties on the same subject and between the same parties, the executory formula is granted to the judgment that aligns with the rules of Lebanese law on international jurisdiction. \r\nB- It must have acquired the force of res judicata and executory power in the state in whose name it was issued. However, the executory formula can be granted to voluntary judgments and temporary judgments that have become enforceable in the designated state. \r\nC- The defendant must have been notified of the lawsuit that led to the judgment and had their defense rights ensured. \r\nD- It must be issued in the name of a state whose laws allow the execution of Lebanese judgments on its territory after reviewing them or after granting them the executory formula. \r\nE- It must not contain anything contrary to public order.",
                                    "position": 998,
                                    "article_number": "1014-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2685,
                                    "body": "The Lebanese court to which the request for the executory formula is submitted may not reconsider the merits of the foreign judgment at the request of the defendant except in the following cases: \r\nA- If it is proven that the judgment was issued based on documents considered or declared false after its issuance. \r\nB- If decisive documents were discovered after the issuance of the judgment, which one of the parties prevented from being presented. \r\nC- If there is a contradiction in the judgment's operative part. \r\nD- If it is proven that the laws of the state in whose name the foreign judgment was issued require reconsideration of the merits of Lebanese judgments before granting them the executory formula.",
                                    "position": 999,
                                    "article_number": "1015-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2686,
                                    "body": "Lebanese courts must refuse the executory formula in the following cases: \r\nA- If a final judgment on the same dispute that led to the issuance of the foreign judgment has been issued by the Lebanese judiciary between the same parties. \r\nB- If a lawsuit on the same dispute and between the same parties is still pending before the Lebanese judiciary, filed prior to the lawsuit that resulted in the foreign judgment.",
                                    "position": 1000,
                                    "article_number": "1016-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2687,
                                    "body": "The party requesting the executory formula for a foreign judgment must present: \r\nA- A duly certified copy of the foreign judgment meeting the conditions that prove its validity according to the law of the country where the judgment was issued. \r\nB- Documents proving that this judgment has acquired executory power in the country where it was issued. \r\nC- A certified copy of the summons addressed to the party who failed to attend the trial and the document notifying them of the trial papers if the judgment was issued in absentia. \r\nD- A translation of the above-mentioned documents that is consistent with the original and certified according to Lebanese law.",
                                    "position": 1001,
                                    "article_number": "1017-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2688,
                                    "body": "The court may grant the executory formula to the entire judgment or to a partial aspect of it, provided this aspect is separable from the other aspects, and it may not make any amendments that would expand its scope, whether concerning the subject matter or the parties.",
                                    "position": 1002,
                                    "article_number": "1018-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2689,
                                    "body": "During the consideration of the request for the executory formula, it is permissible to present any new reasons and means of defense that have arisen after the issuance of the foreign judgment.",
                                    "position": 1003,
                                    "article_number": "1019-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2690,
                                    "body": "The Lebanese judge, while considering a case before them, may give effect to the foreign judgment when invoked, provided the conditions stipulated in Articles 1014 and 1015 of this law are met. They may grant this judgment the executory formula if explicitly requested by one of the parties. These rules apply to foreign judgments related to capacity and personal status and to foreign judgments issued by voluntary jurisdiction courts.",
                                    "position": 1004,
                                    "article_number": "1020-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2691,
                                    "body": "The provisions of this chapter apply to lawsuits aimed at declaring the non-enforceability of foreign judgments, whether submitted directly or in the course of a pending lawsuit before Lebanese courts.",
                                    "position": 1005,
                                    "article_number": "1021-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2692,
                                    "body": "A foreign judgment that has obtained the executory formula enjoys the executory power that Lebanese judgments possess and benefits from the means of executing these judgments.",
                                    "position": 1006,
                                    "article_number": "1022-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Section",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 1
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 931,
                            "name": "On Granting the Executory Formula to Executable Foreign Instruments",
                            "number": "Second",
                            "articles": [
                                {
                                    "id": 2693,
                                    "body": "Except for documents proving a personal or real right, which remain subject to the provisions of Articles 847 and 856, foreign official documents are not enforceable in Lebanon except by a decision issued in accordance with the provisions of Article 1013.",
                                    "position": 1007,
                                    "article_number": "1023-"
                                },
                                {
                                    "id": 2694,
                                    "body": "The enforcement formula for a foreign official document is not granted unless the following conditions are collectively met: \r\nA- The document is issued by the competent official according to the provisions of the law that granted them the authority. \r\nB- The document is organized in the form stipulated by the laws of the country in which it was organized. \r\nC- The document does not contain anything that contradicts public order. \r\nD- It is accompanied by enforceability according to the laws of the country in which it was organized.",
                                    "position": 1008,
                                    "article_number": "1024-"
                                }
                            ],
                            "category": "Section",
                            "children": [],
                            "position": 2
                        }
                    ],
                    "position": 8
                },
                {
                    "id": 932,
                    "name": "Final Provisions",
                    "number": "Ninth",
                    "articles": [
                        {
                            "id": 2695,
                            "body": "A register for civil companies shall be established at the office of the primary chamber handling civil cases. The method of maintaining it and the effects of its entries shall be regulated by a decree issued by the Council of Ministers upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice. \r\nThe commercial register and its special register, established at the primary chamber handling commercial cases, shall be regulated by a decree issued by the Council of Ministers upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice. A central commercial register with a special register attached to it shall be established at the primary chamber handling commercial cases in Beirut and shall be regulated by a decree issued by the Council of Ministers upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice.\r\nThe provisions of this article shall apply immediately upon the publication of this law in the Official Gazette.",
                            "position": 1009,
                            "article_number": "1025-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2696,
                            "body": "All provisions of this law specifying monetary amounts may be amended regarding these amounts by a decree issued by the Council of Ministers upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice. \r\nIt is also permissible, within eighteen months from the date of publication of this law, to introduce any amendment to it that does not affect its essence by a decree issued by the Council of Ministers upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice.",
                            "position": 1010,
                            "article_number": "1026-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2697,
                            "body": "Courts that, under the provisions of this law, have become incompetent to hear pending cases before them, must administratively refer these cases to the competent courts.",
                            "position": 1011,
                            "article_number": "1027-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2698,
                            "body": "Provisions that establish recognized principles have an interpretative nature, and this nature particularly applies to the provisions of Articles 5, Clause (3), 7, 368, 373, 527 in both its paragraphs, and 557.",
                            "position": 1012,
                            "article_number": "1028-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2699,
                            "body": "The new rules contained in the arbitration section do not apply to agreements, disputes, or arbitration decisions prior to the effective date of this law.",
                            "position": 1013,
                            "article_number": "1029-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2700,
                            "body": "The following laws are repealed: \r\n- The Code of Civil Procedure issued by Legislative Decree No. 72 dated February 1, 1933, with its amendments. \r\n- The Ottoman Procedure Law. \r\n- Articles 31 to 98 and 148 of the Judicial Organization Law issued on October 16, 1961, with consideration of the provisions of Article 30 of the Rent Law issued on September 9, 1982. \r\n- The law concerning the execution of contracts and written commitments issued on May 4, 1968. \r\n- Law No. 67\/73 dated December 19, 1967, concerning the execution of foreign judgments, arbitration decisions, and bonds. \r\nThe texts repealed by the aforementioned laws remain repealed. \r\nAll provisions contrary to this law or inconsistent with its provisions and other previous provisions whose content is included in it are also repealed, except for the texts that the law explicitly retains and the texts contained in other laws that organize special execution procedures for certain types of debts or procedures for the seizure or sale of certain types of property, particularly: \r\n- The Commercial Code and Legislative Decree No. 11 dated July 11, 1967, concerning the commercial establishment. \r\n- The Maritime Trade Law. \r\n- The Aviation Law. \r\n- The law issued on May 20, 1935, concerning the sale of motor vehicles and agricultural and industrial machinery on credit for specific terms. \r\n- Law No. 78\/13 dated April 24, 1978, concerning the determination of the procedures for collecting the funds of the National Social Security Fund. \r\n- Legislative Decree No. 46 dated October 20, 1932, concerning the pledge of movable property. \r\n- Decree No. 780 dated March 12, 1971, amended by Decree No. 8949 dated September 25, 1974, concerning the conditions for the seizure and detention of vehicles. \r\n- Decision No. 2385 dated January 17, 1924, amended by the Law of January 31, 1946, concerning the system of commercial and industrial property rights. \r\nThe provisions of the Law on the Removal of Co-ownership issued on March 6, 1982, are observed.",
                            "position": 1014,
                            "article_number": "1030-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2701,
                            "body": "The article numbers of the Code of Civil Procedure mentioned in the texts of other laws are considered automatically replaced by the corresponding article numbers of this law. \r\nSimilarly, other legal texts that refer to the texts of laws whose rules have been incorporated into the articles of this law are considered to automatically refer to these latter articles.",
                            "position": 1015,
                            "article_number": "1031-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2702,
                            "body": "All texts of treaties and international agreements containing special rules on trial procedures, court jurisdiction, or execution procedures, or rules of evidence are considered annexed to this law.",
                            "position": 1016,
                            "article_number": "1032-"
                        },
                        {
                            "id": 2703,
                            "body": "Amended according to Legislative Decree 2 dated January 26, 1985 \r\nWith consideration of the provisions of Articles 761, 931, 968, 1025, and 1026, Paragraph 2, this law shall be effective from July 1, 1985, taking into account its application period between January 1, 1985, and the effective date of this Legislative Decree.",
                            "position": 1017,
                            "article_number": "1033-"
                        }
                    ],
                    "category": "Title",
                    "children": [],
                    "position": 9
                }
            ],
            "position": 3
        }
    ],
    "root_articles": []
}

FR translation

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Source version: 2025-11-01T17:23:02+00:00

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